- The document discusses various aspects of Roman, early Christian, Byzantine, Islamic, and iconographic art and architecture, including monuments like the Arch of Titus, Column of Trajan, Pantheon, and early Christian catacombs. - It also covers structures like the Hagia Sophia in Istanbul, describing its construction between 532-537 AD under the Byzantine emperor Justinian, with a massive dome supported by 40 ribs. - The document discusses religious concepts like iconoclasm, the destruction of religious images ordered by Byzantine emperor Leo III in the 8th century, and the eventual affirmation of icon veneration in 787.

1. Roman monuments Arch of Titus TRIUMPHAL ARCH (Triumph): celebrates Sack of Jerusalem Triumphal Columns Column of Trajan: celebrates victory overDacians

2. Roman architecture: Basilicas  APSE APSE  NAVE: main hall NAVE  APSE: semi-ciruclar space at ends

3. Roman architecture: Villa Adriana (Hadrian’s Villa), Tivoli Antinoos: Hadrian’s lover CANOPUS: Surrounded by statues of Antinoos as Narcissus

4. PANTHEON: All the (planetary) gods Hadrianic architecture: The Pantheon

5. NERO DAMNATIO MEMORIAE: Official, posthumous condemnation of a person’s memory. Results in official censorship of their imagery, monuments, etc., after their death. Enacted against three emperors: Nero Domitian Commodus

6. The Vision of Constantine CHI RHO “ Chi” + “rho” + istos “ Christos”

7. The Arch of Constantine Carved for the arch: a less classical style Spolia—recycled from earlier monuments: classical style

8. Early Christian Art CATACOMBS Originally just beyond the borders of Rome (it was technically illegal to bury bodies within the city limits). Begun as sites for the burial of pagan Romans. Later, large numbers of Christians (amongst whom burial was by far the most popular treatment for the deceased) were buried in them. Roman fourth- style wall painting Christian catacomb painting

9. Simple subject matter (Christ as the Good Shepherd) Early Christian Art: Catacombs 

10. Christian “Good Shepherd” Roman pastoral painting Early Christian Art: Catacombs

11. Early Christian Art: Catacombs Old Testament Scenes Old Testament: Moses draws water from a rock; saves Israelites New Testament: Baptism Both = Salvation through water

12.   Jonah is swallowed (dead) for three days and rises Christ is dead for three days and rises Early Christian Art: Catacombs Old Testament Scenes

13. NAVE APSE  Early Christian Architecture BASILICA CHURCHES  TRANSEPT (Crossing)

14. Architects: Anthemius of Tralles and Isidorus of Miletus the Elder Construction: 532-537 Commissioned by the Emperor Justinian Constantinople (Istanbul): Hagia (St.) Sophia

15. Constantinople (Istanbul): Hagia (St.) Sophia --An early, wood-roofed basilica, named for Hagia Sophia (Holy Wisdom) was built on the site in 360 AD. It was altered or replaced in the early fifth century. --This church was destroyed in 532 during the Nike Revolt.

16. Constantinople (Istanbul): Hagia (St.) Sophia Aftermath of the Nike Revolt: --Justinian made building a new Hagia Sophia his top priority. --He wanted a church which would reflect the power, grandeur, and faith of the imperial office. --Built in only five years (532-37), utilizing a work force of 10,000 (100 master masons, each with a 100 man crew).

17. Constantinople (Istanbul): Hagia (St.) Sophia When completed in 537: --182 feet high, with a dome 102 feet in diameter, supported by 40 ribs. --40 doorways, and external staircase towers providing access to the upper galleries. --The world’s tallest enclosed space. The dome appeared to be “ suspended from Heaven by a golden chain.” — Procopius

18. Constantinople (Istanbul): Hagia (St.) Sophia First dome: collapsed after an earthquake in 558. A new, and smaller, dome then built by Isidore of Miletus the Younger.

19. Original stonework on capitals and spandrels Constantinople (Istanbul): Hagia (St.) Sophia

20. Constantinople (Istanbul): Hagia (Aya) Sophia Changes and modifications—conversion to a mosque Conversion to a mosque: --Constantinople conquered by the Ottoman Sultan Mehmet II in 1453. Mehmet II (Mehmet the Conqueror)

21. ICONS: From Greek (eikon = image). Often small paintings depicting Christ, the Virgin Mary, and/or saints. Painted on hard, wood panels; the medium is usually tempera (pigment/colors mixed with egg yolk as a binding agent), although early panels often were painted with encaustic (pigments in melted beeswax). A gold leaf background provides a heavenly aura, signifying the sacred nature of the characters. Many icons were painted in monasteries.

22. ICONS: Not only are they formulaic in form, they tend to adhere to specific categories. THEOTOKOS: “God Bearer”/ Mother of God (Virgin and Child)

23. PANTOCRATOR, CHRIST PANTOCRATOR: “ All protector;” he who rules over everything

24. ICONS: Most were intended as a personal devotion, and considered an important medium of worship. Begin as early as the 4 th Century AD, and become increasingly popular during the 6 th Century. Many worshippers believed the icons had miraculous powers.

25. Original icon from MONASTERY of ST. CATHERINE, MT. SINAI, EGYPT

26. ICONOCLASM: Destruction of religious images EMPEROR LEO III

27. ICONOCLASM Second Commandment: “ Thou shalt not make unto thee a graven image, nor any manner of likeness, of any thing that is in heaven above”

28. ICONOCLASM Some theologians held that because in Christ two natures, human and divine, are united, icons involving Christ should be rejected— they were simply material images which separated his divine from his human nature, and were thus tantamount to a form of heresy.

29. ICONOCLASM EMPEROR LEO III: reigned 717-741 AD. In 726 he prohibited the use of icons (religious images) and began a systematic destruction of holy images, in part because he had become convinced that the increasing threat of Islam had been sent by God as a punishment for the Christians’ idolatrous use of icons.

30. ICONODULES: Defenders of icons ICONOPHILES: Lovers of icons Defense of icons: --Tradition and antiquity of their use --The nature of Christ’s incarnation caused the Old Testament commandment to be revoked

31. ICONOCLASM Iconoclastic programs suspended by the Empress Irene in 780 AD, and in 787 the Seventh Ecumenical Synod in Nicaea affirmed the veneration of icons as positive. Iconoclastic programs would be revived, however, in the early ninth century, and only finally cease in 843.

32. 622: Muhammed founds first Islamic state, a theocracy in Medina. Medina  ISLAMIC (MUSLIM) ART

33. ANICONIC: Prohibition against images, usually for either religious or moral reasons Islam is aniconic

34. CALLIGRAPHY Islamic Art

35. Islamic Architecture: Mosques—The Dome of the Rock  Includes within it piece of rock it was believed Abraham stood on when he prepared to sacrifice Isaac, and from which Muhammad ascended to Heaven.

36. Mosque of Selim II (Selimiye Camii), Edirne Islamic Architecture: Central Plan Mosques

37. Islamic Architecture: Central Plan Mosques QIBLA WALL: Oriented towards Mecca; MIHRAB: niche 

38.  MINARET Islamic Architecture: Central Plan Mosques

39. Islamic Architecture: Hypostyle Mosques Qibla wall;  Mihrab Great Mosque, Cordoba Moors (Spain)

40. Four-Iwan Style Mosque Islamic Architecture: Mosques