Biology Review of Units 1-6 for EOC.

1. BIOLOGY REVIEW
UNITS 1-6

2. BIOMOLECULES
Building
Block
Uses Examples Test
Carbohydrate Simple sugarsReady source of
energy
Glucose
Glycogen
Cellulose
Starch
• STARCH turns
purple in iodine
• SUGARS react with
Benedict’s Solution
Protein Amino acids • Transport
• Speed up
reactions
• Immunity
• Cell
communication
Enzymes (-
ase)
Hemoglobin
Antibodies
Protein
hormones
(insulin)
• Reacts with Biuret
Solution
Lipid Fatty Acids • Back up energy
source
• In membrane
Fats, oils • Leaves oily spot on
brown paper bag
Nucleic Acid Nucleotide Store and transmit
genetic info
DNA, RNA • DNA stains
(methylene blue)

3. CELLS
PROKARYOTIC
• EUKARYOTIC
PROKARYOTIC CELLS HAVE
DNA AND RIBOSOMES, BUT
THEY HAVE NO INTERNAL
MEMBRANES! (THEY DON'T
HAVE A NUCLEUS)
THEY HAVE RIBOSOMES TO
MAKE PROTEINS
THESE ARE THE SIMPLEST
CELLS
EXAMPLES ARE BACTERIA,
LIKE THOSE THAT CAUSE
STREP THROAT.
• EUKARYOTIC CELLS HAVE THEIR DNA
SURROUNDED BY A MEMBRANE. (THEY
HAVE A NUCLEUS).
• TWO EXAMPLES SHOWN ARE PLANT
CELLS AND ANIMAL CELLS, BUT FUNGI
AND PROTISTS ARE ALSO EUKARYOTIC
• NOTICE, PLANTS HAVE CHLOROPLASTS
(FOR PHOTOSYNTHESIS) AND CELL
WALLS MADE OF CELLULOSE. ANIMAL
CELLS DON'T HAVE THESE
PARTS. ALSO, PLANT CELLS HAVE A
LARGER VACUOLE FOR STORAGE.
• BOTH PLANTS AND ANIMALS HAVE
MITOCHONDRIA TO MAKE ATP.
• ALL EUKARYOTIC CELLS HAVE
RIBOSOMES TO MAKE PROTEIN
• THESE CELLS ARE MORE COMPLEX
THAN PROKARYOTIC CELLS.

4. CELL MEMBRANE
• THE PLASMA MEMBRANE SURROUNDS EVERY CELL.
• IT IS MADE OF LIPID AND PROTEIN
• IT CONTROLS WHAT GOES IN AND OUT OF A CELL.
• ASSOCIATED WITH HOMEOSTASIS

5. CELL TRANSPORT

7. PHOTOSYNTHESIS AND RESPIRATION
CONVERTS SUNLIGHT TO
CHEMICAL ENERGY
• CELLULAR
RESPIRATION
• TAKES PLACE IN
MITOCHONDRION
• RELEASES THE ENERGY
STORED IN GLUCOSE
• AKA AEROBIC
RESPIRATION (NEEDS
OXYGEN)
CONVERTS ENERGY IN FOOD
(GLUCOSE) TO ATP

8. AEROBIC VS ANAEROBIC RESPIRATION
AEROBIC RESPIRATION • ANAEROBIC RESPIRATION
REQUIRES OXYGEN
MAKES A LOT OF ATP
PRODUCES CARBON
DIOXIDE AND
WATER
HAPPENS IN
MITOCHONDRION
•DOES NOT USE OXYGEN
•MAKES ONLY 2 ATP
• SMALL AMOUNT OF ATP
• ALSO CALLED FERMENTATION
• YEASTS MAKE ETHYL ALCOHOL
• BACTERIA AND MUSCLE CELLS (W/O O2)
MAKE LACTIC ACID
• HAPPENS IN CYTOPLASM (CYTOSOL)

9. ATP CYCLE
CLICK THE ICON FOR
SOUND

10. ECOLOGY AND ECOSYSTEMS

11. FOOD CHAINS
ORIGINAL SOURCE OF ENERGY FOR MOST
CHAINS IS THE SUN
1ST TROPHIC LEVEL IS PRODUCER
2ND TROPHIC LEVEL IS PRIMARY
CONSUMER
2RD TROPHIC LEVEL IS SECONDARY
CONSUMER
DECOMPOSER NOT SHOWN ON CHAIN,
BUT THEY RECYCLE NUTRIENTS
Energy is “lost” as
you mover “up” the
food chain

12. SYMBIOSIS

13. PREDATION
• PREDATOR EATS PREY
• THE POPULATIONS CYCLE
• PREDATOR HAS LOWER CURVE
• THERE CAN’T BE MORE PREDATORS
THAN PREY

14. POPULATION GROWTH
EXPONENTIAL GROWTH • LOGISTIC GROWTH
J-CURVE
OCCURS WHEN
UNLIMITED
RESOURCES ARE
AVAILABLE
S-CURVE
OCCURS BECAUSE
RESOURCES ARE
LIMITED
CARRYING
CAPACITY
REACHED

15. HUMAN POPULATION GROWTH
OVERPOPULATION OF
HUMANS LEADS TO
• DESTRUCTION OF
HABITATS (POLLUTION
AND/OR DESTROYING)
• LOSS OF
BIODIVERSITY
• INTRODUCED SPECIES
• OUTCOMPETE NATIVE
SPECIES