ME

1. 2
Penawaran dan Permintaan I:Bagaimana Pasar Bekerja

2. 4
Kekuatan Pasar Atas Penawaran Dan
Permintaan

3. • Penawaran dan permintaan adalah dua kata
yang paling sering digunakan oleh ekonom.
• Penawaran dan permintaan adalah kekuatan
yang membuat pasar bekerja.
• Mikroekonomi modern adalah tentang
penawaran, prmintaan, dan keseimbangan
pasar.

4. • Pasar adalah sekelompok pembeli dan penjual
daripada barang dan jasa.
• Penwaran dan permintaan berhubungan
dengan tingkah laku manusia sebagaimana
mereka berinteraksi dalam pasar.
PASAR DAN PERSAINGAN

5. MARKETS AND COMPETITION
• Pembeli pasti berhubungan dengan permintaan.
• Penjual pasti berhubungan dengan penawaran.

6. Competitive Markets
• Pasar yang kompetitif adalah pasar dimana
ada banyak penjual dan pembeli yang dapat
mempengaruhi harga pasar.

7. • Kompetisi sempurna
– Produk sama
– Jumlah pembeli dan penjual yang banyak sehingga
tiap-tiapnya tidak mempunyai pengaruh terhadap
harga.
– Pembeli dan penjual adalah pengatur harga.
• Monopoli
– Satu penjual, dan penjual yang menentukan
harga.
Competition: Perfect and Otherwise

8. • Oligopoli
– Sedikit penjual.
– Tidak selalu merupakan kompetisi yang agresif.
• Kompetisi monopoli
– Banyak penjual.
– Sedikit perbedaan produk.
– Setiap penjual dapat menentukan harga
produknya.
Competition: Perfect and Otherwise

9. PERMINTAAN
• Kuantitas permintaan adalah jumlah barang
yang ingin dan mampu di beli oleh pembeli.
• Hukum permintaan
“Hukum permintaan menyatakan, permintaan
terhadap barang akan turun apabila harga naik”.

10. The Demand Curve: The Relationship between
Price and Quantity Demanded
• Tabel Permintaan
– Tabel permintaan adalah tabel yang
menggambarkan hubungan antara harga barang
dengan kuantitas permintaan.

11. Catherine’s Demand Schedule

12. The Demand Curve: The Relationship between
Price and Quantity Demanded
• Kurva permintaan
– Kurva permintaan adalah grafik hubungan antara
harga barang dengan kuantitas permintaan.

13. Figure 1 Catherine’s Demand Schedule and Demand Curve
Copyright © 2004 South-Western
Price of
Ice-Cream Cone
0
2.50
2.00
1.50
1.00
0.50
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Quantity of
Ice-Cream Cones
$3.00
12
1. A decrease
in price ...
2. ... increases quantity
of cones demanded.

14. Market Demand versus Individual Demand
• Pasar permintaan menjelaskan jumlah
permintaan setiap individu terhadap sejumlah
barang.
• Graphically, individual demand curves are
summed horizontally to obtain the market
demand curve.

15. Shifts in the Demand Curve
• Perubahan Kuantitas Permintaan
– Pergerakan di sepanjang kurva permintaan.
– Dikarenakan perubahan harga dari produk.

16. 0
D
Price of Ice-
Cream
Cones
Quantity of Ice-Cream Cones
A tax that raises the price of ice-cream
cones results in a movement along the
demand curve.
A
B
8
1.00
$2.00
4
Perubahan Jumlah Permintaan

17. Pergeseran Kurva Permintaan Curve
• Pendapatan Konsumen
• Harga terhadap barang
• Selera
• Perkiraan
• Jumlah pembeli

18. S Pergeseran Kurva Permintaan and Curve
• Perubahan Permintaan
– Pergeseran kurva permintaan dapat bergeser ke
kiri ataupun ke kanan.
– Dikarenakan perubahan jumlah permintaan pada
setiap tingkat harga.

19. Figure 3 Shifts in the Demand Curve
Copyright©2003 Southwestern/Thomson Learning
Price of
Ice-Cream
Cone
Quantity of
Ice-Cream Cones
Increase
in demand
Decrease
in demand
Demand curve, D3
Demand
curve, D1
Demand
curve, D2
0

20. Shifts in the Demand Curve
• Pendapatan Konsumen
– Ketika pendapatan meningkat maka permintaan
akan barang normal juga akan meningkat.
– Ketika pendapatan meningkat maka permintaan
akan barnag infeerior akan menurun.

21. $3.00
2.50
2.00
1.50
1.00
0.50
21 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 1211
Price of Ice-
Cream Cone
Quantity of
Ice-Cream
Cones0
Increase
in demand
An increase in
income...
D1
D2
Consumer Income
Normal Good

22. $3.00
2.50
2.00
1.50
1.00
0.50
21 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 1211
Price of Ice-Cream
Cone
Quantity of
Ice-Cream
Cones0
Decrease
in demand
An increase in
income...
D1D2
Consumer Income
Inferior Good

23. Shifts in the Demand Curve
• Harga Barang
– Ketika harga suatu barang jatuh dan mengurangi
permintaan akan barang lain, maka kedua benda
tersebut disebut barang subtitusi.
– Ketika harga suatu barng jatuh dan meningkatkan
permintaan akna barang lain maka kedua barang
tersebut disebut pelengkap(complement).

24. Table 1 Variables That Influence Buyers
Copyright©2004 South-Western

25. Penawaran
• Kuantitas Penawaran adalah jumlah barang
yang dapat akan dan dapat dijual oleh penjual.
• Hukum Penawaran
– Hukum Penawaran menyatakan penawaran akan
suatu barang akan meningkat ketika harga suatu
barang meningkat.

26. The Supply Curve: The Relationship between
Price and Quantity Supplied
• Supply Schedule
– Supply schedule adalah tabel yang menunjukan
hubungan harga barang terhadap jumlah
permintaan.

27. Ben’s Supply Schedule

28. The Supply Curve: The Relationship between Price
and Quantity Supplied
• Kurva Penawaran
– Kurva penawaran adalah grafik hubungan antara
harga barang terhadap jumlah penawaran.

29. Figure 5 Ben’s Supply Schedule and Supply Curve
Copyright©2003 Southwestern/Thomson Learning
Price of
Ice-Cream
Cone
0
2.50
2.00
1.50
1.00
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Quantity of
Ice-Cream Cones
$3.00
12
0.50
1. An
increase
in price ...
2. ... increases quantity of cones supplied.

30. Market Supply versus Individual Supply
• Market supply refers to the sum of all
individual supplies for all sellers of a particular
good or service.
• Graphically, individual supply curves are
summed horizontally to obtain the market
supply curve.

31. Shifts in the Supply Curve
• Input prices
• Technology
• Expectations
• Number of sellers

32. Shifts in the Supply Curve
• Change in Quantity Supplied
– Movement along the supply curve.
– Caused by a change in anything that alters the
quantity supplied at each price.

33. 1 5
Price of Ice-
Cream Cone
Quantity of
Ice-Cream
Cones0
S
1.00
A
C
$3.00
A rise in the price of
ice cream cones
results in a
movement along
the supply curve.
Change in Quantity Supplied

34. Shifts in the Supply Curve
• Change in Supply
– A shift in the supply curve, either to the left or
right.
– Caused by a change in a determinant other than
price.

35. Figure 7 Shifts in the Supply Curve
Copyright©2003 Southwestern/Thomson Learning
Price of
Ice-Cream
Cone
Quantity of
Ice-Cream Cones
0
Increase
in supply
Decrease
in supply
Supply curve, S 3
curve,
Supply
S 1
Supply
curve, S 2

36. Table 2 Variables That Influence Sellers
Copyright©2004 South-Western

37. SUPPLY AND DEMAND TOGETHER
• Equilibrium refers to a situation in which the
price has reached the level where quantity
supplied equals quantity demanded.

38. SUPPLY AND DEMAND TOGETHER
• Equilibrium Price
– The price that balances quantity supplied and
quantity demanded.
– On a graph, it is the price at which the supply and
demand curves intersect.
• Equilibrium Quantity
– The quantity supplied and the quantity demanded
at the equilibrium price.
– On a graph it is the quantity at which the supply
and demand curves intersect.

39. At $2.00, the quantity demanded is
equal to the quantity supplied!
SUPPLY AND DEMAND TOGETHER
Demand Schedule Supply Schedule

40. Figure 8 The Equilibrium of Supply and Demand
Copyright©2003 Southwestern/Thomson Learning
Price of
Ice-Cream
Cone
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Quantity of Ice-Cream Cones
13
Equilibrium
quantity
Equilibrium price Equilibrium
Supply
Demand
$2.00

41. Figure 9 Markets Not in Equilibrium
Copyright©2003 Southwestern/Thomson Learning
Price of
Ice-Cream
Cone
0
Supply
Demand
(a) Excess Supply
Quantity
demanded
Quantity
supplied
Surplus
Quantity of
Ice-Cream
Cones
4
$2.50
10
2.00
7

42. Equilibrium
• Surplus
– When price > equilibrium price, then quantity
supplied > quantity demanded.
• There is excess supply or a surplus.
• Suppliers will lower the price to increase sales, thereby
moving toward equilibrium.

43. Equilibrium
• Shortage
– When price < equilibrium price, then quantity
demanded > the quantity supplied.
• There is excess demand or a shortage.
• Suppliers will raise the price due to too many buyers
chasing too few goods, thereby moving toward
equilibrium.

44. Figure 9 Markets Not in Equilibrium
Copyright©2003 Southwestern/Thomson Learning
Price of
Ice-Cream
Cone
0 Quantity of
Ice-Cream
Cones
Supply
Demand
(b) Excess Demand
Quantity
supplied
Quantity
demanded
1.50
10
$2.00
74
Shortage

45. Equilibrium
• Law of supply and demand
– The claim that the price of any good adjusts to
bring the quantity supplied and the quantity
demanded for that good into balance.

46. Three Steps to Analyzing Changes in Equilibrium
• Decide whether the event shifts the supply or
demand curve (or both).
• Decide whether the curve(s) shift(s) to the left
or to the right.
• Use the supply-and-demand diagram to see
how the shift affects equilibrium price and
quantity.

47. Figure 10 How an Increase in Demand Affects the Equilibrium
Copyright©2003 Southwestern/Thomson Learning
Price of
Ice-Cream
Cone
0 Quantity of
Ice-Cream Cones
Supply
Initial
equilibrium
D
D
3. . . . and a higher
quantity sold.
2. . . . resulting
in a higher
price . . .
1. Hot weather increases
the demand for ice cream . . .
2.00
7
New equilibrium$2.50
10

48. Three Steps to Analyzing Changes in Equilibrium
• Shifts in Curves versus Movements along
Curves
– A shift in the supply curve is called a change in
supply.
– A movement along a fixed supply curve is called a
change in quantity supplied.
– A shift in the demand curve is called a change in
demand.
– A movement along a fixed demand curve is called
a change in quantity demanded.

49. Figure 11 How a Decrease in Supply Affects the Equilibrium
Copyright©2003 Southwestern/Thomson Learning
Price of
Ice-Cream
Cone
0 Quantity of
Ice-Cream Cones
Demand
New
equilibrium
Initial equilibrium
S1
S2
2. . . . resulting
in a higher
price of ice
cream . . .
1. An increase in the
price of sugar reduces
the supply of ice cream. . .
3. . . . and a lower
quantity sold.
2.00
7
$2.50
4

50. Table 4 What Happens to Price and Quantity When Supply or
Demand Shifts?
Copyright©2004 South-Western

51. Summary
• Economists use the model of supply and
demand to analyze competitive markets.
• In a competitive market, there are many
buyers and sellers, each of whom has little or
no influence on the market price.

52. Summary
• The demand curve shows how the quantity of
a good depends upon the price.
– According to the law of demand, as the price of a
good falls, the quantity demanded rises.
Therefore, the demand curve slopes downward.
– In addition to price, other determinants of how
much consumers want to buy include income, the
prices of complements and substitutes, tastes,
expectations, and the number of buyers.
– If one of these factors changes, the demand curve
shifts.

53. Summary
• The supply curve shows how the quantity of a
good supplied depends upon the price.
– According to the law of supply, as the price of a
good rises, the quantity supplied rises. Therefore,
the supply curve slopes upward.
– In addition to price, other determinants of how
much producers want to sell include input prices,
technology, expectations, and the number of
sellers.
– If one of these factors changes, the supply curve
shifts.

54. Summary
• Market equilibrium is determined by the
intersection of the supply and demand curves.
• At the equilibrium price, the quantity
demanded equals the quantity supplied.
• The behavior of buyers and sellers naturally
drives markets toward their equilibrium.

55. Summary
• To analyze how any event influences a market,
we use the supply-and-demand diagram to
examine how the even affects the equilibrium
price and quantity.
• In market economies, prices are the signals
that guide economic decisions and thereby
allocate resources.