Running head ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY .docx

Running head: ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY
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ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY
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Annotated Bibliography
Book
Problem gambling and gaming machine density: Socio-spatial
analysis of three Victorian localities
McMillen, J., & Doran, B. (2006). Problem gambling and
gaming machine density: Socio-spatial analysis of three
Victorian localities. International Gambling Studies, 6(1), 5-29.
The author here describes how the government in 1999 tried to
tackle the gambling that had resulted from the gaming
environment in the country. It was worked on how to tackle the
problem and implement measures to minimize the negative
effects of gaming .This measures included limiting the number
of gaming machines per area. They wanted to create a regulated
environment. They chose regions that were most likely to be
affected and resulted in the removal of over four hundred
machines. In some areas gaming activities reduced due to the
measures while is some, they did not have a huge impact on
existing gamers.
Newspaper
Gaming health disorders
John Erica Webber (2018), The Guardian dangerous gaming: is
the WHO right to class excessive video game play as a health
disorder? Retrieved from
https://www.theguardian.com/games/2018/feb/05/video-gaming-
health-disorder-world-health-organisation-addiction
The Guardian discusses how the electronic gaming has led to a
disorder which the World Health Organization has recognized as
The Gaming Disorder. The gaming disorder is characterized by

symptoms such as; prioritizing games over all other activities.
The gaming disorder negatively impacting the study life, family
life, and careers of those who were affected.
There is a lot of debate from various sectors on the issue but
gambling is also an issue which is very addictive and needs to
be addressed. Some argue that it is not an addiction but a form
of enthusiasm. Patrick Markey a researcher said that many
issues always arise from how the word addiction is used. In
some cases, people have played games that have led to death.
The statistics have shown that 1-10% in the west suffer from the
gaming disorder.
Most parents are also concerned that their kids may be addicted
to games because of the amount of time spent playing as
opposed to doing meaningful activities.
Journal/article
Patent and trademark office
Anthony, A. M. I. (1995). U.S. Patent No. 5,393,057.
Washington, DC: U.S. Patent and Trademark Office.
The author here describes the gaming apparatus. Where there is
a gaming device and a secondary device. The primary device is
connected to the secondary one electronically and the primary
one responds to selected activities by the player. The process of
playing the electronic game is comprised of steps playing a
primary game. Each machine has different behavior according
to the parameters configured such as speed, appearance,
payback percentage among others. Commands issued as the
game is played are changed as the game is played. Variables
that change in response to commands issued are the status of the
player, rate of play, specific date time and month. Payback
percentage is determined by the play table for the machines that
have been selected.
Internet site
Electronic Gaming Law and Legal Definition
Electronic Gaming Law and Legal Definition Retrieved from
https://definitions.uslegal.com/e/electronic-gaming/
According to this website, electronic gaming is described as any

game that is played by means of electronic devices. It’s
operated by computer circuits where computers consoles, video
consoles are connected to television sets and handheld
machines. This includes electronic handheld games that all
made in a way a single unit has all controls. The output varies
from lights such as LED to numeric screens. Another electronic
game is a pinball machine that is seen as a table but through a
glass. Slot machines are also popular especially in casinos
where there is a slot which detects currency depending on the
symbols that appear in the machine when the game is over.
There are also some games played in personal computers .audio
games also exist in the modern gaming world.
My source
US Patent and Trademark Office
Ornstein, M. A. (1996). U.S. Patent No. 5,570,885. Washington,
DC: U.S. Patent and Trademark Office.
Electronic gaming has become popular over the years and has
generated thousands of dollars income. It usually entertains one
by challenging one to use mental a hand and eye coordination to
win a game. This is usually achieved by the systems created by
having sounds which resemble the movies, lights flashing
among others. Some are handheld that can be attached to
various devices such as computers or televisions. It may include
several players or even one depending on the game. Types of
games include football, chess, slot machines, racing, and
adventures among others.
A CLEAN, WELL-LIGHTED-PLACE (SHORT STORY
ANALYSIS) 5
"A Clean Well-Lighted Place" (Theme)
Jacqueline Rodgers
South University

Eng1300 Composition III/Literature
Week 4 Project
In the short story “A Clean, Well-Lighted Place” by Ernest
Hemingway, the narrator has tried to bring out explicit, precise,
and concise theme of the story in a well systematic manner.
These few themes hashave stood out clearly such as loyalty and
solidarity; which is seen vividly when the younger waiter
provides a contrast to the older waiter. The contrast helps
develop Hemingway's thesis propounded by the older waiter in
his soliloquy. The author in this story has also revealed the
message/theme to be precise about the inevitability of
loneliness and despair; which is one of the themes that has
stood out clearly in the entire story. Which, according to
Merriam-Webster dictionary, despair can be defined as one who
has lost all hope or confidence in something or someone. This is
a good introduction, but it is flipped. You might consider the
hook at the beginning of the paragraph and then the thesis
statement at the end.
In the story, it is depicted that the older waiter and the old deaf
man some how share a common bond of disheartenment. Both
men are of age and they like to be out in the dark, late at night,
and to make the matters worse they stay alone. A good quote
here would help. However, Ernest Hemingway explores several
themes in his short story. Hemingway has tried to show and
suggest these themes by showing us how life has no meaning
and that man is an insignificant speck in a great sea of
nothingness.

Begin the paragraph with a topic sentence. The older waiter
makes this idea as vividly as he can when he says, “It was all a
nothing and man was a nothing too.” When he substitutes the
Spanish word nada (nothing) into the prayers he recites; he
indicates that religion, to which many people turn to find
meaning and purpose is also just nothingness. Rather than pray
with the actual words, “Our Father who art in heaven,” the older
waiter prefers to say, “Our nada who art in nada” which it
deliberately wipes out both God and the idea of heaven in one
breath. Not everyone is aware of the nothingness, however; for
example, the younger waiter hurtles through his life hastily and
happily; unaware of any reason why he should lament. For the
old man, the older waiter, and the other people who need late-
night cafés, however, the idea of nothingness is overwhelming
and leads to despair.Comment by K P: You need your in-text
citation.
The struggle to deal with his sorrow is clearly seen when the
old man and older waiter in struggle to find a way to deal with
their issues, but even their best method simply subdues it rather
than cures it. The old man has tried to stave off despair in
several unsuccessful ways. We learn that he has money, but
money has not helped. We learn that he was once married, but
he no longer has a wife. We also learn that he has
unsuccessfully tried to commit suicide in a desperate attempt to
quell the despair for good. The only way the old man can deal
with his situation now is to sit for hours in a clean, well-lit
café. A good quote here would help show the reader what you
see. Deaf, he can feel the quietness of the night time and the
café, and although he is essentially in his own private world;
sitting by himself in the café is not the same as being alone.
The older waiter in his mocking prayers filled with the
word nada, shows that religion is not a viable and dependant
method of dealing with his problem; and he seeks to find
solution the same way as the old man. He waits out the night
time in cafés. He is particular interested about the type of café
he likes which is a café that is well lit and clean. Bars and

bodegas, are although many at times opened all night, to them it
seems that it does not lessen despair because they are not clean,
and patrons often must stand at the bar rather than sit at a table.
Therefore, they prefer the ritualistic café-sitting and drinking
which helps them deal with their depression and because it
makes life predictable. The old man and the older waiter also
glean solace from routine, this is because routine is something
they can control and manage, unlike the vast nothingness that
surrounds them. Comment by K P: This is a nice topic
sentence.
The theme of solidarity is also described by the author which is
one of the most touching aspect about this story and it's seen
when the older waiter expresses his solidarity with the old man.
This communality structures the older waiter’s consistent
thoughts concerning solidarity with the old man. He indeed
understands and defends him because he too prefers clean and
well-lighted cafe than bars or bodegas. While the young waiter
is all “youth” and “confidence”, the old waiter and the old man
seem overwhelmingly lonely and tired-out by life. He too seeks
out such a place to forestall his own despair that night.
Solidarity is the climax of the story itself. It comes in its final
line of how “He disliked bars and bodegas and preferred a
clean, well-lighted cafe which was seen as a very different
thing. Now, without thinking further, he went home to his room.
He would lie in the bed and finally, with daylight, he would go
to sleep. After all, he said to himself, it is probably only
insomnia.
Many must have it.” It is the “many” of the final sentence of the
story with which the story is concerning. Against the singular
and selfish young waiter, the coupled old men signify the group
or community that hangs together out of loyalty and a sense of
common cause. Hemingway’s fiction around the time of “A
Clean, Well-Lighted Place” frequently thematizes solidarity,
undoubtedly because this principle of conduct was highly
valued at the time. Much political advance was achieved in the
first three decades of the century through the methods of mass

demonstrations and movements (e.g., groups of workers and
women bonded together for better working conditions and the
vote). Solidarity fueled these mass rights’ movements and
ensured their success.
Hemingway is also a writer who is totally obsessed by ethical
conduct which is a theme depicted in the story. The entire bulk
of his writing work is majorly concerned with questions of good
versus bad actions. In this fiction, it’s not about winning or
losing, it’s about how you play the game. This is true, perhaps,
because in Hemingway’s fictional universe one rarely wins. The
title of the collection from which “A Clean, Well-Lighted
Place” comes suggests this complicated stance. It is
called Winner Take Nothing. If one has won nothing as a
winner, then all one has done is played the game.
The old waiter is the epitome of someone who plays by the
rules. No matter what it is, alone and drunk old man making this
waiter stay up all night; the cafe offers a specific service, and is
ran according to certain rules from which the old waiter will not
deviate. He cuts no corners in his social responsibilities. This
paragraph is a bit too short. Continue to work on adding in the
details to help you explain your main point.
The centrality and repetitiveness of this theme in this author’s
oeuvre costs him popularity in many camps. Hemingway’s
heroes consistently detect and perform unspoken ritual, usually
in trying conditions so that their upholding of these rules seems
all the more admirable. These beset characters are always male,
and they are usually proving themselves while pursuing very
traditional male pursuits. This self-conscious cultivation of and
propensity for, an agonistic and all-male world is immortalized
in a title of another of his short story collections. Appropriately,
it is called Men without Women. This highly gendered world of
strenuous physical and moral contest makes Hemingway’s
fiction seem dated in many respects.

References
Hemingway, E. (1926). A Clean, Well-Lighted Place. In X.J
Kennedy and D Gioia (Eds.) The Literature Collection: An E-
Text [VitalSource digital version] (p. 48). Boston, MA: Pearson
Education, Inc.
Lewis, W. “The Dumb Ox: A Study of Ernest Hemingway,” in
the American Review, Vol. Ill, June, 1934, pp. 302, 312. You
mention Lewis here but I did not find in-text citation for this
source in the paper. Where did you use this source? You want
to show the reader where the information comes from.
Outline Worksheet for Informative Presentations:
Title:
Speaker:
Specific Purpose: One sentence statement about what you want
the audience to take away from the presentation. Remember,
the Specific Purpose is “to…”.
Thesis: One sentence summary of the presentation.Remember,
the Central Idea is “that…”.
Introduction
I. Attention Getter: (hypothetical statement, rhetorical question,
survey, humor, statistic, quote, etc.)
II. Background and Audience Relevance:
II.
Speaker Credibility: Why are you an expert on the subject?

III. Thesis: Copy-and-pasted from above
IV. Preview: Preview of main ideas
Transition to first main point:
Body
I. Main Idea #1 with Supporting Material (such as a statistic or
quotation)
A. Sub point
B. Sub point
Transition (signpost, review, preview):
II. Main Idea #2 with Supporting Material (such as a statistic or
quotation)
A. Sub point
B. Sub point
Transition (signpost, review, preview):
III. Main Idea #3 with Supporting Material (such as a statistic
or quotation)
A. Sub point
B. Sub point
Transition and signal closing:
Conclusion
I. Restate Thesis: Copy-paste from Introduction
II. Review Main Points: Review the Main Ideas and highlight
the most critical finding in each
III. Tie Back to Introduction with Memorable Closer: End with

a statement not a question
References
(references should always begin on separate page)
The Bystander Effect
F. Chee, S. Connor, A. Givens, D. Hale, N. Mishchenko, & C.
Solomon
Introduction
I. Attention Getter: After the Giants won the Super Bowl in
2012, they did what most
football teams do to celebrate. After going to Disneyworld, they
held a parade through the
streets of New York. During the parade, a fight broke out
between a Giants fan and, of
course, a Jets fan, the cause of which might seem obvious.
Immediately, spectators did
what anyone might do when they see a fight break out.
They…..pulled out their phones and
videotaped it. And from the videos, and there were many, we
can see no one, not a single
person, jump in and try to break the fight up.
II. Background and Audience Relevance: Recently in the media
there have been many
stories of instances where someone has cried for help in public
places, yet people are slow
to react, if they react at all. As members of a growing
community, we should be aware of

emergency situations and how to react to them.
III. Speaker Credibility: As a member of society, I have been in
a situation where I was the
bystander and wanted to learn more about the topic.
IV. Thesis: The thesis of this presentation is that the Bystander
Effect explains human
reactions in public emergencies.
V. Preview Main Points: First, I will share with you some
background information on the
Bystander Effect, second, what causes us to choose whether to
react, and finally what the
outcome of the emergency can be.
Transition to first main point: So first, what is the Bystander
Effect?
Body
I. Main Point 1: In order to get a better grasp of what the
Bystander Effect is, we must first,
explore the background of the effect, and second, outline the
characteristics of an
emergency.
Sub Point A: In 1964, a woman named Kitty Genovese went
back to her home at 3am
and was attacked by a maniac. Thirty-eight of her neighbors saw
what was happening, but
not a single one even phoned the police even though the assault
lasted for over half an hour,
and Kitty died. Latane and Darley researched this phenomenon
in their 1969 study published
in American Scientist to try and explain why it was that none of

Kitty’s neighbors, and
people in similar situations, do not try and help. According to
Fischer and fellow researchers
in a 2011 article published in Psychological Bulletin, the
bystander effect “refers to the
phenomenon that an individual’s likelihood of helping decreases
when passive bystanders are
present in a critical situation” (p. 1). Basically, the more people
there are, the less likely they
are to respond in emergency situations.
Melissa � 8/18/2014 11:40 PM
Comment [1]: example
Melissa � 8/18/2014 11:40 PM
Comment [2]: narrative
Melissa � 8/18/2014 11:40 PM
Comment [3]: journal
article
Melissa � 8/18/2014 11:41 PM
article
Melissa � 8/18/2014 11:41 PM
Comment [5]: definition
Sub point B: So what is an emergency? According to the study

previously mentioned by
Latane and Darley, there are five distinctive characteristics to
an emergency that makes it
different from a situation: First, life, well-being or property is
in danger, and no one is better
off after the emergency than before. This first aspect is most
important because it points out
that since our well being is at risk, we are less likely to get
involved. Second, the situation
must be an uncommon occurrence; in other words when it
occurs, people will have little
experience on how to handle it. Third, the nature of the
emergency is different from case to
case, meaning that all emergencies are unique. Fourth, there is
little to no preparation made
due to its uniqueness. Police officers, firemen, and other first
responders may have training,
but can’t fully anticipate any emergency. Fifth and finally,
emergencies require immediate
action. The limited amount of time to respond combined with
the other four factors creates
an environment that is high stress, high risk, low reward, and
low competency, which is a
recipe for disaster.
Transition (signpost, review, preview): Now that we have
discussed what the bystander effect
is and how an emergency is characterized, let’s move on to our
second point, what causes us to
react or not?
II. Main Point 2: In order to fully understand why this
phenomena happens we must discuss
the two main causes Latene and Darley outline. First we will
discuss social influence and
then move onto diffusion of responsibility.

A. Sub point A: First let’s explore social influence. This was
first examined through a
study by Latane and Darley in 1968 published by the Journal of
Personality and Social
Psychology, where participants were put into a room to take a
test. During the test the
researchers started to fill the room with smoke, as if a fire had
started. When left alone
75% of the time the participants left and reported the smoke.
This number drops to 38%
when three people are in the room, and drops even lower to 10%
when one person is
put with two others who do not react to the smoke at all. This
tells us that no one reacts
because they are basing their actions on what others are doing
around them.
B. Sub point B: Now that we understand the cause social
influence let’s move onto the
second cause, diffusion of responsibility. According to an
article by Marsh and Keltner
in 2006 published in the University of California, Berkeley’s
Greater Good Magazine,
stated diffusion of responsibility is, when we see there are other
witnesses to an
emergency, so we feel less personally responsibility to
intervene. For instance, when
you are driving and you witness an accident and there are a lot
of other cars around; do
you stop or call 911? Many of us wont, since there are so many
other people around
that probably already did it or can do it. Latane and Darley say
that diffusion of

responsibility was the leading factor in the incident of abuse on
Kitty Genovese.
Melissa � 8/18/2014 11:41 PM
article
Melissa � 8/18/2014 11:41 PM
Melissa � 8/18/2014 11:42 PM
article
Melissa � 8/18/2014 11:42 PM
Comment [9]: statistics
Melissa � 8/18/2014 11:42 PM
Comment [10]: magazine
Melissa � 8/18/2014 11:42 PM
Melissa � 8/18/2014 11:42 PM
Comment [12]: explanation
Transition (signpost, review, preview): So, after defining the

bystander effect, discussing its
causes, let us now explore the implications of this phenomenon
and how it may affect us in an
emergency.
III. Main Point 3: While it may seem almost depressing to think
that in a time of need nature
guides us to run away, or be inactive as individuals, all hope is
not lost. The implications of
the previous cited research force us to examine two distinct
areas for further research,
emergency training and volunteerism.
A. Sub point A: First, in light of these findings we as
individuals must consider the amount
of time and energy we spend on emergency training and its
effectiveness. Findings from
a 1982 study by Patin and Carver, and published in the Journal
of Applied Sociology note
that training is often the best solution to the bystander effect.
However, within this
research Patin and Carver explain that although training is
needed for how to respond,
training is also needed for calls of emergency. Or in other
words, how we alert those to
our needs greatly impacts how they respond.
B. Sub point B: Next, research into the bystander effect forces
us to re-examine the ways
that we encourage society to volunteer for charity. If
individuals are psychologically
restrained in circumstances where people are placed in great
harm how can we expect
individuals to react in less dangerous circumstances?
Additionally, and more personally,
as we move forward in this class we are to give a persuasive

speech and yet these
findings challenge us to find new ways to persuade our
audiences that address the
aforementioned findings.
Transition and signal closing: Now that we know what the
bystander effect is, and how it
affects us, let’s wrap things up.
Conclusion:
I. Restate Thesis: The thesis of this presentation is that the
Bystander Effect explains human
reactions in public emergencies.
II. Review main points: First of all, I described the meaning of
Bystander Effect, secondly,
explored the causes, and finally hypothesized some
implications.
III. Tie Back to Introduction with Memorable Closer: We may
find ourselves having to
break up a fight at our teams Super Bowl parade, especially
since Los Angeles doesn’t
have a team. However, the next time you are in a public setting
and there is an emergency,
you will have a better idea of your role in that situation.
Melissa � 8/18/2014 11:43 PM
article
References

Fischer, P., Krueger, J. I., Greitemeyer, T., Vogrincic, C.,
Kastenmuller, A., Frey,
D…Kainbacher, M. (2011) The bystander-effect: A meta-
analytic review on bystander
intervention in dangerous and non-dangerous emergencies.
Psychological Bulletin, 137,
517-537. doi:10.1037/a0023304
Latane, B., & Darley, J. M. (1969) Bystander “apathy.”
American Scientist, 57(2), 244-268.
Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org/stable/27828530
Latane, B., & Darley, J. M. (1968). Group inhibition of
bystander intervention in emergencies.
Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 10(3), 215-221.
doi:10.1037/h0026570
Marsh, J., Keltner, D. (Fall/Winter 2006-07). We are all
bystanders. Greater Good, 3(2).
Retrieved from http://greatergood.berkeley.edu

Running head ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY .docx

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