Racism, sexism, social categorisation, discrimation, stereotyping etc. are all the terms associated with PREJUDICE that create stigma and divides the world into "us v/s them" category.

1. M S . R A B I A S H A B B I R
N U T R I T I O N A L P SYC H O LO G I ST
INTERGROUP RELATIONSHIPS

2. CONTENTS
 Prejudice
 Discrimination
 Racism
 Aversive racism
 Stereotypes
 Subtypes
 Categorization
 Social categorization
 Inner processes at work
 Why prejudice exists
 Self assessment
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3. PREJUDICE
 “prejudice is an antipathy based on a faulty and inflexible
generalization. It may be felt or expressed. It may be
directed toward a group as a whole or toward an
individual because he is a group member.”
(GORDON ALLPORT 1954)
It can also be defined as:
 a negative feeling toward an individual based solely on his
or her membership in a particular group
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4. DISCRIMINATION
 refers to unequal treatment of different people based on
the groups or categories to which they belong.
 Prejudice can exist without discrimination, if people hold
negative views but don’t act unfairly
 Discrimination can be defined as the differential
treatment of individuals, based on their membership in a
particular group.
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5. RACISM & AVERSIVE RACISM
 Racism is a prejudiced attitudes toward a particular race.
 It can also exist with or without discrimination.
 AVERSIVE RACISM- simultaneously holding egalitarian
values and negative feelings toward minorities.
 SEXISM- prejudice based on gender.
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6. STEREOTYPE
 beliefs that associate groups of people with certain traits.
 Stereotypes refer to what we believe or think about
various groups.
 They can be good or bad.
 For example, one might stereotype older people as wise
or as slow.
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7. STEREOTYPES ARE DIFFICULT TO CHANGE
 One reason is that people tend to throw exceptions to the
rule into a separate category, called a SUBTYPE
 For example, if a man meets a woman who doesn’t fit the
stereotype of the warm and nurturing woman, he can
either discard or modify his stereotype of women, or he
can put her into a subtype, such as “career woman”.
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8. Categories that people use for individuals
who do not fit a general stereotype
SUBTYPES

9. ABC’s OF INTERGROUP RELATIONSHIPS
 Prejudice, discrimination, and stereotypes are the ABCs of
intergroup relationships.
 The Affective component is prejudice, the Behavioral
component is discrimination, and the Cognitive component
is stereotyping.
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10. An example that fits perfectly
 When viewing an ambiguous
scene with a possibly
dangerous man who may or
may not be armed,
participants are more likely to
shoot at the man if he is black
than if he is white.
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12. CATEGORIZATION
 the natural tendency of humans to sort objects into
groups
 process of categorization makes it much easier to make
sense of a complicated world.
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13. SOCIAL CATEGORIZATION
 the process of sorting people into groups on the basis of
characteristics they have in common (e.g., race, gender,
age, religion, sexual orientation)
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14. CONSEQUENCES OF STEREOTYPES & PREJUDICE
 Biased judgments based on stereotypes and prejudices are
not only unfair and immoral; in some cases, they can have
lethal consequences.
For instance,
A research using computer simulations (similar to video games)
has found that people, whether police officers or college
students, are more likely to mistakenly shoot at unarmed black
suspects than unarmed white suspects i.e., when a research
participant sees an ambiguous scene with a possibly dangerous
man who may or may not be armed, the participant is more
likely to shoot at the man if he is black than if he is white (even
if he is not actually armed).
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15. For example, when sorting people into
heterosexual, bisexual, or homosexual
categories, the sorter belongs to one of the
categories and feels emotionally attached to
it.
EMOTIONS-creating difference b/w
sorting things & sorting people
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16. OUT GROUP & IN GROUP MEMBERS
(THEM v/s US)
 Out group members people
who belong to a different
group or category than we
do
 In group members people
who belong to the same
group or category as we do
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17. OUT GROUP HOMOGENEITY BIAS
 They all are alike
 If you have seen one, you have seen all
 It is an assumption that outgroup members are more similar
to one another than ingroup members are to one another
STUDY
one of the earliest studies of outgroup homogeneity used
campus fraternities at a university. The researchers found that
students believed that the members of their own fraternity had
many different traits, values, and activities, but that members of
other fraternities were much more similar to each other
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18. -GEORGE AIKEN
former U.S senator
IF WE WERE TO
WAKE UP SOME
MORNING AND
FIND THAT
EVERYONE WAS
THE SAME
COLOR, CREED
AND RACE; WE
WOULD FIND
SOME OTHER
CAUSE FOR
PREJUDICE BY
NOON.
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19. WHY PREJUDICE EXISTS???

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21. INNER PROCESSES
A CONTRIBUTION TO STEREOTYPING &
PREJUDICE

22. 1. SALIENCE
 A psychological term meaning “obviousness”
SUPPOSE,
If you were, say, the first atheist to arrive in a region of
Christians, people would pay extra attention to what you
say and do, because of the “obvious” odd nature of your
beliefs that completely “out stands” them. So, the
next atheists to arrive would have to cope with that
stereotype.
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23. 2. SCAPEGOAT THEORY
 the idea that blaming problems and misfortunes on
outgroups contributes to negative attitudes toward these
outgroups
 Its similar to making external attributions
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24. 3. SELF SERVING BIAS
 the tendency for people to take credit for success but
refuse blame for problems and failures
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25. 4. CONFIRMATION BIAS
 the tendency to focus more on evidence that supports
one’s expectations than on evidence that contradicts
them
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26. OVERCOMING STEREOTYPES-
REDUCING PREJUDICE

27. “The greatestandnoblest pleasure which
mencan have in thisworldis to discover
newtruths;andthe nextis to shake offold
prejudices.”
Frederick the Great
18th-century King of Prussia
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28. T
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