2. Introduction
qStomach is a major organ for digestion. The
main works:
üReservoir of ingested food stuffs
üGreat churning ability
üHCL & proteases (pepsin)à initiation of
digestion
üProducts obtain in the stomach ( peptides, aa
)à stimulate the release of pancreatic juice and
bile.
4. qThe chief constituents of gastric juice
are:
• HCL
• Pepsinogenà pepsin
• Renninà in infant
• Intrinsic factor
• Mucous
5.
6. Gastrin secreted by G cell
↓
Stimulate secretion of HCL
↓
Neg. feed back by acidic pH
↓
Most potent stimulus is histamine
↓
Acts on H2 receptor on gastric mucosa
Normal HCL secretion
11. Resting gastric juice [ after fasting]
• Volume:
• Consistency
• Color
• Bile
• Blood
• Mucous
• Free and total acid
• Organic acid.
12. • Volume:
• normal after fastingà 20-50 ml onlyà if 100-120 ml[
hypersecretion, retention or regurgitation]
• Consistency:
• Normal resting contentà fluid and small mucousà no
food à food residue in gastric carcinoma.
• Color:
• Mostly clear/colorlessà sometime due to bile yellowish
/green AND brownish and dark red due to rbcs
• Bile:
• Small amount due to regurgitation from duodenum but
more seen in intestinal obstruction.
13. • Mucus:
• Only small amount
• Increased in gastritis and gastric carcinoma.
• Free and total acid
• free HCl
• Total: protein hydrochloride and any organic acids
• Free acid: 0 to 30 mEq/L
• Total acid:10 mEq/L higher(10 to 40mEq/L)
14. Fractional meal test[ old test]
Aspirate overnight fasting stomach contents
↓
Test meal is given ( rice gruel, black coffee)
↓
Stimulates gastric secretion
↓
Again aspirate content [ for 2 hr., 15 min interval]
↓
Samples analyzed for acidity
[Free acid ranges 15 to 45 mEq/ liter at the maximum]
17. Penta gastrin stimulation test
• Fasting à aspirate the gastric content à
[ residual juice]
• Next one hour, collect gastric juice.This is
called basal secretion [rest]
• Pentagastrin is given [ 5mg/kg body
weight]
• Stimulate gastrin secretion
18. • Collect the gastric juice for one hour[ 15
minute interval]
• It represent maximum secretion
• Each sample is tested for acidity by titrating
with N/10 NaOH to pH 7.4.
• End point is detected by indicator [ phenol
red ] or pH meter.
19. • BASAL ACID OUTPUT [BAO]: refers to the acid
output [ millimole per hour] under basal condition.
i.e., basal secretion
• MAXIMAL ACID OUTPUT [MAO]: refers to the acid
output [millimole per hour] after gastric
stimulation by Penta gastrin. i.e., maximum
secretion
• Normal
• BAO: 4-10 mmol/hr
• MAO: 20-50 mmol/hr
20. AUGMENTED HISTAMINE TEST
• All the process is same as Penta gastrin stimulation
test EXCEPT.
• Histamine [ 0.04 mg/kg body weight] is given
subcutaneously
• Acts on the H2 receptor of parietal cellà increases
cAMP levelà increases HCL secretion
33. Insulin stimulation test
• Also called as Hollanders test
• Done to access the completeness of vagotomy in
duodenal ulcer patient.
• Insulin 0.1 U/Kg body weight is givenà hypoglycemia.
• Hypoglycemia is a potent stimulus for gastric acid
secretion via vagal stimulation.
• Complete vagotomy à Even insulin givenà NO
increase in acid out put compared to basal level.
34.
35. • Other relevant test:
• Serum gastrin level [ < 10 pmol/L] and ZE: > 100
pmol/L
• H . Pylori test [ microbiology]
Non endoscopic endoscopic
Stool antigen test culture
Urea breathe test histology
Serology/antibody test Rapid urease testing
Polymerase chain
reaction