The document summarizes several environmental challenges facing Arab countries including air pollution, water resources, waste management, and pesticide use. It notes that air pollution is highly concentrated in major cities and is dominated by emissions of CO, hydrocarbons, and CO2 from the transportation sector. Water resources are under pressure due to low availability of freshwater and pollution from agricultural chemicals, wastewater, and industrial waste. Management of municipal solid waste and hazardous waste is inadequate with low rates of reuse, recycling, and safe disposal. Pesticide use is also a concern due to a lack of regulation and oversight of agricultural practices.

1. ‫الرحيم‬ ‫الرحمن‬ ‫هللا‬ ‫بسم‬
Arab Environment:
Future Challenges
Ashraf Imreash
An-Najah National
University
Engineering in Clean Energy and
Conservation Strategy

2. Air Quality
• CO
• Hydrocarbon
• Lead, SOX
• fine particulate,
• CO2,
• methane
•Volatile Organic
Compounds
•(VOCs)
•(NOX).
Main type of compound pollution

3. air pollution in Arab countries
The pollution is concentrate in the major cities
10%
90%
Total amount emissions of (CO)
25%
75%
Total amount emissions of
(Hydrocarbon) in Arab countries
Another
source
transportati
on sector

4. the emission of CO2 per capita(ton)
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
2
Middle East Average World Average
1980
1990
2000
2003

5. the emission of CO2 in the Arab
region's national per capita(ton)
several Arab countries amongst the
top 50 countries with highest CO2-
emitting power sectors
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
1980
1990
2000
2003

6. Gulf Cooperation Council countries
(GCC)
• total atmospheric emission loads are about
3.85 million tones per year,
28%
27%
23%
atmospheric emission loads
in GCC
CO SO2 particulates
50%50%
atmospheric emission loads
GCC total Arab Country

7. The main factors of Air pollution
factor :
reduce
ambient
air quality
burning
municipal &
hazardous waste
the climatic
conditions.
The lack of
environmental
legislations
The transport
sector
the industrial
sector power
plants &
refineries

8. INITIATIVES TO REDUCE
AIR POLLUTION
• transport sector
• traffic management
improvement
of
• mass transport
• renewable fuels
• the awareness side
Promoting
• environmental standards
• regulations
enforcing

9. Water Resources
• The minimum amount of water required to
sustain human life is 25 liters/day.
• the average global amount
100-200 liters/day/capita.

10. Water Resources

11. The principle sources of
water pollution
1. Agrochemicals, pesticides.
2. landfills.
3. waste water.
4. industrial wastes.

12. the recommendations for long-
term strategy planning
• Reducing of Water losses.
• Water saving technologies.
• Awareness.
• Development of water resources
management.

13. Marine Environment
CORAL REEFS - fishes

14. The sources of pollution
(Unsustainable )
Land-based sources
Agricultural, pesticides
-waste & industrial water
Urbanization: has encroached on significant parts
of the coastal areas
Sea-based sources
oil spills.
illegal fishing methods

15. The recommendations to protection
of Marine Environment
• The control of Pollution from Land- Based
Sources.
• The Control of Marine Movements and
Disposal of Hazardous Wastes.

16.  Waste Management
• Waste sources
*Various activities. *domestic.
*industrial. *agricultural.
The type of wastes: according to their
nature Safety
• Solid wastes *Non Hazardous
• Liquid wastes *Hazardous

17. The source of solid & Liquid
waste
Solid &
Liquid
waste
Industrial &
Municipal
Construction
and demolition
Health care
Agricultural

18. Solid Waste
(GCC) : Gulf Cooperation
Council
• The average rate in
Arab countries
=0.7 kg/capita
daily.
Solid Waste
/capita/day
(GCC)
2.7 kg
Sudan
0.6-1
kg
Egypt
0.63
Jordan
0.77 kg

19. Sources of Hazardous Waste
Garbage & municipal waste
Agricultural activities-
Fertilizers & Pesticides
Heavy industries
Oil-related activities
health-care activities

20. Type waste in Arab country
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
Egypt
Bahrain
Saudi Arabia
Oman
Qatar
Kuwait
Yemen
Jordan
Syria
Iraq
Lebanon
Dubai
Abu Dhabi

21. The challenges which face Arab
countries:
• Lack of: - information on hazardous waste.
- enforcement of environmental
legislation.
• Insufficient financial resources.
• Low-level of awareness.

22. Waste management strategy
(Safe Alternatives)
reduction source
reuse house
storage
transport To other
country
Recycling &
recovery Treatment

23. Pesticides, Fertilizers
and Food Safety
• unregulated use.
• misuse of pesticides

24. The recommendations to
protection of food
• New legislation
Creating
• effective extension
programs
the
developing of
• laboratories to the
safety of the food
consumed
supporting of