The Nitro group is electron withdrawing, and ther.pdf

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The Nitro group is electron withdrawing, and therefore enhances the reactivity of the carbonyl group in the ester function towards nucleophiles, such as amines and hydrazine. The Nitro group ensures that any derived compounds will be crystalline solids. The Nitro group itself can be converted to a variety of other functional groups, such as hydroxylamine (RNHOH) and amine (RNH2) which can be used as building blocks for more complicated structures: anilines (derived from reducing NO2 to NH2) can be converted easily to quinolones with antibiotic properties generally. Solution The Nitro group is electron withdrawing, and therefore enhances the reactivity of the carbonyl group in the ester function towards nucleophiles, such as amines and hydrazine. The Nitro group ensures that any derived compounds will be crystalline solids. The Nitro group itself can be converted to a variety of other functional groups, such as hydroxylamine (RNHOH) and amine (RNH2) which can be used as building blocks for more complicated structures: anilines (derived from reducing NO2 to NH2) can be converted easily to quinolones with antibiotic properties generally..

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Algebra, branch of mathematics in which arithmetical operations and formal manipulations are applied to abstract symbols rather than specific numbers. The notion that there exists such a distinct discipline of mathematics, as well as the term algebra to denote it, resulted from a slow historical development. This article presents that history, tracing the evolution over time of the concept of the equation, number systems, symbols for conveying and manipulating mathematical statements, and the modern abstract structural view of algebra. Perhaps the most basic notion in mathematics is the equation, a formal statement that two sides of a mathematical expression are equal—as in the simple equation x + 3 = 5 and that both sides of the equation can be simultaneously manipulated (by adding, dividing, taking roots, and so on to both sides) in order to “solve” the equation. Yet, as simple and natural as such a notion may appear today, its acceptance first required the development of numerous mathematical ideas, each of which took time to mature. In fact, it took until the late 16th century to consolidate the modern concept of an equation as a single mathematical entity. Three main threads in the process leading to development of Algebra are Solution Algebra, branch of mathematics in which arithmetical operations and formal manipulations are applied to abstract symbols rather than specific numbers. The notion that there exists such a distinct discipline of mathematics, as well as the term algebra to denote it, resulted from a slow historical development. This article presents that history, tracing the evolution over time of the concept of the equation, number systems, symbols for conveying and manipulating mathematical statements, and the modern abstract structural view of algebra. Perhaps the most basic notion in mathematics is the equation, a formal statement that two sides of a mathematical expression are equal—as in the simple equation x + 3 = 5 and that both sides of the equation can be simultaneously manipulated (by adding, dividing, taking roots, and so on to both sides) in order to “solve” the equation. Yet, as simple and natural as such a notion may appear today, its acceptance first required the development of numerous mathematical ideas, each of which took time to mature. In fact, it took until the late 16th century to consolidate the modern concept of an equation as a single mathematical entity. Three main threads in the process leading to development of Algebra are.

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Accuracy: Data accuracy mentions to the degree with which data properly represents the ‘real-life’ objects they are intended to model. In several cases, accuracy is measured by how the morals agree with an identified source of right information. There are different sources of right information: a database of record, a similar corroborative set of data values from another table, enthusiastically computed values, or perhaps the result of a manual process. An example of an accuracy rule might specify that for healthcare workers, the Registering Status attribute must have a value that is accurate according to the regional authorization board. If that data is available as a reference data set, and automated process can be put in place to verify the accuracy, but if not, a manual process may be introduced to contact that local board to verify the accuracy of that attribute. Completeness: A hope of completeness indicates that certain attributes should be allocated values in a data set. Completeness rules can be assigned to a data set in three levels of constraints: 1. Mandatory points that require a value, 2. Optional points, which may have a value based on some set of conditions, and 3. Inapplicable points, which may not have a value Completeness may also be seen as encompassing usability and appropriateness of data values. Consistency: In its most basic form, consistency mentions to data values in one data set being consistent with standards in another data set. A strict meaning of consistency specifies that two data values drawn from distinct data sets must not fight with each other, while consistency does not essentially imply correctness. Even more complicated is the notion of consistency with a set of predefined constraints. More formal consistency restrictions can be encapsulated as a set of rules that specify consistency contacts between values of attributes, either across a record or message, or along all values of a single attribute. However, be careful not to confuse consistency with accuracy or correctness. Consistency may be defined within different contexts: • Between one set of point values and another point set within the same record • Between one set of point values and another point set in different records • Between one set of point values and the same point set within the same record at different points in time • Consistency may also take into account the concept of ‘reasonableness’ in which some range of acceptability is imposed on the values of a set of points. Solution Accuracy: Data accuracy mentions to the degree with which data properly represents the ‘real-life’ objects they are intended to model. In several cases, accuracy is measured by how the morals agree with an identified source of right information. There are different sources of right information: a database of record, a similar corroborative set of data values from another table, enthusiastically computed values, or perhaps the result of a manual process. An examp.

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A) I will look for LP (limited partner) such as Yale Investment fund or pension funds or insurance companies. B) LP are technically are partners in the fund with limited rights and obligations. LP will fund the business for some fees and profit sharing but will not participate in day to day affairs leaving aside the managment part on promoters. This enables promotores to do what they are best at without worrying about what investors tells them to do. Solution A) I will look for LP (limited partner) such as Yale Investment fund or pension funds or insurance companies. B) LP are technically are partners in the fund with limited rights and obligations. LP will fund the business for some fees and profit sharing but will not participate in day to day affairs leaving aside the managment part on promoters. This enables promotores to do what they are best at without worrying about what investors tells them to do..

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1. The Kepler space telescope detects planets and planet candidates by measuring dips in the brightness of stars to search for planets. The two new planets, named Kepler-34b and Kepler-35b are both gaseous Saturn-like planets. Kepler-34b orbits its two Sun-like stars every 289 days, and the stars orbit one another every 28 days. Located in the constellation Cygnus, Kepler-34b and Kepler-35b are discovered at 4,900 and 5,400 light-years from Earth.Kepler-35b orbits its smaller and cooler hot stars every 131 days. 2. The milky way galaxy may be home to at least two billion earthlike planets. Up to 2.7% of a sunlike stars in the milky way are Earth analogs.However, the number is actually far lower than many scientists anticipated. The Keplar telescope has been scanning a patch of sky near Cygnus constellation and analyzed the light from the 156,000 stars in its field of view. The published data showed that 1.4% of sunlike stars should have Earth analogs in the Goldllocks zone. The Goldilocks zone is dependent on the star\'s luminosity - brighter, hotter stars have habitable zones with a larger radius. The possibility of liquid water is the main criterion for whether a planet is suitable for life. The detection of water around a planet is detected via spectroscopy. Solution 1. The Kepler space telescope detects planets and planet candidates by measuring dips in the brightness of stars to search for planets. The two new planets, named Kepler-34b and Kepler-35b are both gaseous Saturn-like planets. Kepler-34b orbits its two Sun-like stars every 289 days, and the stars orbit one another every 28 days. Located in the constellation Cygnus, Kepler-34b and Kepler-35b are discovered at 4,900 and 5,400 light-years from Earth.Kepler-35b orbits its smaller and cooler hot stars every 131 days. 2. The milky way galaxy may be home to at least two billion earthlike planets. Up to 2.7% of a sunlike stars in the milky way are Earth analogs.However, the number is actually far lower than many scientists anticipated. The Keplar telescope has been scanning a patch of sky near Cygnus constellation and analyzed the light from the 156,000 stars in its field of view. The published data showed that 1.4% of sunlike stars should have Earth analogs in the Goldllocks zone. The Goldilocks zone is dependent on the star\'s luminosity - brighter, hotter stars have habitable zones with a larger radius. The possibility of liquid water is the main criterion for whether a planet is suitable for life. The detection of water around a planet is detected via spectroscopy..

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1. A Holds individuals accountable for their actions. 2. E. A,B and C HIV Retroviruses have an enzyme, called reverse transcriptase is a retrovirus meaning that it is an RNA virus . Retroviruses have an enzyme, called reverse transcriptase which gives them the property to transcribe their RNA into DNA when they enter the host cell.THe binding of the virus is to the B cells of the immune system and prevent their proliferation and it integrates at specific site of the host genome. 3.A. Scientists have identified a single gene on chr 22 that, when deleted produces schizophernia phenotype. 4.E.Williams syndrome is a neurodevelopmental disorder caused due to the deletion of 26 genes from the long arm of chromosome number 7.The children affected have elfin charcetrs, strong social and verbal skills but ghave severe heart defects and low muscle tone. Solution 1. A Holds individuals accountable for their actions. 2. E. A,B and C HIV Retroviruses have an enzyme, called reverse transcriptase is a retrovirus meaning that it is an RNA virus . Retroviruses have an enzyme, called reverse transcriptase which gives them the property to transcribe their RNA into DNA when they enter the host cell.THe binding of the virus is to the B cells of the immune system and prevent their proliferation and it integrates at specific site of the host genome. 3.A. Scientists have identified a single gene on chr 22 that, when deleted produces schizophernia phenotype. 4.E.Williams syndrome is a neurodevelopmental disorder caused due to the deletion of 26 genes from the long arm of chromosome number 7.The children affected have elfin charcetrs, strong social and verbal skills but ghave severe heart defects and low muscle tone..

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EtSH is the strongest acid, so EtS- is the weakest conjugate base. Two trends operate - electronegativity increases as you move to the right in the periodic table (thus O and S are more electronegative than N and P). Thus these atoms are better able to stabilize (-) charge. The other trend is that atomic size increases moving down in the table, so S is biggest than O. The larger an atom is, the more it is able to \"spread out\" the negative charge, stabilizing it (in other words, a charge of (-) is much smaller in relation to the total number of charges present, and the electron cloud can better accomodate the imbalance). Solution EtSH is the strongest acid, so EtS- is the weakest conjugate base. Two trends operate - electronegativity increases as you move to the right in the periodic table (thus O and S are more electronegative than N and P). Thus these atoms are better able to stabilize (-) charge. The other trend is that atomic size increases moving down in the table, so S is biggest than O. The larger an atom is, the more it is able to \"spread out\" the negative charge, stabilizing it (in other words, a charge of (-) is much smaller in relation to the total number of charges present, and the electron cloud can better accomodate the imbalance)..

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Particulars Amount $ Share Holders Funds Common Stock : Equity share capital as on 01.01.2013 500000 Issued During the Year 50000 550000 Retained Earnings : Previous Years 100000 Current Period Profit/ Loss: Revenue 150000 Expense (90000) 60000 160000 Less: Dividends declared -10000 Total 700000 Solution Particulars Amount $ Share Holders Funds Common Stock : Equity share capital as on 01.01.2013 500000 Issued During the Year 50000 550000 Retained Earnings : Previous Years 100000 Current Period Profit/ Loss: Revenue 150000 Expense (90000) 60000 160000 Less: Dividends declared -10000 Total 700000.

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The Systems Development Life Cycle Moderate and large firms with unique information needs often develop information systems in-house. That is to say that information technology (IT) professional within the firm design and program the systems. A greater number of smaller companies and large firms with relatively standardized information needs opt to purchase information systems from software vendors. Both approaches represent significant financial and operational risks. a model for reducing this risk through careful planning, execution, control, and documentation of key activities. The five phases of this model are: 1) Business Needs and Strategy Systems Strategy –Assess Strategic Information Needs –Develop a Strategic Systems Plan –Create an Action Plan 2) Project Initiation – Systems Analysis –Conceptualization of Alternative Designs –Systems Evaluation and Selection 3.) In-House Systems Development –Construct the System –Deliver the System 4). Commercial Packages –Trends in Commercial Packages –Choosing a Package 5) Maintenance and Support The participants in systems development can be classified into three broad groups: systems professionals, end users, and stakeholders. Systems professionals are systems analysts, systems designers, and programmers. These individuals actually build the system. They gather facts about problems with the current system, analyze these facts, and formulate a solution to solve the problems. The product of their efforts is a new system. End users are those for whom the system is built. Many users exist at all levels in an organization. These include managers, operations personnel, accountants, and internal auditors. In some organizations, it is difficult to find someone who is not a user. During systems development, systems professionals work with the primary users to obtain an understanding of the users’ problems and a clear statement of their needs. As defined in Chapter 1, stakeholders are individuals either within or outside the organization who have an interest in the system but are not end users. These include accountants, internal auditors, external auditors, and the internal steering committee that oversees systems development. Cost/Time Analysis: As stated before, the cost/time analysis is an attempt to calculate to what degree the project and system will meet the objectives. The SDLC must address two topics in its support of this area: the scope of the analysis and the algorithm for doing it. Cost/Benefit Scope The benefit side of the analysis should be expressed in quantitative terms wherever possible. Qualitative or intangible benefits usually are reflections of poorly analyzed tangible benefits. The SDLC should support the process of quantifying all benefits. On the costs side, the SDLC must address development costs, installation costs and ongoing operational costs. In doing these calculations it should differentiate between capital costs and expense costs. Cost/Benefit Algorithm The method of calcu.

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You are asked to determine DNA content of a liver tissue. Describe how you will porceed in finding amount of DNA in the sample Take a piece of live tissue and subject it to detergent solution i.e. SDS (sodiumdodecyl sulfate) so that the cell membrane of the cells will be removed out through micelle formation & then alcohol is added as DNA soluble in water. This is followed by the formation of aqueous phase with DNA, precipitate layer with protein and bottom organic layer. Now the purity of DNA sample is calculated to know the “total amount of DNA in the sample as ng DNA / µg dry weight”. There are various processes applicable to determine total DNA content using either cloning, qPCR, sequencing. However, initial purity of DNA can be calculated by measuring absorbance or OD260/OD280 ratio at 280nm using “spectrophotomemeter” (UV-Visible). The range of OD with absorption of UV light between 1.8 to 2.0 denotes the presence of DNA. Lower than this OD ratio, denotes the presence of proteins. The another method of examining the sample is through & this method is useful to deterimine total DNA concentration by use of the fluorochrome Hoechst 33258 & filters, & scanning fluorescence spectrophotometer at emission at 458 nm. Solution You are asked to determine DNA content of a liver tissue. Describe how you will porceed in finding amount of DNA in the sample Take a piece of live tissue and subject it to detergent solution i.e. SDS (sodiumdodecyl sulfate) so that the cell membrane of the cells will be removed out through micelle formation & then alcohol is added as DNA soluble in water. This is followed by the formation of aqueous phase with DNA, precipitate layer with protein and bottom organic layer. Now the purity of DNA sample is calculated to know the “total amount of DNA in the sample as ng DNA / µg dry weight”. There are various processes applicable to determine total DNA content using either cloning, qPCR, sequencing. However, initial purity of DNA can be calculated by measuring absorbance or OD260/OD280 ratio at 280nm using “spectrophotomemeter” (UV-Visible). The range of OD with absorption of UV light between 1.8 to 2.0 denotes the presence of DNA. Lower than this OD ratio, denotes the presence of proteins. The another method of examining the sample is through & this method is useful to deterimine total DNA concentration by use of the fluorochrome Hoechst 33258 & filters, & scanning fluorescence spectrophotometer at emission at 458 nm..

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The fallowing program shows the simple transformation #define GLEW.pdf

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Two types of malware :- 1. Virus: A virus is a contagious program or code that attaches itself to another piece of software, and then reproduces itself when that software is run. Most often this is spread by sharing software or files between computers. Virus cannot be spread without a human action. So when you share infected files or send email with viruses as attachment in email, virus spread in another system also. If you have turned off your anti-virus protection your system is vulnerable to virus and other threats. 2. Trojan: This is the most dangerous Malware. Trojans are written with the purpose of discovering your financial information, taking over your computer’s system resources, and in larger systems creating a “denial-of-service attack ”. Denial-of-service attack: an attempt to make a machine or network resource unavailable to those attempting to reach it. Example: AOL, Yahoo or your business network becoming unavailable. 70% malware are trojan horse. When you open a file that have trojan horse or other kind of unscrupulous virus program then it replicate in your system and your system is also get infected. Solution Two types of malware :- 1. Virus: A virus is a contagious program or code that attaches itself to another piece of software, and then reproduces itself when that software is run. Most often this is spread by sharing software or files between computers. Virus cannot be spread without a human action. So when you share infected files or send email with viruses as attachment in email, virus spread in another system also. If you have turned off your anti-virus protection your system is vulnerable to virus and other threats. 2. Trojan: This is the most dangerous Malware. Trojans are written with the purpose of discovering your financial information, taking over your computer’s system resources, and in larger systems creating a “denial-of-service attack ”. Denial-of-service attack: an attempt to make a machine or network resource unavailable to those attempting to reach it. Example: AOL, Yahoo or your business network becoming unavailable. 70% malware are trojan horse. When you open a file that have trojan horse or other kind of unscrupulous virus program then it replicate in your system and your system is also get infected..

Two types of malware -1. Virus A virus is a contagious program o.pdf

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TlI -- Tl+ + I- Ksp = 8.9E-8 = [Tl+][I-] (eqn. 1) PbI2 .pdf

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The cells of the reproductive organs (Eg: ovaries ad testes) undergo meiosis. Meiosis is a type of nuclear division, which produces four haploid cells from a single diploid cell. Meiosis is divided into two phases, meiosis I (one diploid nucleus to two haploid nuclei) and meiosis II (two haploid nuclei to four haploid nuclei). Meiosis I and meiosis II are subdivided into four phases again namely, prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase. Thus, meiosis is divided into a total of eight phases. The phases of meiosis I are prohase-i, metaphase-I, anaphase-I and telophase-I. Similarly, the phases of meiosis-II are prohase-II, metaphase-II, anaphase-II and telophase-II. Prophase is the first phase of cell division in both mitosis and meiosis. During this phase, cohesion that is present throughout the length of the chromatids is removed except at the centromere. The chromatids become more visible during this phase. In meiosis, the substages of prophase-I include, leptonema, zygonema, pachynema, diplonema, diakinesis. During the metaphase, two chromatids are formed from each chromosome by longitudinal splitting. These chromatids form the chromosomes of daughter cells. During anaphase, centromeres are pulled and the chromatids become separated and move towards the opposite poles. These chromatids now are the chromosomes of the daughter cells, and are pulled towards the centrioles by means of spindle fibres. During “metaphase I and II” the chromosomes align at the midway between the two opposite spindle poles. In the stage of telophase, cytoplasmic division of the cell takes place (cytokinesis) during which each of the daughter cell receives one of the daughter nuclei. The interval between each division is called interphase. During meiosis, the homologous chromosomes align during the prophase. These chromosomes crossover at some point and rejoin to form recombinant chromatids, and move towards the opposite poles during anaphase. The chromosomal crossover ocurs during metaphase-I of the meiosis, In meiosis, Alignment of homologous chromosomes at Mid-Prophase –I is characteristic of meiosis. The two chromosomes sharing the same quality are called “homologous chromosomes.” These chromosomes crossover at some point and rejoin to form recombinant chromatids. Now, these chromosomes are separated at Anaphase-I and move to their opposite poles. During anaphase of mitosis, the sister chromatids get separated and move to the opposite poles. In contrast to mitosis, the “homologues chromosomes” (but not sister chromatids) move to the opposite poles in anaphase –I of meiosis. In meiosis, the separation of sister chromatids occur in anaphase –II. Solution The cells of the reproductive organs (Eg: ovaries ad testes) undergo meiosis. Meiosis is a type of nuclear division, which produces four haploid cells from a single diploid cell. Meiosis is divided into two phases, meiosis I (one diploid nucleus to two haploid nuclei) and meiosis II (two haploid nuclei to four h.

The cells of the reproductive organs (Eg ovaries ad testes) undergo.pdf

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Scientific evidences I would give in support of evolution: 1. Paleontological evidence: Fossils are those remains of plants and animals that could not be degraded. Some of them bear resemblances to present day animals and serve as connecting links, eg. Duck billed platypus is connecting link between reptiles and mammals. Some of them represent extinct organisms, eg. dinosaurs. Cross sections of the earth\'s crust from where the fossils have been isolated determines the geological time scale during which the organism existed. 2. Comparative anatomy/physiology: Homologous organs of animals such as forelimb bones of humans, tigers, whales and bats share similar type of arrangement and indicates common ancestry. Such type of evolution is called \"divergent\". Analogous organs are opposite to homologous organs, such as wings of butterfly and birds. Although they perform the same function, they are not anatomically similar. Thus, these are results of \"convergent \"evolution. 3. Similarities in genes and proteins among genetically different organisms also support for the existence of common ancestry. 4. Natural selection/Industrial melanism: The dominance of dark coloured moths in industrial areas compared to the white forms is an example of industrial melanism. This type of selection resulted in the dark coloured moths from becoming a prey of birds compared to the paler ones as the darker forms camouflage in the dark coloured soots. Another example of natural selection is antibiotic resistance in bacteria. The resistant bacteria can be isolated by plating the organisms in a LB agar plate containing the corresponding antibiotic. 5. Adaptive radiation: Darwin\'s finches in Galapagos island is an example of adaptive radiation. It was found that the different species of finches (with different beak structure) arose from an initial seed eating finch, enabling them to become vegetarian and insectivorous finches. Solution Scientific evidences I would give in support of evolution: 1. Paleontological evidence: Fossils are those remains of plants and animals that could not be degraded. Some of them bear resemblances to present day animals and serve as connecting links, eg. Duck billed platypus is connecting link between reptiles and mammals. Some of them represent extinct organisms, eg. dinosaurs. Cross sections of the earth\'s crust from where the fossils have been isolated determines the geological time scale during which the organism existed. 2. Comparative anatomy/physiology: Homologous organs of animals such as forelimb bones of humans, tigers, whales and bats share similar type of arrangement and indicates common ancestry. Such type of evolution is called \"divergent\". Analogous organs are opposite to homologous organs, such as wings of butterfly and birds. Although they perform the same function, they are not anatomically similar. Thus, these are results of \"convergent \"evolution. 3. Similarities in genes and proteins among genetically different o.

Scientific evidences I would give in support of evolution1. Paleo.pdf

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Package scopeis the range of visibility for aparticular element or construct contained in apackage.–“range of visibility” describe whether a packageitem (such as function) can be accessed fromoutside the package or only from other programunits within the same package.–Any elements declared in a package specificationare consideredpublic.–The elements are considered private if they can be called from other program units within the samepackage. Solution Package scopeis the range of visibility for aparticular element or construct contained in apackage.–“range of visibility” describe whether a packageitem (such as function) can be accessed fromoutside the package or only from other programunits within the same package.–Any elements declared in a package specificationare consideredpublic.–The elements are considered private if they can be called from other program units within the samepackage..

Package scopeis the range of visibility for aparticular element or c.pdf

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Point of zero charge related to the adsorption phenomenon I surface chemistry. Here it is the point if achievement of zero charge density on a surface. If pHzpc is 8.5 that means at this pH solid submerged in electrolyte will show zero electrical charge on the surface. P sorption refers to binding of phosphates in other forms to soil particles. At high pH, P availability is low because of reaction of phosphates to calcium which result in formation of apatite. At low pH, phosphate reacts with aluminum, iron etc and results in formation of various other minerals. Solution Point of zero charge related to the adsorption phenomenon I surface chemistry. Here it is the point if achievement of zero charge density on a surface. If pHzpc is 8.5 that means at this pH solid submerged in electrolyte will show zero electrical charge on the surface. P sorption refers to binding of phosphates in other forms to soil particles. At high pH, P availability is low because of reaction of phosphates to calcium which result in formation of apatite. At low pH, phosphate reacts with aluminum, iron etc and results in formation of various other minerals..

Point of zero charge related to the adsorption phenomenon I surface .pdf

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