“AUTOMATIC RAIN OPERATED WIPER”.docx

“AUTOMATIC RAIN OPERATED WIPER”
A Major Project Report
Submitted to
In the partial fulfilment for the award of the degree of
Bachhelor of Engineering
in
Mechanical Engineering
By
VISHAL KUMAR (AU171442)
BAZIL ADHAV (AU170521)
Department Of Mechanical Engineering
UNIVERSITY INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY
RABINDRANATH TAGORE, UNIVERSITY
JUNE- 2021

“AUTOMATIC RAIN OPERATED WIPER”
A Major Project Report Submitted to
In the partial fulfilment for the award of the degree of
Bachhelor of Engineering
in
Mechanical Engineering
By
Department Of Mechanical Engineering
UNIVERSITY INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY
RABINDRANATH TAGORE UNIVERSITY
Supervised by Head of department
Asst. Prof. ROHIT PATHAK Prof. Vinay Kumar Yadav
JUNE- 2021

Dedicated to
My parents and my family
for their endless support,
Encouragement and love

DECLARATION
I, “VISHAL KUMAR(AU171442) & BAZIL ADHAV(AU170521)” solemnly
declare that the work embodied in this BE,Major Project titled, “ AUTOMATIC RAIN
OPERATED WIPER SYSTEM” is my own benefited work carried out under the
supervision of “Asst. Prof. ROHIT PATHAK”
The work was carried out for a period of one year from Jan 2021 to June 2021 at Project Lab,
RABINDRANATH TAGORE University, Bhopal. The statements made and conclusions
drawn are outcome of my own project work. I declare that to the best of my knowledge and
belief matter embodied in this project has not been submitted for the award of any other
degree, diploma or certificate in this university or any other university in India or abroad.
Date---------------------- VISHAL KUMAR (AU171442)
BAZIL ADHAV(AU170521)
4 | P a g e

CERTIFICATE OF SUPERVISOR
This is to certify that the work embodied in this Dissertation entitled “AUTOMATIC RAIN
OPERATED WIPER SYSTEM” is a record of major project carried out by
Mr. VISHAL KUMAR (AU171442) R17ET1ME0021,
Mr. BAZIL ADHAV (AU170521) R17ET1ME0005
under guidance of the undersigned for the award of the Degree of Bachhelor of
Engineering in Mechanical Engineering at the university Institute of Technology,
RABINDRANATH TAGORE University Bhopal (M.P.) India. I/We certify that the scholar
has put in attendance of more than 200 days with me/us.
To the best of my/our knowledge and belief the major project embodies work of the
candidate himself/herself, completed in all respect, fulfils the requirement of the Ordinances
of RABINDRANATH TAGORE University for award of BE degree and is up to the desired
standard both in contents and language for being referred to the external examiners.
Sd -------------------------- Sd ------------------
ROHIT PATHAK Asst. Prof. DeepeshBhavsar”
Supervisor Project Co-ordinator.
Sd ------------------ Sd ----------------------
“Prof. Vinay Kumar Yadav” Dr. Sanjeev Kumar Gupta
HOD, Mechanical Engg. Dean, Faculty of Engineering ,UIST

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I express my deep sense of gratitude to “Asst. Prof. ROHIT PATHAK & Asst. Prof.
Deepesh Bhavsar, Department of Mechanical Engineering, at Rabindranath Tagore
University, UIST, Bhopal. Whose kindness valuable guidance and timely help encouraged
me to complete this volume on a very crucial issue related to the work.
A special thank of mine goes to Prof. Vinay Kumar Yadav Head, Department of
Mechanical Engineering, who helped me in completing the research and he exchanged his
interesting ideas ,thoughts and made this project easy and accurate.
I express my thanks to Dr. Sanjeev Kumar Gupta Dean, Faculty of Engineering
UIST, Rabindranath Tagore University ,Bhopal for extending his support.
I express my thanks to Vice Chancellor and Registrar, of Rabindranath Tagore
University ,Bhopal for kindly intention.
I wish to thank my parents for their undivided support and interest who inspired me
and encouraged me to go my own way without whom I would be unable to complete my
major project.
I am thankful to my family members and friends for their love, support, and good
wishes throughout my studies. Finally, I wish to thanks all those noble hearts that directly or
indirectly help me for completion of this work.
At last but not the least I want to thank my friends who appreciated me for my work
and motivated me and finally to god who made all the things possible.

Development of Automated Rain OperatedWiper
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1. Introduction
Over the past two decades, the automotive industry has aggressively researched ways to
exploit modern computing and electronic advances in the development of safety, reliability,
an entertainment technology for vehicles. Previously remarkable and uncommon features such
as auto dimming mirrors and rear-view cameras have become standard in the modern era.
Today consumers expect their automobiles to be able to connect to their MP3 players, provide
GPS-assisted visual directions, and allow hands-free phone calls via Bluetooth technology.
While these features have improved the driving experience for many, they also imply the
increasingly common interaction between driver and electronic gadgetry during vehicle
operation. These interactions can be a dangerous distraction for the driver, who must take
his/her eyes off the road to attend to a device.
In recent days the whole concept of making cars has change the companies are shifting
towards providing more and comfort to their customers. The invention of wiper dates
from1903 in which brushes were used to clear the moisture dust in the windshield. In most of
the cars, the windshield is operated manually and the speed of the wiper blades should
Controlled manually. The working of the wiper is based on conversion of the wiper motors
linear motion into linear back forth motion. Inside the motor/gear assembly is the electronic
circuit senses when the wiper are in their down position. One system designed for vision aid
in windshield assembly. A circuit for a windshield wiper motor is developed in which wiper
motor is made automatically responsive to the presence water droplets on the windshield
causing the wiper blades sweep back and forth at a rate dependent upon the level of
precipitation encountered. In this project, design and working Windshield wiper speed control
will be discussed taking into account the recent challenges in the windshield assembly.

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Figure 1.1: Schematic diagram of Automatic Wiper
A control circuit for windshield wiper motor is developed in which the wiper motor is
automatically responsive to the presence of moisture droplets on the grid sensor. Grid sensor
can be used in various types such as Conductive, Capacitive, Piezo-electric and optical. In this
project design and working of windshield wiper speed control will be discussed taking into
account the recent challenges in the windshield wiper assembly. The system uses capacitive
type sensors to detect rain and its intensity. The ADC in the controller detects sensors input
and give the signal to the driver circuit. The motor drive actuates the motor to run at high
speed or low speed based on amount of rain detected.
Existing system manually used control stalk to activate wiper and the process of pulling up
wiper is difficult to be handled. The driver needs to switch on and off the control stalk and it
will reduce the driver’s concentration during the driving. This is an era of automation where it
is broadly defined as replacement of manual effort by mechanical power in all degrees of
automation. Now a day’s almost all the automobile vehicles are being atomized in order to
reduce human efforts. Thus, this system is proposed to solve all these problems.

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2. Literature Review
In this project, there were different innovations reviewed as the literature review. They were
designed with different concept and operating mechanism however with same objective of
working principle of the car wiper. For the working of the automatic wipers, the sensing of
rain intensity must be provided. The different methods for sensing the rain water are as
follows:
Table 2.1: Literature Review
Sr.
No.
Literature Author Year
1.
Automatic Wiper Controller using
Optical Sensor
Hideki Kajioka, Keiji
Fujimura
1989
2.
Capacitive Rain Sensor for
Automatic Wiper Control
Design Team 6 : Eric
Alexander Otte
-
3.
Implementation of Automatic Wiper
Speed Control using Fuzzy Logic
Thet KoKo, ZawMyo Tun 2015
Optical Method:
Optical sensors utilize light and the principle of total internal refraction within the windshield.
The optical sensor consists of a light source, a light detector and an optical assembly. The
optical assembly consists of two lenses and a light guides [2]. A beam of light is directed
through the optical assembly to the windshields, the light is trapped within the glass due to
total internal refraction. The light reflect from the outside surface of the glass back to the
inside surface of the windshield glass until it is picked up by the second optical assembly. If

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rain falls on the windshield within the sensing area, light is directed by the water droplet in
the other direction opposite to the optical assembly as shown in figure 2. This causes a
corresponding reduction in the light intensity falling on the second optical assembly. The
microprocessor is used to distinguish between different amounts of rain and to provide the
best wiping method. So the Optical sensors are reliable and effective detectors of rain. By
using the suitable rain sensing methods it is possible to develop the automatic wipers. These
are by far the most common method, and the one currently employed by Hyundai vehicles [2].
The complete development of optical wiper system is explained in the paper “Automatic
Wiper Controller Using Optical Sensor” published by “H. Kajioka” [2]. According to this
paper, the basic components used are:
1. Optical Rain Sensor
2. Controller
The working of the controller is based on three major functions
Types of Functions:
Semi-automatic Function:
When the wiper switch is set to the intermittent position, then wiper moves once, then moves
at intervals automatically controlled.
Washer Interlock Function:
When the washer switch is turned on, the wiper moves, when it is turned off, the wiper will
stop after two wiping cycles.
Failsafe Function:
It is assured that the wiper operates at 6 second when the rain drop detection function is
disabled because the sensing beam is completely blocked by the dust, snow or other matters
stuck to the sensor.
Figure 2.1: Reflection phenomenon in optical sensor

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From the literature review, it is found that the disadvantage of these products is expensive and
else sensitive when the beam is disturbed. This system used the light beam to sense the water
hitting. Further, these products were suitable for the country with four seasons and not
suitable for the country with hot and climate weathers [7].
Conductive Method:
This method uses a sensor, which consists of two sets of contacts separated by an insulator.
When water falls on the sensor, the water conducts the signal and completes the circuit [7].
Then it sends the signals to the next unit to operate the wiper motor. This system has some
fundamental problems; the sensors used here are prone to oxidization and become unusable.
Also the dirt can foul the sensors. So it is very difficult to design such sensors [7].
Piezoelectric Method:
This method uses a piezo crystal element. While Rain falls on the windscreen generates the
sound waves at a certain frequency. These waves are transmitted through and across the
windscreen as shown in figure 3. The piezo crystal senses the sound waves, and also
compares them with the other noises caused due to wind, dust, etc. this crystal responds only
to the sound waves due to rain [7]. Again this system is susceptible to false triggering.
Figure 2.2: Transmission through Piezoelectric sensor

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From the literature review, it is found that the disadvantage of these products is that they are
expensive and sensitive to interferences. Hence, this project proposed to use capacitive sensor
and a microcontroller to be used to execute the function of this system. By using Peripheral
Interface Controller (PIC) microcontroller, the controller can be programmed using C
language or assembly language [7].
Capacitive Method:
A Capacitive Sensor works by emitting an electric field which can pass through the glass to
interact with objects resting on it. Because water and other objects such as dirt or rocks
interfere with the electric field in very different ways, the sensor will be less likely to be
fooled if designed correctly [1],[7].
Figure 2.3: Capacitive detection
The complete development of optical wiper system is explained in the paper “Capacitive Rain
Sensor For Automatic Wiper Control” published by “Design Team 6, Hyundai Kia Motors”.
The basic components used in this paper are as follows:
Capacitance Monitoring Circuitry:
Analog Devices AD7745: The AD7745 interfaces with both the capacitive sensor traces and
the PIC microcontroller processor. Its primary role is to sample the changing capacitance of
the sensor traces and output that data as a digital signal to the microcontroller for processing
[1].

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Microcontroller:
Microchip PIC18F4520/PIC16F1826: It is responsible for configuring the AD7745 into the
correct operating state, polling it for capacitive and other data, and interpreting that data by
comparing it to known capacitance values gained through extensive testing of the device [1]. If
the incoming capacitive data falls into a certain range over a certain number of samples, the
PIC will output a signal instructing the wipers to engage. Furthermore, the PIC can
differentiate between varying levels of rain to adjust the speed of the wipers, and prevent false
positives by ignoring capacitance values outside the range of rain [1].
Capacitive Sensor Traces Custom Design:
The capacitive sensor trace layout is critical to the performance of the capacitive sensor
system. The shape and spacing of the two traces forming the capacitive sensor are directly
related to the electric field lines produced when the excitation voltage is applied. As the rain
to be detected is present through 6 – 8 mm of glass, the sensor traces should be designed as to
maximize the fringing fields away from the plane of the PCB [1]. Glass has a relatively high
dielectric constant of around 4.5, allowing easy transmission of electric fields through it.
Nonetheless, 6 – 8 mm is a very large distance away from the sensor traces to have to
measure, as most capacitive touch screens have an overlay thickness of only 1 – 2 mm as
shown in below figure 5. The software COMSOL was used to model a variety of different
sensor layout designs, where parameters such as trace patterns, conductor width, conductor
spacing [1].
Figure 2.4: Trace layout of capacitive sensor

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Voltage Regulator:
Analog Devices ADP3301-5: In a vehicle, the typical battery voltage can range from 11 –
13.5 V depending on the strength of the battery and the operating state of the vehicle and the
alternator. Both the AD7745 and PIC microcontroller require 5 V DC for operation, so a
reliable voltage regulator was required to scale the vehicle power supply voltage to 5V [1]. The
Analog Devices ADP3301-5 is a linear voltage regulator which can accept up to 14 V of input
voltage, and outputs a preset 5 V DC. It can source up to 100 mA of current, more than
enough for the entire device [1].

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3. ProblemDefinition
3.1 ProblemStatement:
 Manual Handling:
The manual handling of the current wiper systems cause trouble to the driver while driving
in tough situations like heavy rainfall or during foggy conditions. In these conditions it
becomes uncomfortable or inconvenient for the driver to switch the wiper ON and OFF
again and again.
 Switching ofWiper:
The switching of wiper can cause distraction while driving which can lead to accidents on
highways or sharp turns if precautions are not taken. Current systems require the driver to
switch the wiper according to need.
 Speed Control:
During rainfall with changing intensity or stormy conditions, there is need to change the
speed of wiper according to the requirement. Current systems require manual speed control
which can again cause trouble during driving.

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4. Objectives
This project aims to develop an Automated Rain Operated System taking the following
objectives:
 To dispense with troublesome wiper operation needed when rainfall condition change or
driving condition change, including the car speed and entry to or exit from tunnels.
 To operate the wiper with response to changing rainfall or driving conditions, thus
keeping the driver’s windshield clear.
 To implement a control system this reduces human efforts.
 To increase automation in vehicle driving system.
 To achieve high safety by reducing the driver’s work load.
 To minimize rates of accident caused by distraction in driving.
 To make the system easy to install.
 To develop a cheaper automated system that can be integrated easily.

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5. Methodology
ProjectPlan:
For the development of the Automated Rain Operated Wiper, the following plan is to be
followed:
1. Research for the Components required for the Project.
2. Cost Estimation of the Components.
3. Selection of the Best Method.
4. Purchasing of the Components.
5. Fabrication of Mechanical Model.
6. Development of Electrical Circuit.
7. Burning of Program.
8. Analyzing the Working of the Project.
9. Reducing the Errors.
ResearchforComponents:
Different literatures and technical papers were reviewed to collect the list of the components
required to develop an automatic wiper system according to our requirement. Major
components that are required to develop an automatic wiper system are wiper motor, sensor
unit and microcontroller unit.

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CostEstimation:
For the cost estimation of the project, various garages, motor spare parts stores and electronic
stores were visited and cost estimation of each component is mentioned in Table 5.1 and 5.2
 Chander Car Spares:
ADD: Kalyan Ambernath Road, Near Ailsinghani Chambers, Section – 17, Ulhasnagar
421003.
 Ambika Car Parts:
ADD: Kalyan Ambernath Road, Near Ailsinghani Chambers, Section – 17, Ulhasnagar
421003.
Table 5.1: Cost comparison of Motor components
Component Company Cost
Wiper Motor Santro ₹825
Wiper Motor Varroc ₹650
Linkage Assy. ₹425
Blades Santro ₹300
Blades Auto Blade ₹150
Table 5.2: Cost estimation of Electronic components
Components Cost
Pic Microcontroller ₹60 - ₹360
Arduino Uno ₹550 - ₹700
Microcontroller P8051AH ₹50-₹250
Stepper Motor ₹200 - ₹450
Sensors ₹100 - ₹500
NPN Transistors ₹3 per piece
Relay 9V ₹25 per piece
Diodes ₹1 per piece
Resistances ₹1 per piece
SelectionofBestMethod:
As the condition for our project is to develop an automatic wiper system which is cheap,
reliable and easy to control, conductive method supports all our requirements.

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Components:
The components used in the project are shown in the table below. The detailed explanation of
the components is given in Chapter-6.
Table 5.3: Components
Mechanical Components Model
Wiper Motor Varroc Company WIPR-AUTO24-AA52
Wiper Blade Auto Blade
Glass Normal
Electrical Components Description
Voltage Regulator 1x7805 Model
Step-Down Transformer 1x12V
Full-wave Bridge Rectifier Silicon Diode
Low Pass Filter Red - Green
LED Red - Green
Microcontroller Intel P8051AH
Resistors 330-110Ω
Disc Capacitor Quartz
Relay 9V-12V
NPN Transistor IN4007
Crystal 1x11.059MHz
FabricationofMechanical Model:
The mechanical model of a windshield to demonstrate the working of an automatic wiper
system is developed. The detailed explanation of the procedures and processes involved in
fabrication is given in Chapter-7.
DevelopmentofElectrical Circuit:
The main part of the project is to develop the electrical circuit according to the requirement.
The detailed explanation of the procedures and processes involved in development and design
of electrical circuit is explained in Chapter-8.

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Burning ofProgram:
As in this project microcontroller is to be used, burning of the program in microcontroller
becomes an important step. Since microcontroller 8051 is to be used it requires certain
hardware device for mounting and burning program through computer. The detailed
explanation of the procedure and steps to burn program is explained in Chapter-9.
Analyzing Project:
This is the process where we check whether our project is working according to the design
and requirement and then test the operation of all the components used in project.
Reducing Errors:
This is the process if in case there occurs any error due to design or electrical components
then rectify the errors by finding the cause and check the working again.

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6. Components
Mechanical Components:
Wiper Motor – AUTO24-AA52 :
The motor used is of Varroc Company WIPR-AUTO24-AA52 Modified Auto wiper motor. It
takes a lot of force to accelerate the wiper blades back and forth across the windshield so
quickly. In order to generate this type of force, a worm gear is used on the output of a small
electric motor.
The worm gear reduction can multiply the torque of the motor by about 50 times, while
slowing the output speed of the electric motor by 50 times as well. The output of the gear
reduction operates a linkage that moves the wipers back and forth.
Figure 6.1: Wiper motor with Gear housing

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Inside the motor/gear assembly is an electronic circuit that senses when the wipers are in their
down position. The circuit maintains power to the wipers until they are parked at the bottom
of the windshield and then cuts the power to the motor. This circuit also parks the wipers
between wipes when they are on their intermittent setting.
Wiper Blade:
The wiper blade is mechanical devices consisting of rubber strips which are used to sweep or
clean the rain water or dust from the windshield of the vehicles.
Figure 6.2: Schematics of Wiper blade.
Glass:
To demonstrate the windshield model of a vehicle, we have used glass of dimension (Write
Dimension) which is inserted to the model frame.
Electrical Components:
Regulator-7805:
7805 is a voltage regulator integrated circuit. It is a member of 78xx series of fixed linear
voltage regulator ICs. The voltage source in a circuit may have fluctuations and would not
give the fixed voltage output. The voltage regulator IC maintains the output voltage at a
constant value. The xx in 78xx indicates the fixed output voltage it is designed to provide.
7805 provides +5V regulated power supply. Capacitors of suitable values can be connected at
input and output pins depending upon the respective voltage levels.

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PinDescription:
Figure 6.3:Pin Diagram of 7805
Table 6.1: Pin Description
Pin No Function Name
1 Input voltage (5V-18V) Input
2 Ground (0V) Ground
3 Regulated output; 5V (4.8V-5.2V) Output
Figure 6.4: Internal Block Diagram of 7805

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Features:
• Output Current up to 1A
• Output Voltages of 5, 6, 8, 9, 10, 12, 15, 18, 24V
• Thermal Overload Protection
• Short Circuit Protection
• Output Transistor Safe Operating Area Protection
Step Down Transformer:
Figure 6.5:Principle of Step-Down Transformer
Step down transformers are designed to reduce electrical voltage. Their primary voltage is
greater than their secondary voltage. This kind of transformer "steps down" the voltage
applied to it. For instance, a step down transformer is needed to use an 110v product in a
country with a 220v supply.
Step down transformers convert electrical voltage from one level or phase configuration
usually down to a lower level. They can include features for electrical isolation, power
distribution, and control and instrumentation applications. Step down transformers typically
rely on the principle of magnetic induction between coils to convert voltage and/or current
levels.
Step down transformers are made from two or more coils of insulated wire wound around a
core made of iron. When voltage is applied to one coil (frequently called the primary or input)
it magnetizes the iron core, which induces a voltage in the other coil, (frequently called the

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secondary or output). The turns ratio of the two sets of windings determines the amount of
voltage transformation.
An example of this would be: 100 turns on the primary and 50 turns on the secondary, a ratio
of 2 to 1.
Step down transformers can be considered nothing more than a voltage ratio device.
With step down transformers the voltage ratio between primary and secondary will mirror the
"turns ratio" (except for single phase smaller than 1 kva which have compensated
secondaries). A practical application of this 2 to 1 turns ratio would be a 480 to 240 voltage
step down. Note that if the input were 440 volts then the output would be 220 volts. The ratio
between input and output voltage will stay constant. Transformers should not be operated at
voltages higher than the nameplate rating, but may be operated at lower voltages than rated.
Because of this it is possible to do some non-standard applications using standard
transformers.
Full wave bridge rectifier:
A Full wave rectifier is a circuit arrangement which makes use of both half cycles of input
alternating current (AC) and convert them to direct current (DC). In our tutorial on Half wave
rectifiers, we have seen that a half wave rectifier makes use of only one half cycle of the input
alternating current. Thus a full wave rectifier is much more efficient (double+) than a half
wave rectifier. This process of converting both half cycles of the input supply (alternating
current) to direct current (DC) is termed full wave rectification.
Full wave rectifier can be constructed in 2 ways. The first method makes use of a center
tapped transformer and 2 diodes. This arrangement is known as Center Tapped Full Wave
Rectifier. The second method uses a normal transformer with 4 diodes arranged as a bridge.
This arrangement is known as a Bridge Rectifier.
The circuit diagrams and wave forms we have given below will help you understand the
operation of a bridge rectifier perfectly. In the circuit diagram, 4 diodes are arranged in the
form of a bridge. The transformer secondary is connected to two diametrically opposite points
of the bridge at points A & C. The load resistance RL is connected to bridge through points B
and D.

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Bridge Rectifier Operation:
As we discussed above, a single-phase bridge rectifier consists of four diodes and this
configuration is connected across the load. For understanding the bridge rectifier’s working
principle, we have to consider the below circuit for demonstration purpose.
During the Positive half cycle of the input AC waveform diodes D1 and D2 are forward
biased and D3 and D4 are reverse biased. When the voltage, more than the threshold level of
the diodes D1 and D2, starts conducting – the load current starts flowing through it, as shown
as red lines path in the diagram below.
Figure 6.6: Working ofFull Wave Rectifier
During the negative half cycle of the input AC waveform, the diodes D3 and D4 are forward
biased, and D1 and D2 are reverse biased. Load current starts flowing through the D3 and D4
diodes when these diodes starts conducting as shown in the figure.
We can observe that in both the cases, the load current direction is same, i.e., up to down as
shown in the figure – so unidirectional, which means DC current. Thus, by the usage of a
bridge rectifier, the input AC current is converted into a DC current. The output at the load
with this bridge wave rectifier is pulsating in nature, but for producing a pure DC requires
additional filter like capacitor.
Figure 6.7: Input Voltage Waveform

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Figure 6.8: Full wave Bridge Rectifier using Diodes
Figure 6.9: Rectified Output Voltage/ Current Waveforms

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Features:
 AC to Pulsating DC conversion (4 Silicon Bridge Circuit)
 Breakdown Voltage = 0.7V (Silicon Diode)
 Voltage Drop = 1.5V
 Unidirectional Conduction
Low Pass Filter:
The low pass filter only allows low frequency signals from 0Hz to its cut-off
frequency, ƒc point to pass while blocking those any higher. A Low Pass Filter can be a
combination of capacitance, inductance or resistance intended to produce high attenuation
above a specified frequency and little or no attenuation below that frequency. The frequency
at which the transition occurs is called the “cutoff” frequency. The simplest low pass filters
consist of a resistor and capacitor but more sophisticated low pass filters have a combination
of series inductors and parallel capacitors. In this tutorial we will look at the simplest type, a
passive two component RC low pass filter.
A simple passive RC Low Pass Filter or LPF, can be easily made by connecting together in
series a single Resistor with a single Capacitor as shown below. In this type of filter
arrangement the input signal ( Vin ) is applied to the series combination (both the Resistor and
Capacitor together) but the output signal ( Vout ) is taken across the capacitor only. This type
of filter is known generally as a “first-order filter” or “one-pole filter”, why first-order or
single-pole?, because it has only “one” reactive component, the capacitor, in the circuit.
Figure 6.10: RC Low Pass Filter

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Microcontroller P8051AH:
The MCS@51 controllers are optimized for control applications. Byte-processing and
numerical operations on small data structures are facilitated by a variety of fast addressing
modes for accessing the internal RAM. The instruction set provides a convenient menu of 8-
bit arithmetic instructions, including multiply and divide instructions. Extensive on-chip
support is provided for one-bit variables as a separate data type, allowing direct bit
manipulation and testing in control and logic systems that require Boolean processing. The
8751H is an EPROM version of the 8051AH. It has 4 Kbytes of electrically programmable
ROM which can be erased with ultraviolet light. His fully compatible with the 8051AH but
incorporates one additional feature: a Program Memory Security bit that can be used to
protect the EPROM against unauthorized readout. The 8751H-8 is identical to the 8751H but
only operates up to 8 MHz. The 8051AHP is identical to the 8051AH with the exception of
the Protection Feature. To incorporate this Protection Feature, program verification has been
disabled and external memory accesses have been limited to 4K. The 8052AH is an enhanced
version of the 8051AH.
Pin Diagram:
 Pins 1-8: Port 1 Each of these pins can be configured as an input or an output.
 Pin 9: RS A logic one on this pin disables the microcontroller and clears the contents
of most registers. In other words, the positive voltage on this pin resets the
microcontroller. By applying logic zero to this pin, the program starts execution from
the beginning.
 Pins 10-17: Port 3 Similar to port 1, each of these pins can serve as general input or
output. Besides, all of them have alternative functions:
 Pin 10: RXD Serial asynchronous communication input or Serial synchronous
communication output.
 Pin 11: TXD Serial asynchronous communication output or Serial synchronous
communication clock output.
 Pin 12: INT0 Interrupt 0 input.
 Pin 13: INT1 Interrupt 1 input.
 Pin 14: T0 Counter 0 clock input.
 Pin 15: T1 Counter 1 clock input.
 Pin 16: WR Write to external (additional) RAM.

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 Pin 17: RD Read from external RAM.
 Pin 18, 19: X2, X1 Internal oscillator input and output. A quartz crystal which
specifies operating frequency is usually connected to these pins. Instead of it,
miniature ceramics resonators can also be used for frequency stability. Later versions
of microcontrollers operate at a frequency of 0 Hz up to over 50 Hz.
 Pin 20: GND Ground.
 Pin 21-28: Port 2 If there is no intention to use external memory then these port pins
are configured as general inputs/outputs. In case external memory is used, the higher
address byte, i.e. addresses A8-A15 will appear on this port. Even though memory
with capacity of 64Kb is not used, which means that not all eight port bits are used for
its addressing, the rest of them are not available as inputs/outputs.
 Pin 29: PSEN If external ROM is used for storing program then a logic zero (0)
appears on it every time the microcontroller reads a byte from memory.
 Pin 30: ALE Prior to reading from external memory, the microcontroller puts the
lower address byte (A0-A7) on P0 and activates the ALE output. After receiving
signal from the ALE pin, the external register (usually 74HCT373 or 74HCT375 add-
on chip) memorizes the state of P0 and uses it as a memory chip address. Immediately
after that, the ALU pin is returned its previous logic state and P0 is now used as a Data
Bus. As seen, port data multiplexing is performed by means of only one additional
(and cheap) integrated circuit. In other words, this port is used for both data and
address transmission.
 Pin 31: EA By applying logic zero to this pin, P2 and P3 are used for data and address
transmission with no regard to whether there is internal memory or not. It means that
even there is a program written to the microcontroller, it will not be executed. Instead,
the program written to external ROM will be executed. By applying logic one to the
EA pin, the microcontroller will use both memories, first internal then external (if
exists).
 Pin 32-39: Port 0 Similar to P2, if external memory is not used, these pins can be used
as general inputs/outputs. Otherwise, P0 is configured as address output (A0-A7)
when the ALE pin is driven high (1) or as data output (Data Bus) when the ALE pin is
driven low (0).
 Pin 40: VCC +5V power supply.

31
Figure 6.11: Pin Diagram of 8051
Features:
 High Performance HMOS Process
 Internal Timers/Event Counters
 2-Level interrupt Priority Structure
 32 1/0 Lines (Four 8-Bit Ports)
 64K External Program Memory
Space
 Security Feature Protects EPROM
Parts
 Extended Temperature Range
 Against Software Piracy
 Boolean Processor
 Bit-Addressable RAM
 Programmable Full Duplex Serial
Channel
 111 Instructions (64 Single-Cycle)
 64K External Data Memory Space

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Architecture of Microcontroller 8051:
Figure 6.12: Block Diagram of 8051
 Central Processor Unit(CPU): As you may know that CPU is the brain of any processing
device. It monitors and controls all operations that are performed in the Microcontroller.
User have no control over the work of CPU. It reads program written in ROM memory and
executes them and do the expected task.
 Interrupts: As its name suggests, Interrupt is a subroutine call that
interrupts Microcontroller's main operation or work and causes it to execute some another
program which is more important at that time. The feature of Interrupt is very useful as it
helps in cases of emergency. Interrupts gives us a mechanism to put on hold the ongoing
operation , execute a subroutine and then again resumes normal program execution.
The Microcontroller 8051 can be configured in such a way that it temporarily terminates or
pause the main program at the occurrence of interrupt. When subroutine is completed then
the execution of main program starts as usual. There are five interrupt sources in

33
8051 Microcontroller. 2 of them are external interrupts, 2 timer interrupts and one serial
port interrupt.
 Memory: Microcontroller requires a program which is a collection of instructions. This
program tells Microcontroller to do specific tasks. These programs requires a memory on
which these can be saved and read by Microcontroller to perform specific operation. The
memory which is used to store the program of Microcontroller, is known as code memory
or Program memory . It is known as 'ROM' (Read Only Memory). Microcontroller also
requires a memory to store data or operands temporarily. The memory which is used to
temporarily store data for operation is known as Data Memory and we uses 'RAM'
(Random Access Memory) for this purpose. Microcontroller 8051 has 4K of Code
Memory or Program memory that is it has 4KB Rom and it also have 128 bytes of data
memory i.e. RAM.
 Bus: Basically Bus is a collection of wires which work as a communication channel or
medium for transfer of Data. These buses consists of 8, 16 or more wires. Thus these can
carry 8 bits, 16 bits simultaneously. Buses are of two types:
 Address Bus: Microcontroller 8051 has a 16 bit address bus. It used to address memory
locations. It is used to transfer the address from CPU to Memory.
 Data Bus: Microcontroller 8051 has 8 bits data bus. It is used to carry data.
 Oscillator: As we know Microcontroller is a digital circuit device, therefore it requires
clock for its operation. For this purpose, Microcontroller 8051 has an on-chip oscillator
which works as a clock source for Central Processing Unit. As the output pulses of
oscillator are stable therefore it enables synchronized work of all parts of
8051 Microcontroller.
 Input/Output Port: As we know that Microcontroller is used in Embedded systems to
control the operation of machines. Therefore to connect it to other machines, devices or
peripherals we requires I/O interfacing ports in Microcontroller. For this
purpose Microcontroller 8051 has 4 input output ports to connect it to other peripherals.
 Timers/Counters: Microcontroller 8051 has 2 16 bit timers and counters. The counters are
divided into 8 bit registers. The timers are used for measurement of intervals , to determine
pulse width etc.

34
Figure 6.13: Architecture of Microcontroller 8051
Relay 12V DC:
Relay is an electromagnetic device which is used to isolate two circuits electrically and
connect them magnetically. They are very useful devices and allow one circuit to switch
another one while they are completely separate. They are often used to interface an electronic
circuit (working at a low voltage) to an electrical circuit which works at very high voltage.
For example, a relay can make a 5V DC battery circuit to switch a 230V AC mains circuit.
Thus a small sensor circuit can drive, say, a fan or an electric bulb.
A relay switch can be divided into two parts: input and output. The input section has a coil
which generates magnetic field when a small voltage from an electronic circuit is applied to it.
This voltage is called the operating voltage. Commonly used relays are available in different

35
configuration of operating voltages like 6V, 9V, 12V, 24V etc. The output section consists of
contactors which connect or disconnect mechanically. In a basic relay there are three
contactors: normally open (NO), normally closed (NC) and common (COM). At no input
state, the COM is connected to NC. When the operating voltage is applied the relay coil gets
energized and the COM changes contact to NO. Different relay configurations are available
like SPST, SPDT, DPDT etc, which have different number of changeover contacts. By using
proper combination of contactors, the electrical circuit can be switched on and off.
Working:
Figure 6.14: Pin Diagram of Relay
The working of a relay can be better understood by explaining the following diagram given
below:
Figure 6.15: Working of Relay

36
The diagram shows an inner section diagram of a relay. An iron core is surrounded by a
control coil. As shown, the power source is given to the electromagnet through a control
switch and through contacts to the load. When current starts flowing through the control coil,
the electromagnet starts energizing and thus intensifies the magnetic field. Thus the upper
contact arm starts to be attracted to the lower fixed arm and thus closes the contacts causing a
short circuit for the power to the load. On the other hand, if the relay was already de-
energized when the contacts were closed, then the contact move oppositely and make an open
circuit.
As soon as the coil current is off, the movable armature will be returned by a force back to its
initial position. This force will be almost equal to half the strength of the magnetic force. This
force is mainly provided by two factors. They are the spring and also gravity.
Relays are mainly made for two basic operations. One is low voltage application and the other
is high voltage. For low voltage applications, more preference will be given to reduce the
noise of the whole circuit. For high voltage applications, they are mainly designed to reduce a
phenomenon called arcing.
Relay Basics:
The basics for all the relays are the same. Take a look at a 4 – pin relay shown below. There
are two colours shown. The green colour represents the control circuit and the red colour
represents the load circuit. A small control coil is connected onto the control circuit. A switch
is connected to the load. This switch is controlled by the coil in the control circuit. Now let us
take the different steps that occour in a relay.
Figure 6.16: Normal Relay

37
Energized Relay ON:
As shown in the circuit, the current flowing through the coils represented by pins 1 and 3
causes a magnetic field to be aroused. This magnetic field causes the closing of the pins 2 and
4. Thus the switch plays an important role in the relay working. As it is a part of the load
circuit, it is used to control an electrical circuit that is connected to it. Thus, when the relay in
energized the current flow will be through the pins 2 and 4.
De-energized Relay OFF:
Figure 6.17: Energized Relay
As soon as the current flow stops through pins 1 and 3, the switch opens and thus the open
circuit prevents the current flow through pins 2 and 4. Thus the relay becomes de-energized
and thus in off position.
Figure 6.18: De-Energized Relay

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NPN Transistor:
It uses three semiconductor layers: two n-type layers and one p-type layer. The p-layer
is sandwiched between two n-layers, as shown below:
Figure 6.19: NPN Transistor
 It contains three semiconductor layers: one p-layer and two n-layers.
 The area of collector layer is largest. So it can dissipate heat quickly.
 Area of base layer is smallest and it is very thin layer.
 Area of emitter layer is medium.
 Collector layer is moderately doped. So it has medium number of charges (electrons).
 Base layer is lightly doped. So it has a very few number of charges (holes).
 Emitter layer is heavily doped. So it has largest number of charges (electrons).
 The p-layer is sandwiched between two n-layers.
 So two junctions are formed: C-B junction and B-E junction.
 The junction between collector layer and base layer is called as collector-base junction
or c-b junction.
 The junction between base layer and emitter layer is called as base-emitter junction or
b-e junction.
 The two junctions have almost same potential barrier voltage of 0.6V to 0.7V, just like
in a general purpose rectifier diode.

39
Working:
The NPN transistor can be used in two different modes: forward biased mode and the reverse
biased mode. In forward biased mode, the electric current can easily flow through it. So it acts
like a closed switch. However, in reverse biased mode, the current through it is practically
zero and thus, it acts like an open switch.
Figure 6.20: Forward Biased
Forward biasing: To forward bias an NPN transistor it is connected as shown in the above
circuit. Read following points to understand the process easily –
 The collector is connected to high positive voltage with respect to base i.e. Vcb is very
high. So c-b junction is reverse biased. Vcb >> Vbe.
 The base is connected to low positive voltage with respect to emitter i.e. Vbe is low.
 When we increase Vbe ≥ 0.7V (the value 0.7V is a typical value of potential barrier
voltage) the transistor is forward biased.
 Now large number of electrons in emitter layer is repelled by negative terminal of Vbe
and they flow towards b-e junction.
 They cross the junction and enter into small base layer. Here some electrons combine
with holes. Also some of them are attracted by positive terminal of Vbe and remaining
maximum number of electrons flow into collector layer, crossing the second junction
i.e. c-b junction.
 The resident electrons of collector are repelled by these (guest) electrons and thus,
then all the electrons are present in collector layer are attracted by positive terminal of
Vcb.
 Thus, all these electrons complete their journey back into emitter layer and produce
conventional currents in the transistor as shown in the above circuit.
 Thus, as per Kirchhoff Current Law, we can write, Ic + Ib = Ie.

40
 Now when Vbe is still increased, more electrons are repelled by negative terminal of
Vbe. So base-emitter junction is more and more forward biased. Thus the base current
(Ib) increases, which in turn increases Ic.
 Hence, we can say that collector current (Ic) is the function of base current (Ib).
 But there is a typical value of Vbe for each transistor, at which the collector current Ic
no longer remains the function of base current Ib.
 Also collector current is directly proportional to the base current.
 In all this process, maximum number of electrons from emitter layer flow into
collector layer. So collector current is almost equal to emitter current. Hence we say
that, collector current is proportional to emitter current.
Reverse biasing: In this method both the junctions are reverse biased as the batteries are
connected in opposite direction as shown in the adjacent diagram. Due to Vcb battery, the
collector-base junction is reverse biased. Similarly, due to Veb battery, the base-emitter
junction is also reverse biased. So charges cannot flow and current in the transistor
is practically zero. This method is not useful as the transistor is in “cut-off” state since current
is zero.
Figure 6.21: Reversed Biased
What do you mean by Transistor Biasing?
When external voltage is applied to the junction of transistor in such a direction that it cancels
out the potential barrier, so that electric current flows through it, is called as transistor biasing.
Now to obtain easy current flow through the transistor it must be biased by connecting
external batteries. So there must be two batteries to apply proper bias across the two junctions
of the transistor. For example, the NPN transistor can be biased using three different methods
-

41
 FF biasing: In this method both the junctions are forward biased. For this, two
external batteries are connected across two junctions such that collector is negative
w.r.t. base and base is positive w.r.t. emitter. This method is not useful as the
transistor is in “saturation” and the current cannot be controlled easily.
 RR biasing: In this method both the junctions are reverse biased. For this, two
external batteries are connected across two junctions such that collector is negative
w.r.t. base & base is negative w.r.t. emitter. This method is also not useful as the
transistor is in “cut-off” state since current is zero.
 FR biasing: This is the most common and popular method used in transistor biasing.
In this method, the base-emitter junction is forward biased and collector-base junction
is reverse biased. For this, two external batteries are connected across two junctions
such that collector is positive w.r.t. base and base is positive w.r.t. emitter. So by
adjusting base voltage we can control total current in the transistor easily.
Crystal Oscillator:
An electronic circuit or electronic device that is used to generate periodically oscillating
electronic signal is called as an electronic oscillator. The electronic signal produced by an
oscillator is typically a sine wave or square wave. An electronic oscillator converts the direct
current signal into an alternating current signal. The radio and television transmitters are
broad casted using the signals generated by oscillators. The electronic beep sounds and video
game sounds are generated by the oscillator signals. These oscillators generate signals using
the principle of oscillation.
An electronic circuit that is used to generate an electrical signal of precise frequency by
utilizing the vibrating crystal’s mechanical resonance made of piezoelectric material.
Figure 6.22: Basic Diagram of Crystal Oscillator

42
There are different types of piezoelectric resonators, but typically, quartz crystal is used in
these types of oscillators. Hence, these oscillator electronic circuits are named as crystal
oscillators.
The above diagram represents the electronic symbol for a piezoelectric crystal resonator
which consists of two metalized electrodes and quartz crystal.
OscillatorCircuitWorking:
Figure 6.23: Operation ofCrystal Oscillator
The above figure shows the equivalent circuit diagram of quartz crystal in an electronic oscillator that
consists of resistor, inductor, and capacitors which are connected as shown in the figure.
Crystal oscillator circuit works on the principle of the inverse piezoelectric effect, i.e., a
mechanical deformation is produced by applying an electric field across certain materials.
Thus, it utilizes the vibrating crystal’s mechanical resonance which is made of a piezoelectric
material for generating an electrical signal of a specific frequency.
These quartz crystal oscillators are highly stable, consists of good quality factor, they are
small in size, and are very economical. Hence, quartz crystal oscillator circuits are superior
compared to other resonators such as LC circuits, turning forks, and so on. Generally, 8MHz
crystal oscillator is used in microprocessors and microcontrollers.

43
The equivalent electrical circuit also represents the crystal action of the crystal. The basic
components used in the circuit, inductance L1 represent crystal mass, capacitance C1
represents compliance, resistance R1 represents the crystal’s internal structure friction, and
C0 is used to represent the capacitance that is formed because of crystal’s mechanical
molding.
Figure 6.24: Crystal Oscillator with Microcontroller
In general, we know that, crystal oscillators are used in the microprocessors and
microcontrollers for providing the clock signals. Let us consider 8051 microcontroller for
which an external crystal oscillator circuit of 12MHz is essential, even though (based on
model) 8051 microcontroller is capable to run at 40 MHz (max). 8051 requires 12 clock
cycles for one machine cycle, such that to give effective cycle rate at 1MHz (considering
12MHz clock) to 3.33MHz (considering maximum 40MHz clock). This crystal oscillator is
used to generate clock pulses required for the synchronization of all the internal operations.

45
7. Fabrication of Mechanical Model
Design:
Figure 7.1: Design ofMechanical Model

46
Materials:
 Wood
 L-shaped Bracket
 Turning Joint
 Glass
Procedure:
1. In order to make the mechanical model of a vehicle windshield, we selected Wood as a
material because it is light in weight and easier to fabricate compared to other materials.
2. The wooden ply was cut according to the design required and then a 3-way frame was
made by using a three layered sandwich structure.
Figure 7.2: Tools and Materials
3. The three layers of ply was glued and then hammered by nails.
4. Now the three sides of the frame was joined by using an L-shaped bracket and nailed
accordingly.

47
5. The base of the frame was made by using plywood for supporting the frame and making
arrangement for placing the wiper motor on the base.
6. The front portion of the base was slotted by drilling and cutting to make an arrangement to
place wiper motor.
7. To join the frame and base, turning joint was used to adjust the frame according to the
stiffness of the wiper spring on the glass frame.
8. Glass was inserted into the slot of the frame and wiper motor was bolted onto the base.
Figure 7.3: Actual Mechanical Model

49
8. Developmentof Electronic Circuit
Printed Circuit Board (PCB):
A PCB is used to connect electronic components electrically. This is done by making
conductive path ways for circuit connections by etching tracks from copper sheet laminated
onto a non-conductive substrate.
A PCB consists of a conducting layer that is made up of thin copper foil. The insulating layer
di-electric is laminated together with epoxy resin prepared. The most commonly used PCB
type is the FR-4. Boards may be single sided or double sided. Double sided PCB can be used
to connect electronic components on both sides through through-hole plating. This is done by
copper plating the walls of each hole so as to connect the conductive layers of the PCB.
Advantages of PCB over Bread-board:
1. You can get a much higher density board with PCB.
2. You will find the PCB design to be more reliable than the one made on a bread board.
The circuit will look neat without any wires popped up and will not fall apart.
3. You can have very precise control over the circuit component you are using, and you can
comfortably fit in odd shaped components that are difficult to fix on a bread board.
4. For production of large volume of circuit boards, the costs become less and the soldering
can be done by fully automated machines.

50
Process:
1. Design of Circuit Diagram
2. Printing of Circuit Diagram
3. Etching
4. Drilling
5. Conductor-plating
6. Solder Resist
7. PCBTesting
8. Assembling Components
PreparationofCircuit:
Once the circuit diagram was decided, the required circuit was printed on a photo basic gloss
transparent paper by a Laser Printer (360 degree Flipped Image).
By using screen printing method, the circuit diagram and the layout was printed on the PCB.
Circuits are mostly designed on CAD softwares like EAGLE.
Figure 8.1: EAGLE Software

51
PCB Etching Process:
The components that have to be attached to the multi-layered PCB can be done only by VIAS
drilling. That is, a pated-through hole is drilled in the shape of annular rings. Small drill bits
that are made out of tungsten carbide is used for the drilling. A dremel drill press is normally
used to punch the holes. Usually, a 0.035 inch drill bit is used. For high volume production
automated drilling machines are used.
Etching at ambient temperature might take over an hour, it is better to heat up the etching
solvent to about 35-45 degrees Celsius.
Sometimes, very small holes may have to be drilled, and mechanical methods may
permanently damage the PCB. In such cases, laser drilled VIAS may be used to produce an
interior surface finish inside the holes.
ConductorPlating:
Figure 8.2: Etching Process and Chemical Reaction
The outer layer of the PCB contains copper connections (the part where the components are
placed) which do not allow solderability of the components. To make it solderable, the
surface of the material has to be plated with gold, tin, or nickel. This process makes the PCB
conductive so that while soldering there is no non-conducting material on the PCB.

52
Solder Resist:
Figure 8.3: ConductorPlating
The other areas which are not to be solderable are covered with a solder resist material. It is
basically a polymer coating that prevents the solder from bringing traces and possibly creating
shortcuts to nearby component leads.
Figure 8.4: Solder Resist Process

53
PCB Testing:
In industrial applications, PCB’s are tested by different methods such as Bed of Nails Test,
Rigid Needle adaptor, CT scanning test, and so on. The basic of all tests include a computer
program which will instruct the electrical test unit to apply a small voltage to each contact
point, and verify that a certain voltage appears at the appropriate contact points.
PCB Assembling:
PCB assembling includes the assembling of the electronic components on to the respective
holes in the PCB. This can be done by through-hole construction or surface-mount
construction. In the former method, the component leads are inserted into the holes drilled in
the PCB. In the latter method, a pad having the legs similar to the PCB design is inserted and
the IC’s are placed or fixed on top of them. The common aspect in both the methods is that
the component leads are electrically and mechanically fixed to the board with a molten metal
solder.
Figure 8.5: Soldering

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Electronic Circuit:
Figure 8.6: Electronic Circuit

56
9. Burning of Program
Introduction:
Microcontrollers are versatile chips and have their greater significance in control applications
and are popular among a wide range of fields like automobiles, electronic gadgets, medical
equipments, industrial controlling devices and even in engineering projects. As the foremost
choice, the basic 8051 microcontroller is preferred by the beginners who want to start their
practical implementation of embedded projects due to its simple programming.
Even though a variety of advanced microcontrollers are available in the market, the 8051
microcontroller still is a good one and finds huge applications in simple electronic products.
The 8051 microcontroller is a 8-bit, 40-pin microcontroller wherein 4 I/O ports can be
configured to use either as the input and outputs. Depending on the application, it is
implemented – the program code is written in it to produce an appropriate function.
Burn a Program in the Microcontroller is the process of transferring a program code to the
microcontroller’s memory from a compiler software. Generally, this microcontroller program
is written in assembly or embedded C language. And this code is converted into hex file using
Keil IDE software, which is then transferred to the microcontroller memory using burner
hardware along with a dedicated software. Once the code is stored in the microcontroller, its
function remains in accordance with the program.
Procedure:
Draw the circuit and design on bread-board:
Analyze and draw the circuit for which the microcontroller 8051 is to be used. Select the
components and assemble it to the breadboard or PCB

57
Consider Software and Hardware Platforms:
As the purchased microcontroller doesn’t contain any data code, so make sure that the
following software requirements are necessary for programming the microcontroller to
implement it for special tasks:
 Ensure that the microcontroller should be capable to program and compatible with
operating system of PC.
 Install Keil Software on PC.
 Microcontroller burner hardware circuit with accompanied software which must
install on PC to transfer code to the microcontroller.
Write down the Program:
 Open the Keil software on PC
 From the drop-down menu, select the project and select “New Project”
Figure 9.1: Select New Project
 Select 89c51 microcontroller

58
 Choose the “File” menu on menu bar. Select “New File”
Figure 9.2: Select New File
 Write the code in the blank space in embedded C language and save the file with ‘.c’
extension
Figure 9.3: Save File

59
Compile, Debug and correctthe error:
 For compiling, click “Project menu”and select “Build Target”
Figure 9.4: Build Target
 Select the Debug menu and check for the errors and make the changes until the errors
get extinguished
Figure 9.5: Rectify Error

60
Create HEX file and Save it:
 Goto Project menu and select Options for Target, and then Target 1
Figure 9.6: Select Target
 A dialogue box appears; then select the Output menu and check mark Create Hex
option
Figure 9.7: Create HEX File

61
 And finally select Project Menu and select Build Target
Designthe circuit in Simulate Software:
Develop a prototype of this circuit in simulation softwares like Proteus and follow the steps to
develop this circuit in that.
 Open the Proteus Software
Figure 9.8: Proteus Software
 Click the File Menu
 Select New Design
 Click the Library Menu
 Select pick devices and symbols
 Add all the components and Draw the circuit with proper connections
Figure 9.9: Circuit Design in Proteus

62
Simulate the circuit:
 This step checks the logical errors in the program by simulating the designed circuit
after loading the HEX file
 Open the microcontroller properties by double-clicking it
 Browse the HEX file from where it is saved
 Simulate the circuit by clicking Run control symbol on the Left-bottom corner
controls.
Dump the code:
Figure 9.10: Hardware for Burning Process
Once the program code runs successfully on the simulation circuit, you can easily dump it
to the microcontroller by following procedure:
 Interface the hardware burner to the Computer through a serial cable or Usb cable
 Place the microcontroller in the socket of Hardware kit and press lock button to
ensure the microcontroller has been connected to the board

63
 Open the burner software installed in the computer
 Click Library menu
 Click the File menu and select load file option from drop-down menu
 Click the auto button so that HEX file is loaded into the microcontroller
Place the microcontrolleron PCB:
 Remove the microcontroller from the burner and place it on the main circuit. Turn the
circuit and check whether the circuit is working or not.

65
10.Operation
Circuit Layout:
Construction:
Figure 10.1: Circuit Layout of the System
 The electronic circuit consists of two terminals for the battery connections. The
positive and negative ends of the electronic circuit is connected to the positive and
negative terminals of the battery respectively.

66
 For controlling the speed of motor the electronic circuit is provided with three
terminals ( Low speed, High speed and Common ). Both the terminals are connected
to the Switching circuit at their respective positions.
 Beaker is provided to act as a water level sensor where the rain water gets collected.
 Motor having positive and negative terminals. The positive terminal of the motor is
connected to the Switching circuit and the negative terminal of the motor is connected
to the negative terminal of the battery.
 Now the Low speed terminal of switching circuit is connected at the intermediate level
of the beaker and High speed terminal is connected to the top most level of the beaker.
 The switching circuit is provided with 9V supply and positive terminal of switching
circuit is placed at lowest level of Beaker.
Working:
1. The circuit is provided with a 3-way switch. When the switch is moved upwards the
wiper motor starts manually at constant speed. At middle position, the system is
switched OFF. When the switch is moved downwards the automatic mode wiper
system gets ON.
2. When the rain water gets collected in the beaker, until the level of water reaches the
level of Low speed terminal; the wiper will remain stopped.
3. As soon as the water level reaches the Low speed terminal level, the circuit gets
completed and the Wiper motor is actuated at Low speed.
4. If the water level is further rised to the High speed level, the High speed circuit gets
completed and the Wiper motor will actuate at High speed.
5. In order to avoid overflow of water and to avoid continuous working of wiper motor,
holes are provided on the side of beaker at certain level below Low speed level and
High speed level terminals.
6. Due to the holes when the water reaches level below the High speed level, the wiper
motor again runs at Low speed.
7. Further fall in water level below the Low speed level, the wiper motor ultimately stops
running

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11. Program
#include<reg52.h>
Static int y;
sbit x=p3^3;
Void zcr(void);
Void msecdelay2();
Void msecdelay5();
Void main()
{
P1=0*off; //MAKE PORT 1 AS INPUT & OUTPUT PORT
P2=0*00; // MAKE PORT 2 AS OUTPUT PORT
X=1;
While(1)
{
If(p1==0*ofe) //IF SWITCH 1 IS PRESSED
{
y=0;
While(p1==0*of5)
{

69
If(y==0)
{
Zcr(); //WORK FORZERO CROSS REFERENCE
Msecdelay2(); //DELAY FOR2MSEC
P2=0*of;
Msecdelay5(); //DELAY FOR 5MSEC
P2=0*00;
y++; //INCREMENT Y VALUE
}
If(y==1)
{
Zcr(); //WORK FOR ZERO CROSS REFERENCE
P2=0*of;
P2=0*00;
}
If (y==2)
{
P2=0*fo;
P2=0*00;
}
If (y==3)
{

70
P2=0*ofo;
P2=0*00;
Y=0;
}
}
}
else if(p1=0*fc) //IF SWITCH 2 IS PRESSED
{
y=0;
While(p1==0*fa)
{
If(y==0)
{
P2=0*of;
P2=0*00;
}
If(y==1)
{
P2=0*of;

71
P2=0*00;
}
If(y==2) //DELAY FOR 2MSEC
{
P2=0*of;
P2=0*00;
}
If(y==3)
{
P2=0*fo;
P2=0*00;
}
If(y==4)
{
P2=0*fo;

72
P2=0*00;
}
If(y==5)
{
P2=0*fo;
P2=0*00;
Y=0;
}
}
}
else
{
If(y==0)
{
P2=0*fo;
P2=0*00;
}
If(y==1)
{

73
P2=0*fo;
P2=0*00;
y=0;
}
}
}
}
Void zcr(void) //ZERO CROSS REERENCE FUNCTION
{
While(x=1);
While(x=0);
}
Void msecdelay2()
{
Unsigned int I,j;
For(i=0;i<1,i++)
{
For(j=0;j<50,i++)
{;}
}
}
Void msecdelay5()
{
Unsigned int m,n;

74
For(m=0;m<5,m++)
{
For(n=0;n<100,n++)
}
}
12 Result
According to the project developed, the results are obtained based on the type of beaker and
arrangement of the terminals on the beaker and may vary according to change in type of
beaker and arrangement of terminals.
Thus, the wiper system can be used at manual and automatic mode. On automatic mode, the
wiper works at low speed when the water level reaches the level of Low speed terminal. The
high speed of wiper is achieved when the water level reaches the High speed terminal. When
the water is below both the terminals, wiper motor will stop working.
The terminal height can be adjusted according to the requirement. Sensitivity to the rain can
be achieved by increasing and decreasing the distances between the terminals.
13Conclusion
An automated rain operated wiper system is designed, developed, and demonstrated to detect
rain and actuate the windshield wiper based on the intensity of rain with the use of the water
level type sensor which is one of the conductive method.
This wiper system will reduce the cumbersome wiper operation and improve driver’s level

75
comfort. It will give a new dimension of comfort and aid to the drivers who work at night and
traffic prone areas where they already have to concentrate on brakes and clutches. The
removal of controlling the wipers during rain will provide them ease and help them to
concentrate on the basic ABC (accelerator, brake and clutch) of driving.

76

78

80
11. Future Scope
The circuit developed in this paper is based on conductive type sensing element that is using a
water level sensor and then according to the level of water in the beaker the wiper motor gets
actuated.
There can be further modification in future by replacing the water level sensor with a
conductive type patterned sensor which can directly provide the output resistance according to
change in water intensity.
The circuit can also be modified by using other types of sensors like capacitive, piezoelectric
or ultrasonic but the output of the circuit will vary accordingly with the use of sensor.

81

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