2. o Torres- Hispanic identity development model (1999)
▪ Bicultural Orientation model (BOM):
● Correlation between acculturation and ethnic
identity among Hispanic college students.
Ethnic Identity of Latinos, Hispanics
and Chicanos
3. o Bicultural: high levels of acculturation and
ethnic identity.
o Anglo orientation: high levels of acculturation
and low levels of ethnic identity.
o Hispanic orientation: low levels of
acculturation and high levels of ethnic
identity.
o Marginal orientation: low levels of
acculturation and low levels of ethnic identity.
Torres continued...
4. o Asian Americans are the most ethnically diverse group in
America (p.282).
▪ Linear ethnic models are not applicable.
▪ Not a psychosocial journey, but heavily influenced by
others.
Ethnic Identity: Asians
5. o Identifying Native Americans as one population is “not
desirable”, as they have been victimized by White
Americans for too long.
Ethnic Identity: Native Americans
6. o Colonialism and slavery “stripped Blacks of their identity, causing deep, generational,
psychological trauma” (p.284).
o Identity is always a narrative, as there is not one model that applies.
▪ Caribbean cultural identity-
● “Reinterpretation of many cultures to produce a single culture is called,
bricolage” (p.285).
● “The process of borrowing and accepting culture from one another, the
fragments of many cultures combine to produce a newly formed distinctive
culture (called), creolization” (p.285).
● Caribbean Dispora
▪ Womanist Identity-
● Created by Black women for themselves, “specific in articulating personal
insights from a Black female perspective”
Ethnic Identity: African Americans
7. o Educators need to know more about how ethnic identity
development impacts college students.
o Avoid generalization and categorization.
o Longitudinal studies of ethnic identity change are
needed.
o Intersectionality.
Critique of Models and Future
Directions
8. Evans, N. J., Forney, D. S., Guido, F. M., Patton, L. D., &
Renn, K. A. (2010). Student development in college: Theory,
research, and practice (2nd ed.). San Francisco, CA: Jossey-
Bass.
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