Unredeemed Captive Summary

Unredeemed Captive Summary
To set the stage for the narrative history book, Unredeemed Captive, on a day in late February of
1704, the town known as Deerfield, Massachusetts was raided by Mohawk Indians. They captured
and killed many individuals as well as families, then sent them on approximately a two–month long
and snowy journey to Canada. One family in particular was a prime target of the Mohawks. John
Williams, the Reverend of Deerfield, was married with five children. He and his family were
targeted because of his value and importance to the community. Deerfield was holding a French man
by the name of "Captain Baptiste," who was of equal value and importance; therefore, Williams was
needed to make a trade for this man.1 Eventually, Williams was able to provide ... Show more
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He takes into account all sides of the event. The Indians kept records of their doings that are
included throughout the book, "[Kahnawake 1736] . . . Today I was baptized with the rites of the
church an adult woman about 23 years old . . . captured in war, whom Tsiorihoua has adopted as a
daughter."6 The Indian families took the captives in as their own and converted them to their ways
of life. The white captives, both men and women, were stripped of their original clothing, given
haircuts and piercings, and painted up as if they were their own
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...

Kateri Tekakwitha Biography
Kateri Tekakwitha was born in 1656 to an Algonquian mother and Mohawk father. Tekakwitha was
the name given by her Mohawk people. It translates to "she who bumps into things." She was born
in the Mohawk village of Ossernenon west of present–day Auriesville, New York. She was the
daughter of Kenneronkwa, a Mohawk chief, and Tagaskouita, an Algonquin woman. Mohawk
warriors recaptured Tagaskouita after she was baptized Roman Catholic and educated by French
missionaries east of Montreal, eventually marrying Kenneronkwa. Tekakwitha was the first of their
two children. France held almost as much territory as the British in North America. New France was
organized as small communities holding close links to Indian villages. The major focus of the
economy was trade. Merchants of fur learned of connections with Native women as a very valuable
resource. They had excellent fur–preparation skills, could translate and connect to Indian ... Show
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Tekakwitha was said to have lain on a thorny sleeping mat while praying for the conversion and
forgiveness of her kinsmen. Piercing the body to draw blood was a traditional practice of the
Mohawk and other Iroquois nations. She lived at Kahnawake the remaining two years of her life.
She learned more about Christianity under her mentor Anastasia, who taught her about the practice
of repenting for sins. When the women learned of nuns, they wanted to form their own convent and
created an informal association of devout women. In 1680, Tekakwitha's health began to fail. When
she was on her deathbed, villagers gathered together. Catherine Tekakwitha died around 3 p.m. on
Holy Wednesday, April 17, 1680, at the age of twenty–three or twenty–four. After her death, people
noticed a physical change in her appearance. Her smallpox scars were said to disappear. After her
death in 1680, she became synonymous with miracles and

The Impact Of Media On Indigenous Collective Action
One of the most famous images within Canadian history is that of a tense moment between two men
facing each other. The image shows a masked armed indigenous man leaning over the smaller
soldier before a moment of apparent confrontation. On one level, the image itself is colonial
portraying the soldier as keeping the peace against the unknowable "other." Thereby in many parts
this image misrepresents the complex reality of the situation and the history surrounding the Oka
confrontation. But this image represents more then merely the Oka crisis, but rather the often one
sided portrayal of Indigenous people within the media. The media has played an important role in
shaping perception on Indigenous collective action. But like the photo ... Show more content on
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There are two national media controversies in the summer of 1990. The first involved the
controversy surrounding the stopping of the Meech Lake Accord by Elijah Harper who an act of
protest initiated a filibuster before the accord's deadline. The second crisis beginning in July 11,
1990 involving a 78–day armed standoff between the Mohawk nation of Kanesatake, the Quebec
provincial police, and the Canadian armed forces near the town of Oka, Quebec which became
known as the Oka Crisis. The events began in June 30, 1990 when the municipality of Oka was
granted a court injunction to dismantle a peaceful barricade erected by the people of Kanesatake in
an effort to defend their sacred lands from further encroachment by non–Native developers. The
event and the standoff brought wide spread reactions from across Canada and the world. Despite
many facts and details being well known there was a level of ambiguity around the events. For
example, few reporters at the time conducted interviews with residents behind the blockade.
Therefore the media with its already heightened perception of different indigenous protests along
with sensationalism around breakdown of the Meech Lake Accord were on their own to shape the
way in which the events were perceived and unfolded. The newspapers are the key primary source
for information about the Oka Crisis. But by no means does this make these sources transparent,
rather newspapers are often bias towards the the main social,

oka crisis
Throughout history, the Native people of North America and the Europeans have continually had
arguments and disputes over land. To this day there are still issues trying to be resolved. Twenty
years ago, the beginning of one of the most violent and intense land disputes in present day Canada
occurred. This event is now referred to as the Oka Crisis, named after the town Oka in Quebec. This
crisis caused a confrontation involving the Quebec provincial police, the Canadian armed forces and
the Mohawk people.1 The stand that the Mohawk people took in the town of Oka became a major
revelation for the aboriginal people spreading awareness of aboriginal rights across Canada. This
paper is divided into four sections. First, I will introduce ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
Since the land claim by the Mohawks had been rejected a few years prior, there was no government
objection to the development.13 In March of 1990, members of the Mohawk society set up a protest
in Oka with great anger over the expansion of the golf course.14 The Mohawk were especially upset
that the expansion would occur on top of an ancestral burial ground. In addition, it would occur on
land they thought they had been granted in the 1700 's. Furthermore, this is the land that was
disputed in the 1961 law suit. Some members of the Mohawk community built a barricade as a form
of protest, preventing construction crews from entering what they believed was their land. The
barricades were also set up along major highways as well as the Mercier Bridge.15
Tension was increased on July 11. The Quebec provincial government refused to negotiate with the
Mohawks. The police were called in and it escalated into an armed conflict. Bullet exchanges were
made and as a result, a Quebec officer was shot and later died.16 After hours of confrontation,
canisters of tear gas were set off by the Quebec police. 17 As word of the altercation got out,
Aboriginal people from across North America rallied to support the Mohawk. Later, the RCMP were
called in but were still unable to contain the chaos. This led to the Canadian army being called in.
During the crisis, three routes were blocked off in Oka throughout the seventy eight days of the
crisis.18 This

American History : The Colonial Present
Deconstructing Canada's Colonial Present
An Analysis of Technologies of Modernity in Tracey Deer's Mohawk Girls
Modernity plays an intricate role in Canadian society and the way in which it was built. One aspect
of modernity that is particularly important to Canada's colonial history would be with respect to the
First Nations population of Canada. This paper will define and work through the concept of
modernity and technologies of modernity in relation to Tracey Deer's documentary Mohawk Girls. I
argue that reserves and blood quantums all act as technologies of modernity, enforcing racialized
worldviews and categorizing groups into inferior and superior. Modernity can be defined as a
system of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Similarly, Said's description of Orientalism is also an example of modernity, in that he describes it as
an "imaginative examination [based] exclusively upon a sovereign Western consciousness [...]
governed not simply by empirical reality but by a battery of desires, repressions, investments, and
projects". Thus, in Tracey Deer's Mohawk Girls technologies of modernity can be seen through the
creation and subsequent isolation of many First Nations to reserves, and the classification and
declaration of "Indian–ness" or "Mohawk purity". Kahnawake, and many other reserves throughout
Canada are extremely isolated – not only in terms of physical geography, but in the culture,
language, schooling, healthcare, and demographics. Kahnawake lies in Quebec, across the _____
river from the metropolitan of Montreal. Despite it's close proximity to Montreal, Kahnawake does
not share the business, demographics, or language of Montreal. French – one of Quebec's languages
*** – was not spoken or even taught in the reserve due to internalized anger and resentment from
years of conflict with the province. The "French" were seen as the enemy. Tracey Deer recalled that
"that relationships between [her] community to the outside [had] always been strained" and she first
bore witness to this tension when she was twelve, during the Oka Crisis. Tracey was a part of a
convoy of men, women, and children attempting to escape Kahnawake for safety. As they

Little Falls History
The first people who discovered the land that would become the Town of Little Falls are known as
the Mohawk Indians. The Mohawk Indians called the land Little Falls so the could differentiate this
land from another land called Big Falls at Cohoes. When white traders discovered this land in the
early 1600s they explored it and eventually bought it from the Mohawk Indians in 1722 and from
then on people started settling in Little Falls (Little Falls). Around a hundred years after the
purchase of Little Falls the Erie Canal was built. The Erie Canal was the main source of commerce
and transportation through Little Falls in the mid 1800s through to the late 1900s. The Erie Canal
became Little Falls identity until around 1959 when railways and highways ... Show more content
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Hawley gave his original drafts of the Erie Canal to his friend, an Albany–bound assemblyman, to
gain support of the 1809 legislation but, when Hawley's friend, Joshua Forman, proposed the survey
to president Jefferson he turned it down and canalling was dropped out of legislation for that year
(Bond of Union). Hawley's draft was then left with Surveyor–General De Witt Clinton to try and
push it back into congress. Lawmakers in New York only met four months out of the year so
Clinton, Thomas Eddy, Peter Porter, James Geddes, William North, Gouverneur Morris, and
Stephen Van Rensselaer, all canal commissioners, traveled the thirty–hour tour up the Hudson to do
surveying without interference of politics. On their journey they visited all the small towns with
companies up and down the Mohawk river, between Albany, Oswego and Buffalo, they asked them
questions about building a canal and if they approved of the idea but, they all said that it wouldn't
matter to them because they traded with Montreal (Bond of Union). After the canal commissioner
members finished their expedition of the Hudson and Mohawk river all of them were convinced that
the canal was not a good idea except for Peter Porter. Porter believed that the canal could be built
right alongside the Mohawk river using the unpredictable waters as their water source for the canal.
Much later after the expedition of the Hudson and Mohawk river De Witt received a letter stating
that the canal must be built or else all the business would go to Montreal, Canada and that building
the canal would turn New York City into "The largest commercial city in the world." (Bond of
Union). After the letter the canal commissioners met up again to talk about the idea of making the
canal again and brought their first report to the lawmakers of New York State on March 2, 1811. In
their

Justification of the Right to National Self-Determination
1. Introduction–Can the right to national self–determination be justified?
1.1. What is the right to national self–determination?
The right to self–determination is the right of a group to determine political action concerning the
group and its members. In this case, the right to national self–determination is the right of nations to
have the institutions to make the political decisions that are of primary concern to the nation and its
members (Shorten 2012: 44; Miller 1997: 81; Margalit and Raz 1990: 440). The right exists in
international law enshrined in the Civil and Political Human Rights Covenant, and yet there is much
controversy about its content, its bearers and how it ought to be implemented (Margalit and Raz
1990: 439). Further, Shorten explains, the right "can be satisfied through a variety of political
arrangements, ranging from the establishment of sovereign statehood, to the granting of limited
rights of self–government within a given territorial jurisdiction" (2012: 44).
1.1.1. What is at stake? What would self–determination allow nations to do?
The right to national self–determination is a complex issue given the many variables involved such
as what constitutes the right, its bearers, etc. First, it must be determined what kind of entity is a
nation. This requires a critical analysis of the criteria that groups must exhibit in order to qualify as a
nation. Second, there is the question of why nations rather than other entities or groups should
qualify for

Quebec Nationalism Essay
Although Canada can be defined as a nation state, its vast landscape means many people are faced
with different views and mindsets. Source one simply shows the differences within the nation of
Canada. Eastern and Western Canada, because of their geographical differences, can be faced with
contending loyalties when it comes to some nations aspects of life. Different lifestyles under the
same set of government creates a physiological barrier between a nation. The source also shows the
differences in Quebec nationalism compared to the rest of Canada. Some groups like the FLQ or the
Front for Liberation of Quebec are known for their extremist views of Quebec nationalism. The
small group called the FLQ was active in the 1960's and 1970's and they ... Show more content on
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The Mohawk that were protesting to protect their traditional land, were bombarded with thousands
of aggressive army members. The peaceful standoff turned violent and bloody when the army made
contact with the protesters. Both sides of the standoff would be faced with conflicting loyalties
because of their culture and nationalities. The Mohawk would be conflicted between defending
historical property or being nationalistic to Canada. In the same view, the army would want to
follow orders but could be conflicting between standing up against fellow Canadians. The source
shows the tension between the contending groups, but also shows how each party felt about the
matter. Their faces show the pain that is felt because of the land claim. When the government made
the choice to expand a golf course onto the Oka land, even after Mohawk people formed complaints,
they were cutting all ties with the Aboriginal group and creating tension within a

How Did The Oka Crisis Affect Canada
The Oka Crisis was a 78 Day standoff between Mohawk people and the town of Oka, Quebec . The
crisis was initially caused by Mohawk protests on July 11th, 1990, when the town was planning to
expand a golf course further onto First Nations land. When the golf course was originally built, it
was 9 holes long and was constructed on disputed land, but the town of Oka and their mayor now
wanted to expand this golf course to 18 holes to earn more profit and please other members of the
community. Therefore, they would be taking over more of the land where the Mohawks had settled.
The town of Oka, as well as many other provincial & federal governments and municipalities had
taken away land belonging to First Nations people in the past, and the dispute over land in this small
Quebec town had been occurring since 1717.
The purpose of this essay is to investigate whether the Oka Crisis has had a positive or negative
effect on First Nations affairs in Canada. There are many opinions that could be explored based on
research of the crisis. The side that the crisis had a negative effect on Canada could be taken,
because the crisis created tension in relations between the government and the Mohawks and caused
many physical and emotional ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This occurred because the crisis was very violent and caused many physical injuries. The crisis also
caused many First Nations people to feel extreme emotions and created many bad memories that
still affect the lives of Mohawk people today. Finally, the Oka Crisis further deteriorated the
unstable relationship between First Nations people and the rest of Canada. Overall, the history of
events at Oka reminds Canadians that governments are flawed and that the desire for achieving a
goal, such as developing Canada into a modern nation with increased power, can lead to negative
actions and impacts along the

The Disputes Of Scs ( South China 's Sea )
The disputes of SCS (South China's Sea) are a perpetual issue on the conflicting licit claim for
territorial land and who has the authority to sovereign it. The dispute arises, since SCS contains
precious natural resources, which the surrounding nations wish the gain, as it would boost their
economy, as a liberalist would think. However, realistically these resource would provide funding
for more military power, as countries are looking to expand their horizons across the sea.This 'Great
Debate' impacts the world as there is a theoretical aspect of what would occur if a certain nation was
given sovereign over the territory. Liberalism allows us to understand that nations have different
intentions and one doesn't know what the other desirers. While realism allows us to understand the
true nature of this dispute over power, since the territory allows nations to create air carrier,
therefore vastly improving and expand their military.
There is a voracity for territory of SCS, since it is imperative to the world's economy, as it is 3.5
million square kilometres, therefore making it the most valuable and busiest maritime trade route in
the world. The Nansha islands also know as 'Spratly Islands' are one of the many disputes, since the
South East Asian nations around it argue their right to sovereign it, China in particular. A liberalist
approach causes us to understand that these islands allow China to protect it's border, since any
threat can be stopped before it reaches

Nationalism vs Patriotism
George Orwell wrote that nationalism was one of the worst enemies of peace. He defined
nationalism as the feeling that your way of life, country, or ethnic group were superior to others.
These types of feelings lead a group to attempt to impose their morality on any given situation.
When those standards were not met, more often then not, war would result. In contrast he stated that
patriotism was the feeling of admiration for a way of life etc. and the willingness to defend it against
attack. The obvious difference between the two is that while patriotism is a passive attitude,
nationalism is aggressive by nature. Orwell was writing this during the years just prior to World War
Two when nationalism in Europe was running rampant. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
On their side the United States began their policy of propping up a variety of dictatorships under the
guise of preventing the spread of communism. It's debateable whether these initial actions were
driven more by "real politick" then nationalism, one side trying to limit the other sides power and
influence more then an expansion and imposition of a way of life. But in the end the justifications
for actions began to take on the sound of nationalistic fervour whatever the original intent.
American governments began wrapping themselves in the flag of protectors of freedom and
democracy under more and more spurious circumstances. Meanwhile the Soviets claims of
liberation from the chains of capitalism and oppression became harder to swallow during the post
Stalin revelations of mass murders and famine. Nationalism has a history in both countries as far
back as their beginnings. Under the Tsars the Russian empire was just as expansionistic as the
Soviets stretching their sphere of influence from the Balkans to the near east. In the U. S. it was first
implemented as policy in 1810 with the Monroe Doctrine, which lay claim to the whole western
hemisphere as being under American influence. In both countries these policies continue unabated
till this day. Chile, Nicaragua, Grenada, Panama, and Cuba for the U.S. and Chechnya and
Afghanistan for the Russians are all

First Nation Natives Vs. Environmental Racism
Topic: First Nation Natives vs Environmental Racism General Purpose: To inform Specific Purpose:
To inform my audience about the injustices First Nations peoples once faced and continue to face in
their environment. Thesis Statement: Environmental racism continues to be an issue among many
native communities all across Canada. I. INTRODUCTION A. Attention Getter: Robert Bullard
who's often described as the father of environmental justice once said, "if a community is poor or
inhabited largely by people of color there is a good chance that it receives less protection than a
community that is affluent or white" (Bullad, 1995). B. Reason to Listen: Environmental racism is ...
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1. From the beginning, Sulpician's and the Mohawks were always in disagreement because of the
land and the management of those lands. Although the Mohawks were given land to occupy and use,
they were restricted from doing many things. a. The Mohawks used the lands to build homes and
grow crops but were restricted from selling those crops and using the wood to create things for their
own personal use. If they wanted to do either of those things they would have to reach out for
permission. b. If the Indians went against orders and did what they wanted with the crops and wood
they would be sent to trial for actions as simple as using the wood to create snowshoes or using it to
make repairs. 2. The Canadian government refused to recognize the fact that the Mohawks had
rights to their lands and did not want to acknowledge their need for their own governance either. a.
The Mohawks existed within the "Great Law of Peace" also known as the longhouse system, which
included the Six Nations of the Iroquois Confederacy. b. They wanted to abolish the environmental
racism they endured by the non–aboriginals and to do so they needed to be respected as one nation
and given their deserved land. B. Due to the mistreatment and restriction of lands the Mohawks had
to endure with the Canadian government, it lead to the start of the Oka protest/crisis of 1990. The
protest focused on the areas where the Natives resided and their need for a

Is Canada a Nation?
The concept of nationhood is a complex one. What makes a country a nation? What is a nation? In
this essay, we will attempt to gain an understanding of what a nation is, and why Canada is in fact a
nation, not merely because we meet certain criteria, but because we, as Canadians, believe it is so.
To define the term "nation" is quite a challenging task. The Student's Oxford Canadian Dictionary
defines a nation as, "a community of people forming a state or inhabiting a territory" (Barber, et al.,
2007). In contrast to many other resources, this definition is an extremely simple one. The same
dictionary defines a state as "an organized political community under one government" (Barber, et
al., 2007). By these definitions, Canada clearly ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The common culture requirement is more difficult to understand because of the lack of a definitive
definition of the term, however there are some universal aspects of Canadian life that could be
considered a common culture. The widespread popularity of Tim Hortons, and the vast amount of
locations across Canada clearly speaks to its status as a cultural centre in Canadian Society. No
matter their location, Canadians are almost completely united in their admiration of the coffee chain.
The popularity of hockey amongst Canadians could also be considered a uniting cultural factor.
Because of these factors and others, I would suggest that Canadians are united by a common culture.
The final requirement of this definition is the possession or desire to have an independent
government. Canada clearly satisfies this requirement through our federal government. The above
definition is also the definition used by the United Nations. One would assume that the definition
used by the United Nations would be the most correct or the most official, but this may not be the
case. The term nation is used in the name of the organization, but according to its own definition of
the term, none of the member countries are nations. Rather, they are states. This seemingly circular
argument clearly discredits the United Nations definition of a nation.
Therefore, the definition of nationhood is still as clear as mud. This murky situation still remains
unsolved, as

Comparing Tekakwitha 's Biographers Paint A Completely...
Tekakwitha's biographers paint her in a completely pious life. She maintained perpetual virginity,
renounced any intention of marrying, was adept at acts of self–immolation when repenting, and
above all was a quiet and "behind–the–scenes" kind of woman. "As a child, the Jesuits relate,
Catherine was shy, retiring, and good–natured [...] [and this] led her to shun social gatherings"
(Greer 32). Apparently, a degree of social introversion and slightly abnormal behaviour are
important criterion for an individual who is being evaluated for canonization. It is no doubt that
Chauchetière and Cholenec see Catherine as fitting enough to analyze for this position of possible
sainthood, but they actually do a disservice by not being completely accurate. In reality, according to
Greer, Catherine was much more involved in her Mohawk community. This is an aspect where
Greer's account shines. He argues that the idea of Tekakwitha having the behaviour of an outcast
seems "implausible" due to conflicting reports from many other Europeans (32). Women in the
Mohawk community were "regard[ed] as the principal support of their families" but Greer goes on
to explain that in earlier accounts, the Jesuits only mention Tekakwitha's female relatives in passing,
which is essentially problematic when historical accuracy is of such importance in hagiography (32–
33). The recurring theme of paganism does to some extent explain why Chauchetière and Cholenec
had to slightly alter their written accounts of

Primordial and Modernist Schooling
Primordial school Primordial school and modernist school are two very important main streams in
identity study. Especially, in the national identity study, both of them have involved the study of
nationalism and have a very unlike view of it. And they are often highly debated of the origins of
nations and their identity. The root of primordial school is originally based on the German
romanticism and it mainly argues how those fixed factors influence in identity shape process. Those
factors are constantly stable throughout the history and hardly changed. The factors have been
passed on to generations and constructing the identity of people who lives in nowadays. For
example, language is one of these elements. Language is unique and distinct from other ones. People
who speak this language will have their own identity and formed a special group which makes them
different from other language speaking groups. And in primordial school idea, same language
speaking group will result in similar thought. Because of people learn language from the community
where they live and each community will has its thought or behavior. These will transmit to people
who learn that language. Therefore, for primordial school language is one of the key elements in
identity shaping. Another pivotal and principle factor for shaping identity is the kinship. Primordial
school argues that people joining into groups by their blood or genetic relationship with each other.
Family members will gather and

Jewawk Culture
Relations with the British effected the Mohawk in many ways but, in order to understand how it
affects them. One must understand their lives and culture before they had any European contact at
all. POLITICS: The Mohawk also know as the Kanien'kehá:ka people were northeastern natives that
were part of a Confederacy know as the Iroquois Confederacy. The Iroquois Confederacy also
known as the Haudenosaunee was a peace agreement and alliance between five different tribes (six
after 1722) that spoke a similar language and had a similar culture. The date of the formation of the
Iroquois/Haudenosaunee Confederacy is under much debate do to the fact the stories were passed
down orally and none of it was written down until Europeans arrived. The ... Show more content on
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When the Mohawk tried to fight this in court they were rejected on technical grounds in 1986. This
lead to the Oka Crisis. The Oka Crisis was a dispute over land between the Mohawk people and the
town of Oka in Quebec, Canada. Somewhere in this dispute two Mahowk men had been shot by
police officers. A police officer by the name of Corporal Marcel Lemay was shot by an unknown
criminal. It is believed by some that of Corporal Marcel Lemay was shot by another officer due to
the fact Corporal Marcel Lemay was investigateing the shooting of the two Mohawk men. These
murders were the first voilent disputes between the Mohawk people and the Canadain government
in the 20th century. this event lasted from July 11, 1990 through Sep 26,

Nation Branding-Best Practices Through Sports, Laws and...
Sports:
Another factor of substantial importance which plays an active role in nation branding is how the
country portrays itself in various sports. Before we look in to the aspects of this, excerpts from the
recent interview with Mr Simon Anholt, the brilliantly caustic, not conventions driven and
outspoken nation branding (or as he prefers, 'policy advisor') expert, by Germany's Deutschland
Magazine about the relationship between sports and nation branding and sportsmen and nation
brands only weeks ahead of the 2010 FIFA World Cup in South Africa is given below in brief. This
presents an insight in to the nation branding as a whole and in to the Sports domain as a measure of
enhancing the brand nation.
Mr. Anholt, you are recognized ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Hosting the 2006 Soccer World Cup catapulted Germany to the top of the NBI in 2007 and 2008 ...
Yes indeed, but as I predicted, the effect didn't last very long. Enhancing a country's image is a relay
race, not a sprint, and countries need to become obsessive about asking themselves "What do we do
next?" Germany hasn't followed up on its World Cup success, so people are starting to revert to their
previous beliefs about the country. This always happens and it can only be prevented by projecting a
constant, unbroken stream of dramatic evidence that the country deserves the reputation it desires.
Even in countries where Germany did not previously enjoy a great reputation, the country's image
was massively enhanced after what has gone down in the history books as "Germany's summer
fairytale". Does this mean that some elements of the "brand essence" are in fact very volatile, in
other words, nice weather, high spirits, exciting matches is all it takes to change an image? Is it
really that simple?
No, they really aren't volatile at all: quite the contrary. National image is more like a fixed asset than
a liquid capital, and normally can't be changed at all. Nothing could be more difficult than changing
any of these attributes. I have great respect for the way in which Germany managed to "move the
needle" on its image during the World Cup, in exactly the way it wanted to, but it hasn't been able to
make this sustainable. One must distinguish

Mohawk Saint And The Unredeemed Captive
Throughout the stories told in both Mohawk Saint and The Unredeemed Captive, the unintended
consequences of attempting to convert the American Indians to Christianity are powerful players in
the unfolding events. When these Christian groups arrived in the New World, they came armed with
the word of God that they wished to share among a group of people that have never before
encountered the concept of Christianity. While eventually these relationships improved and
Christians and American Indians began to have closer contact, there were still results from the
conversion process that no one could have expected when the progress had started. In both of these
stories, the unintended consequences of the encounters between Christian religious and ... Show
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She was admitted to take communion on Christmas day, "since Catherine appeared to be an
exceptional case..." Catherine's initiation into Catholicism was a rapid process and she continued to
be skilled her faith for the rest of her life. This was contrary to what the Jesuit priests had in mind
for their conversion of the Mohawks. As far as they had considered, "'savages' and 'saints' belonged
to different contexts." When converting the Mohawks, the Jesuits had no intentions of possibly
finding a future saint in their midst. The categories were completely separate. It was only later in
Catherine's life that the members of her community began to recognize that she "...possessed
extraordinary spiritual powers and people began seeking her out." While she was not extremely
popular and died mostly in solitude, the story of her piety became known throughout the
community. The Jesuits, who had believed in the separation between the Natives and true religious
piety, were forced to reconsider their interpretations of Catherine's life and her religious devotion.
Eventually, this was cumulate in the writings about her life and the process of her canonization.
Although the Jesuits probably never considered finding a future saint among the Mohawks, they
found that with Catherine's story, a compelling case could be made for her canonization. One of the
key

These resistance movements, Oka, Gustafsen Lake, and Burnt...
These resistance movements, Oka, Gustafsen Lake, and Burnt Church each had their own reasons as
to why they started, and how the First Nations people fought for what they believed in. They fought
for their rights to fish, to keep their sacred land safe and to be able to use sacred land for their Sun
Dances. These resistances were between the First Nations people and the non–First Nations people,
the Oka resistance was the Mohawk people and they were trying to protect their lands from an
impending golf course the town of Oka was going to build. Gustafsen Lake was the Ts'Peten people
and their use of land for their Sun Dance. The Burnt Church Resistance was the Mi'kmaq people and
their use of fisheries in New Brunswick and Nova Scotia. These ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
This was sacred land to them and was where their ancestors had been buried, and they did not want
to see more land being used for a golf course, as one person had said: "The Pines is a sacred place
for me, for all Mohawks. It's like a church. The Pines is our sacred burial ground. We call it
Onen'to:kon. It means "under the Pines." We have been in this area for as long as we can
remember..." (Pertusati, 1997). This group of people over many years had been trying to get their
land back, by their Aboriginal Rights, the land had once been "154 square miles" (Pertusati, 1997)
but it: "...was expropriated for the use of the St. Sulpice religious settlement. Over the years, further
land expropriation reduced the size of what remained of Kanehsatake to 3.6 square miles" (Pertusati,
1997).
These Mohawk group of people originally had the right to the land and it was theirs at one point but
was then taken away for use of a religious settlement and had never been fully given back to them.
From then on the Mohawk people have been trying to get what is left of their land back, and to stop
the golf course from being built. But even some of the people who were not First Nations had
problems with the town of Oka building the golf course, because "the golf course expansion and
luxury housing development project... was a private club built on what they felt was public land"
(Pertusati, 1997). So both First

The Americanization Of Edward Bok And The America I Believe
Since the dawn of American colonization in the early 1600s, the notion of immigrating to America
has long been instilled upon various people as a stimulating opportunity to begin a fresh chapter in
their lives. Even now, this possibility has brought many variations of people to America,
culminating a society that brims with dreams and aspirations to form the diversified nation of today.
When speaking of the current state of immigration, it is easy to conclude that immigration is heavily
discussed from political standpoints. Though this current condition is composed of highly
controversial perspectives, many of the early–century viewpoints found in literature genuinely
embrace reality, for these writers were indeed immigrants themselves, thus adding an authoritative
standpoint over immigration. The Americanization of Edward Bok (1921) by Edward Bok and The
America I Believe In by Colin Powell, display the perspectives of two authors, who have lived as
immigrants, through their own personal anecdotes. Both Edward Bok and Colin Powell convey a
sincerely grateful tone and develop the idea of Americanization and the quest for opportunity
through the use of connotative diction in contrast to the Immigration Chart and Political Cartoon
which have a downright concrete and pessimistic tone and supports the idea that immigration
exposes various challenges to incoming immigrants. Throughout majority of the two passages,
Edward Bok and Colin Powell both convey their perspectives

The Ways Punk Culture has been Used
Punk has influenced and has been influenced by popular culture in a number of ways. Since the
beginning of the subculture, major label record labels, haute couture, and the mass media have
attempted to use punk for profit and popularity. Punk fashion is the clothing, hairstyles, cosmetics,
jewelry, and body modifications of the punk subculture. Many punks use clothing as a way of
making a statement. First days of punk took place in London in the middle of the 70's. Young
teenagers and rebel followers of a new music style created it, called punk. One of the most popular
music groups was the "Sex Pistols" launched by Malcolm McLaren. His partner was the great
Vivenne Westwood, one of the most popular fashion designers. Punk rock was an intentional
rebuttal of the perceived excess and pretension found in mainstream music and culture. It seems the
world of fashion has seen everything already. And punk style fascination and shocking is a real past.
It developed so many ways, that we are used to see someone originally dressed.
Music is the most important aspect of punk. Punk music is called punk rock, sometimes shortened to
punk. Punk subcultures often distinguish themselves by having a unique style of punk rock, though
not every style of punk rock has its own associated subculture. Most punk rock involves simple
arrangements, short songs and lyrics that espouse punk values. Punk rock is usually played in bands,
as opposed to solo artists. A variety of dances are popular within

Descriptive Essay
The word lost was becoming more operative by the moment. The morning 's ice fishing over at
nearby North Pond had been fine. After I ate my fish cakes back in my cabin at Mohawk Mountain,
heat radiating from the wood stove, I 'd felt warm enough to peel down to a t–shirt and read. That
was this morning.
The night before I 'd wandered the forest 's central fire roads savoring the night air and watching the
shadows my headlamp cast into the woods. One can relax well in the woods in winter at night: that
soothing sense of aloneness you feel at night under a canopy of stars in the winter.
Now I was stumbling around through the snow–filled woods, bushwhacking. I was searching for the
route to either Adams or North Adams, whichever came first, map in one hand, orienteering
compass in the other, as I took in the woods ' contours, trail bends, and ice–covered stream beds.
Where the heck was I?
Back in the cabin awaited two panfish in a cooler, a steak too if I wanted it, and a block of blue
cheese big the size of housebrick. What I wanted was the trail called Blackburnian Loop. As for
where I was –––
BINGO!
there it was: the beaver dam and trail I recognized from a trip here last year.
Yes. Once again I 'd successfully made it back from one of my classic lost–in–the–woods hikes. I
thumped back into the cabin, lit the stove, took off my wet socks and sweater, and lifted from my
cooler the bigger fish. I cleaned it, pan fried it, ate it, and settled back in the chair with my

What Was The Erie Canal
How the Erie Canal Opened the Door to the Western Frontier After the American Revolution,
people's thoughts turned to the American West. But while the thought of going west was in a lot of
people's minds, so were thoughts of the restrictions making the move almost impossible. The trip to
the west was filled with mountains, forests, rivers and even a few waterfalls. How was this
transportation of people and goods to take place?
Before the Transcontinental Railway, interstate highways and airplanes changed the shape of our
country, there was the New York State Erie Canal system. Although the idea of a canal was
perceived in the late 1700's, it wasn't until the 1790's that locks and canals on the Mohawk River
allowed for boat travel from Schenectady to Oswego and to Seneca Lake in the Finger lakes region
of New York. One canal of great significance was the Erie Canal. ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
But because of the drawbacks for commercial waterways with their rapids and waterfalls, Clinton's
idea was an excellent one. He worked hard to promote the idea of the waterway, even as skeptics
continued to call the plan, Clinton's Ditch or Clinton's Folly. Because of the hard work and
perseverance of Clinton, the Erie Canal became a successful engineering project. New York's terrain
was complex, but the canal, four feet deep and forty feet wide, traversed through fields, forests and
cliffs and included eighty–three locks. These locks were structures used to equalize water levels
between the Mohawk and Hudson Rivers in New

Australian English and National Identity
What does Australian English look and sound like today, and how does it reflect our identity as a
nation?
Language use in Australia constantly and rapidly changes to reflect the ever–evolving Australian
national identity. It is being influenced by American culture, through its pervasive media, and
altered to create a unique identity that addresses the needs of the younger Australians. Technology,
the loss and gain of expressions, changing perception of taboo words and political correctness also
attribute to the way that language has evolved to fabricate our national identity. American culture is
increasingly affecting the way Australians use language. The dominance and omnipresence of the
US entertainment industry, be it film, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Many young Australians no longer use or are even familiar with many rich and expressive
expressions of Australian culture that the older would have regularly used. Idioms and expressions
like 'beyond the black stump' and 'you've got Buckley's' have become unknown to many young
Australians. However, Australian expressions are not just on the decline in the youth population.
New expressions are also being coined, though many are much ruder, like 'as much chance as
pushing shit uphill with a rubber fork' or 'face like a festered pickle' have also added character to
Australian English and accelerated linguistic evolution, particularly when used in preference to
older expressions by the young. As Bruce Moore says, "Australian English is central to the process
of giving voice to our Australian identity: in important ways, we are what we speak, and we are how
we speak". This great transformation in the expression–use by the people of Australia will define our
linguistic identity in the future and reflects clearly our evolving national identity and who we choose
to be.
The national identity of Australia has also developed strangely when dealing with taboo, especially
with the younger Australians. Many youths no longer find many profanities as rude or taboo as the
older generations, in particular with words like "fuck", "shit" and "bloody" which used to be packed
with a certain punch. In fact, many of these words are actually used as interjections ("Shit! No
way!"),

The Oka Crisis
The Oka CrisisNovember 20, 2012ANS.1000– Introduction to Aboriginal Studies 1|
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The "Oka Crisis" often brings to mind the often published, somewhat famous image of the Mohawk
warrior whose face is covered with a bandana, dressed head to toe in camouflage equipped with a
large gun on his back, nose to nose with a military soldier. It is an image that is used to symbolize
the sense of tension that existed far preceding the 78 day standoff. Not only was there tension
between the Mohawk people and the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Most of the people here were against the project but the mayor completely ignored our suggestions
and he even ignored the minister of the Environments suggestion, who suggested doing a study
before doing any planning at all". (Obomsawin, 1993) The mayor was ignoring not only the
Mohawk people from whom these decisions were directly affecting but the general consensus which
was not necessarily in support of the expansion.
On March 10, 1990 the people of Kanesatake took a stand in the Pines on a dirt road that lead to the
golf course by creating a road block. They set up barricades and sand bags around their land, as well
as placing barbed wire through the trees. Since there was no Warrior Society in Kanehsatake itself,
volunteer warriors were recruited from two other Mohawk reserves, Kahnawake and Akwesasne to
staff the roadblock. (Swan , 2010) It was a stand of unity to protect the small piece of land they had
managed to hold on to for their future generations. The Mohawk were asking for respect, and to
recognize their rights and independence over their ancestral land. It wasn't just about the land though
but about protecting a history and preserving a future. One recollection captures this;
"My memories of that summer at Kanehsatake are so different from the stories told by the media.
Their

Road Trip on the Trans-Canada Highway Essay
In 1949 the Trans–Canada Highway Act was passed by Canada's Parliament. The Act allowed for
the building of a national highway with costs divided between the Federal Government and each
provincial government. Construction of the highway began the year after the passing of the Trans–
Canada Highway Act, 1950. Seven years after starting construction Saskatchewan finished its
section, becoming the first province to do so. The entire highway was not completed until 1971, but
Prime Minister John Diefenbaker opened the highway in 1962. The Highway is the world's longest
national road, 7821 kilometers, passing through all 10 provinces. The highway is not a single
highway but rather splits into two or three parts in some areas. The main part of ... Show more
The area has 11 Beothuk house pits, middens, hearths, post molds, and sleeping areas. Boyd's Cove
was designated as a historical site of Canada in 1995 because it has increased the knowledge of
early Beothuk presence and it has helped to understand their downfall after European contact. The
Beothuk were some of the first natives on the North American continent to have contact with
Europeans. They Beothuk became extinct following the 1829 death of Shanawdithit, the last
remaining Beothuk person. The demise of the Beothuk people has been attributed to disease and
starvation brought on by European settlers. The area, despite the influence of Europeans, shows that
the Beothuk tried to avoid contact and trade with the Europeans. Boyd's Cove was discovered in
1981 by Dr. Ralph Pastore. His excavations significantly contributed to evidence of things that were
previously assumed about the lifestyle of the Beothuk people. Some of these things include their
housing designs and their changes by different seasons, the Beothuk diet, the integration of
European items into their lives, relations with the Europeans, and symbolism in Beothuk culture.
After Boyd's Cove the trip takes a ferry south into Nova Scotia, where it goes to Shubenacadie.
Shubenacadie, Nova Scotia is a community about 37 kilometers from the Trans–Canada highway.
The community is a former producer of the Mic–Mac hockey stick. The Mi'kmaqs have played
hockey and similar games as early

Essay on Why Should We Use Pennies
It has come to my attention of how we use our money and noticed that pennies aren't being taken
seriously. I realized while standing in the checking line, people would rather use dollar bills instead
of the piggy bank of pennies in their possession, not only because of limited utility, for instance,
pennies are generally not accepted in vending and bulk machines, but also because the act of
producing the penny cost more than the actual penny itself. So I ask myself, "Why use pennies?
Should they be eliminated?" The growing debate of whether or not the penny should be eliminated
from all cash transaction is, personally, futile, when they, themselves, doesn't bother to use them. It
seems as if the penny is kept around today for more ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
However, these people who have claimed this is unaware to the merchant technique of $9.99, which
seems to be psychologically important; to keep that extra digit, $10.00, from showing up and scaring
the customers away. And if we do, indeed, eliminate the penny, merchants would find another
technique, for example, decrease the price to $9.95, to not increase the price an extra digit. But I say,
the realistic idea and goal for eliminating pennies is because their feeble purchasing power means
dealing with coins and making change to the nearest cent is an uneconomic waste of time for the
nation as a whole, because majority of us are affected by it. The United States either seems to be
unaware or choose to be unaware of every other nation not only eliminating pennies, but some also
eliminating coins, even their neighbor Canada. It's true our past have taught us a lot and brought us
here. We can't turn our backs on our past as a nation because we have to reflect back in order to
move on, successfully. However, in the case of this nation, our past is in our way of moving on, the
sentimental attachment to the penny will lead us astray if we hold on to it. Other countries have
eliminated pennies because it's both a waste of time and money, so I suggest we do the same. Instead
of eliminating the penny to make a greater use of the

The Contagion Of Contagion And Vaccines
Contagion/Vaccines If I was to quarantine an individual in a Utilitarian system, I would have them
placed into a room by themselves in a hospital. They would be provided with any sort of necessities.
Family members would be allowed to come into their room to visit, as long as they were fully
protected. The main concern would be to keep them away from other people so they do not spread
the deadly disease, but still keep them content. This keeps the disease contained to the one person
rather than spreading even further, benefiting the greater number. They may not leave the room until
they have been treated or cleared by a doctor. If for some reason they did escape, threatening many
others to become ill, they would have to pay a very large fine. If there was a nation needing to be
quarantined under a Utilitarian system, I would let no individual cross state borders. The border of
each state would have military men lining it. If they were to go against this and somehow sneak out
of their state, they would face jail time in their near future. In the movie, Contagion, they did not let
anyone leave the state, which caused riots and panic in the citizen 's living there. To stop this from
happening, I would have selective individuals from each town that had been cleared by a doctor, go
out and work the stores, clean up the streets and try to keep the town as put together as possible.
This would help make the situation more comforting than nerve wracking. If I was to quarantine

Australia Is A Romantic Action Adventure
'National Cinema' is often used to describe simply the films produced within a particular nation
state'. (Higson, 2015) Nations have distinctive stylistic devices, often featuring stereotypical settings
and characters in the attempt to represent the essence of the nation's culture. This is apparent when
comparing the Australian drama, Australia (2008) with A Separation (2011), an Iranian drama. Both
films reflect through a set of norms, behaviours, beliefs and customs their nations culture,
demonstrating that films are not made in a vacuum. (Smith, 2015)
Australia is a romantic action–adventure, directed by Baz Luhrmann, set in Australia prior to World
War II. The plot centres on an English aristocrat who inherits a large cattle farm. ... Show more
However, when he discovers the new maid has been lying to him, he realizes that there is more at
stake than his failing marriage. (iTunes, 2011)
In relation to national cinema, the combinations of social and cultural factors strongly influence the
setting of a film. Australia references the old Australian language and traditional Aboriginal
terminology including herd, mouthorgan, rush, station, willy willy, whitefellas, billabong and more
(Park, 2011), Australians have an inherent understanding of this language however an international
audience would not be familiar with it. The very nature of the language makes Australia identifiable
to the country in which it was created. The portrayal of character is also a depiction of the film's
national origin. In Australia, 'the drover', is not only the character's name but also a colloquial term
that refers to "an experienced stockman, who moves livestock, usually sheep or cattle over long
distances."(New South Whales State Library, 2013)
Australia both identifies the visual appeal of the landscape traditions (Khoo, Smaill and Yue) and
harsh reality of the Australian bush. Breaking the romanticized illusion of the land. One example of
this is when Lady Ashley is first travelling to 'Faraway Dawns'. She notices a mob of kangaroos
jumping past her vehicle, she comments on their elegance and how she has never seen one before.
Suddenly, out of

Affluenza Essay
Affluenza is a painful, contagious, socially transmitted condition of overload, debt, anxiety and
waste resulting from the dogged pursuit of more. It is a powerful virus that has infected the
American society, threatening our wallets, our friendships, our families, our communities, and our
environment. Since the United States has become the economic model for most of the world this
virus is now flowing freely on every continent. The costs and consequences of this disease are
massive even though they are often concealed. Left untreated however, it can cause permanent
discontent. Affluenza is based on our culture and how it encourages its citizens to measure their
worth by financial success and material possessions. The media such as the ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
The problem is that it only makes them feel better for a short while and eventually leaves them
feeling empty. We are now said to be a "harried leisure class starved for time. Economic growth
entails a general increase in the scarcity of time." They say it is as simple as this: increased
susceptibility to affluenza means increasing headaches from time pressure. The pace of work has
seemed to increase dramatically and we are working much faster today than we were in the past.
This contributes to our sense of being overworked, frenzied, harried, stressed out, and burned out by
our jobs. Affluenza has been found to be a family problem as well. "There is a tension between
materialism and family values." Family life is often viewed by parents as instilling competitive
values in their children so they can compile the best resumes, go to the best college to get the best
jobs to earn the most money. The number of families that are regularly eating together and going on
a vacation together has dropped by a third since 1970. Overspending is one of the many conflicts
that families face as well as the weakening of marriages. "The choices available to people in terms
of products are so overwhelming. Whether you are going to buy a car or a bagel, there are so many
choices. There's a feeling when you've bought something that maybe you didn't make the right
choice, maybe you missed something. And it can't help but carry over into

Katherine Tekakwitha Research Paper
Tekakwitha, Katherine Katherine Tekakwitha, known to Catholics as St. Kateri Tekakwitha and
called by them the "Lily of the Mohawks," was born at Ossernenon (now Auriesville, New York) in
1656. Her mother, Tagaskouita, was an Alqonquin native American and a Christian. Her father,
Kenneronkwa, was a Mohawk chief and followed traditional native practices. She received her
given name of "Tekakwitha" (which means "she who bumps into things") after a bout with smallpox
when she was four damaged her eyesight and scarred her face. The epidemic ravaged the Mohawk
population around Ossernon until 1663 and claimed both her parents and brother. Tekawitha was
adopted by an aunt and her husband, chief of the Turtle clan. The survivors relocated to
Caughnawaga ("wild water" in Mohawk) two miles upstream on the Mohawk river. In 1666 the
French destroyed Mohawk villages in the area and as part of the ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Jacques de Lamberville, who had recently arrived to supervise native American missionary efforts in
the area. From him Tekakwitha received baptism on April 18, 1676, Easter Sunday. She took the
Christian name Catherine after the famous saint of medieval Siena, which became Kateri in
Mohawk. Her baptism precipitated severe hostility, and so in 1677 Kateri departed for the Catholic
native settlement named for St. Francis Xavier at Kahnawake (an alternative spelling of
Caughnawaga but a different location than the original village) situated on the St. Lawrence river
somewhat south of Montreal. Kateri received her first holy communion there Christmas Day 1677.
On March 25, 1679, the Feast of the Annunciation, Kateri made a vow of perpetual virginity in
emulation of the virgin Mary, formalizing her decision of several years

The Choice: Ethnic Identity
A baby boy is born in a clinic within an impoverished village in Thailand. The mother, who had no
immediate family and was unwed, deceased during childbirth, leaving her son an orphan. The baby
was placed in foster care and soon adopted by an American couple. The couple then raises the boy in
their home as their own. He grows up in a suburban neighborhood, learns English, attends public
school, lives within an entirely American culture, and embraces it. He is aware that he comes from a
different familial background and is of a different nationality than his parents, but he has made the
choice to identify himself with the ethnicity that he has grown to love. He believes that his ethnic
identity entirely up to him. A Thai boy choosing the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
(Staples, 2) By changing his identity, Staples slowly began to notice the change in strangers'
demeanor; people were calmer and finally seemed to relax around him. Staples' making the decision
to choose his own ethnic identity meant something to him. The changes he made had a purpose and
produced positive results, thus, proving that the changes made to his ethnicity were powerful and
had meaning. Just like Staples, every single person should have the choice to believe in what they
want to believe, act the way they wish to act, and be the individual they want to be. Nell Bernstein
explores the self proclaimed identities of teenagers at a San Leandro high school in his article,
"Goin' Gangsta, Choosin' Cholita". The teenagers in Bernstein's article have all made the decision to
claim their own ethnic identity. One of the teenagers is an Anglo–American girl named April Miller
who has chosen to identify herself as a "Mexican cholita", a persona that is very different in style,
dialect, and culture than the common white teenage girl. Bernstein expresses that for April and her
friends, "identity is not a matter of where you come from, what you were born into, what color your
skin is, [but] what you wear, the music you listen to, the words you use–everything to

American Pageant Chapter 4 Apush
Hiawatha, who by tradition was the founder of the Haudenosaunee or Iroquois Confederacy.
20.George II– As king of Great Britain and Ireland and elector of Hanover the system of governing
Britain through an oligarchy of strong political managers set in stone. 21.nation–state– A form of
state in which it identifies itself by forms of culture and a sovereign territorial unit. 22.joint–stock
company– The joint stock company allowed single–handed enterprises to gather their capital and
gain more profit in the early 1600s. 23.slavery– The ownership of humans such as Indians who were
exported in Carolina and Africans who arrived in the colonies to work on plantations. 24.enclosure–
In the English countryside landlords "enclosed" croplands for sheep grazing, forcing small farmers
into precarious tenancy or off ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
surplus population– free farmer population in England due to the enclosure, so most went to the
New World to gain work and money 37. First Anglo–Powhatan War– In 1610, Lord De La Warr of
Virginia Company started the war with the Indians which ended with John Rolfe and Pocahontas
getting married. 38. Second Anglo–Powhatan War– The Indians were defeated in their last effort to
get rid of the Virginians. Hope for coexisting stopped as well with the Peace Treaty of 1646. 39.
Maryland Act of Toleration– Religious toleration of Christians in Maryland was provided but the
death penalty for those who denied Jesus' divinity was also provided, and didn't provide much
toleration but rather security for Christians. 40. Barbados slave code– Document that stated masters
had full control over their slaves such as the right to punish severely for small wrongdoings in 1661.
41.Virginia Company–King James I provided a charter for settlement in the New World by this joint
stock company which was founded in London. The company was in search of gold as well as a
passage to the Indians. 42. Restoration– During Charles II's reign, a constitutional monarchy
returned in Great

Compare And Contrast Iroquois And Delian League
Two of the most iconic confederacies in history, the Iroquois and Delian League have shaped the
cultural landscapes of North America and Greece respectively. Despite the similar democratic
principles in both regions, the confederacies' incentives for their beginnings were vastly different, as
the Iroquois was seen to sustain internal safety with expansionist policies, while the Delian League
was to resist external pressure without any imperialist motives.
The beginnings of the Iroquois confederacy were triggered by the prevalent ethnic tensions between
the many nations in the North American region. Established prior to European contact in the 1450s,
the idea of a confederacy was masterminded by the Peacemaker, commonly known as Dekadawina.
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Kinship was traced through the female line, as the Western–headed "father figure" consisted of the
progeny of the woman and her female descendants. On a macro scale, the family was integrated into
a system of clans, clans into nations, and ethnic groups into the confederation. This confederation
featured a system known as the "Grand Council", where each associated family would be placed in a
hierarchy. The hierarchy would dictate the tasks each family or nation would be responsible for.
Within the council itself, the decision–making process resembles that of a two–house congress in
one body, with the 'older brothers', the nations of the Mohawk and Onondaga, and 'younger
brothers', the nations of the Cayuga and Oneida each comprising a side of the house. Between these
two distinct houses, the 'older brothers' of the Mohawk and Onondaga occupy an executive role,
hence its name, and possess a veto that could be overridden by both the 'younger brothers' as part of
the process. The resulting decision by the Mohawk and Onondaga are not final, however, as the
head chief of the organization, known as the Hononwiretonh, whose duty is to sit and listen to the
debate, is the final voice within this decision process. As can be seen, this legislative system
provides for numerous checks and balances of power and depends on

The Day A White Man Stepped Foot On Canadian Soil
The day a white man stepped foot on to Canadian soil, was the start of troubles Indigenous people
have dealt with. There have been so many events and cases where Indigenous people just want what
they have rights over. "So far as actual events are concerned, Oka, the Royal Commission on
Aboriginal Peoples, Delgamuukw and Nunavut.." were the only few that had made headlines in the
news during the 1990s. There are so many little conflicts that government has with indigenous
people that no one is aware of till it becomes a big issue like the Oka Crisis when the Mohawk
people of Oka were getting their rights taken away, along with their land. It was worse when you
found out that the land they wanted to take away from them was the place where ... Show more
Lawyers of government agencies handle usually many disputes similar to Oka but as soon as this
dispute took for a violent path they had to take other measures. Jean Ouellette was the mayor at the
time that had given the go ahead on the expansion of the golf course, which consisted of sixty
luxury condos and nine more holes to members only. Even some of the town's people that were not
on the reserve where against the expansion and wanted to inquire about it but the mayor's office flat
out decline to discuss anything to do with it. All this led to the Mohawk people taking action and
setting up barricades to stop any developers travelling to the site so they could not carry on with
their work. The mayor demanded the barricades be taken down but the Mohawk people refused to
do so. This led the mayor to call in the Quebec Provincial Police and the Surete du Quebec (SQ) to
help remove the barricades. This did not help the situation because the indigenous people have a
long history with SQ and it has not been a good relationship. Then this dispute turned and started
taking a violent route where the SQ decided to attack with tear gas and flash band grenades.
(johansen, pg196) During all this gunfire ended up breaking out and that resulted to a death of SQ
Corporal Marcel Lemay.(johansen,pg.221); which no one was charged for. (pg.220, fergusen) Till
this day there is arguments of who shot him, if it was his own men or one of the indigenous people.
After the violent

Concepts Of Authority In Mohawk Interruptus By Audra Simpson
Authority is important for any leader or government, because that is how decisions are accepted as
right. Sovereignty is the recognition by other states that one government has the authority to control
a certain territory. As well as the acceptance of rule by the people One major reading that contests
this idea of sovereignty is the book Mohawk Interruptus by Audra Simpson, which discusses the
trials of Native American populations and their efforts to reclaim their own sovereignty. Within
Mohawk Interruptus, the people of the Kahnawá:ke tribe struggle against the colonial idea of
American or Canadian sovereignty lorded over them, and through refusal of such "gifts" regain their
sovereignty. "... Kahnawa'kehró:non had refused the authority of the state at almost every turn and in
so doing reinstated a different political authority" (Simpson, 2014, 106). Through these rejections,
the people of Kahnawá:ke and Kahnawa'kehró:non established that the current system of
sovereignty does not work for them, as it is colonially based to oppress the Native American
communities. Simpson uses these examples to make a larger point on the Western systems of
governance and understandings of authority. Though this idea of sovereignty, Simpson argues, was a
way to appropriate land and incorporate or destroy opposing cultures. Through the research of
Hannah Ardent, it is considered that sovereignty has been used to forcefully assimilate minority
populations of nations. Within her paper on the

Us Led Democratization Efforts : An Example Of Empire...
US Led Democratization Efforts: an Example of Empire Building
The responsibility to protect is an international political norm, endorsed by the United Nations. The
responsibility to protect doctrine is based on three pillars that are laid out in the in the Outcome
Document of the 2005 United Nations World Summit. The first pillar reaffirms that States carry the
primary responsibility for ensuring that their citizens are protected from genocide, war crimes,
crimes against humanity and ethnic cleansing. Secondly, the responsibility to protect doctrine places
responsibility on the international community to assist other states in fulfilling their responsibility to
protect their citizens. Finally, The Responsibility to Protect doctrine gives ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
However, this monopoly is limited to a certain geographical area, and in fact this limitation to a
particular area is one of the things that defines a state" (Weber, 2015, p. 136). Put simply, states are
the only organization which can legitimately threaten, coerce or use force against citizens or the
state. This definition of sovereignty is pretty incongruous with the responsibility to protect doctrine.
While the United States has endorsed the responsibility to protect, it is not the usual justification
provided to explain foreign policy, however, when looking at the US intervention we do see the
same flexible idea of sovereignty. In this essay, I will argue that the process through which the
United States engages in State building, is rooted in the empire building that the US underwent
during its own state formation, following its independence as it expanded westwards. US led state
formation projects that attempt to develop democratic institutions and stimulating economic
development, can therefore be understood as a continuation of American imperial goals.
Since the beginning of the War on Terror, the US has had its interests in nation building
reinvigorated, under the guise of democratization. Nation building refers to the process through
which, a collective of previously distinct people, with separate languages, histories, cultures, and
religions are brought together, within a defined territory, by a state that

The Horror Of The Zombie Apocalypse
Daniel Drezner book addresses how the world would potentially react should the Zombie
Apocalypse start while relating it to international relations. While discussing the anarchical nature of
the world, in the realist argument, he addresses the fact that it is not likely that any one state would
be able to gain complete control of the world. However, if the entire world is being overtaken by a
zombie plague it is not outside the realm of possibility that survivors of various nations would come
together and merge with whatever power still existed and divvy out more power to that group or
individual. A good old fashioned military takeover would be just the thing to create an uneasy
world–wide alliance with other militaristic organizations across the world against the zombie
hordes. The military would easily be able to take charge in a global catastrophe of this nature
relatively quickly and with little resistance from the common people. They are one of the most
disciplined and structured organizations in regards to bureaucracy and other political organizations,
and would not hesitate to change the protocols of war against an end–of–the–world type of threat
such as a zombie takeover. Also, military tradition and codes of conduct cross borders with
significantly more similarities than do political ideologies and governmental structures, which
would result in there being a much easier and more unified alliance than could ever be achieved in
any other global unification setting.

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