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Itn instructor ppt_chapter5_ethernet
1.
© 2008 Cisco
Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco ConfidentialPresentation_ID 1 Chapter 5: Ethernet Introduction to Networks
2.
5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 Introduction Ethernet Protocol LAN Switches Address
Resolution Summary Protocol 2© 2013 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public
3.
Upon completion of
this section, you should be able to: • Explain how the Ethernet sublayers are related to the frame fields. • Describe the Ethernet MAC address. 3© 2013 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public
4.
4© 2013 Cisco
and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public
5.
5© 2013 Cisco
and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public
6.
Ethernet • Most widely
used LAN technology • Operates in the data link layer and the physical layer • Family of networking technologies that are defined in the IEEE 802.2 and 802.3 standards • Supports data bandwidths of 10, 100, 1000, 10,000, 40,000, and 100,000 Mbps (100 Gbps) Ethernet standards • Define Layer 2 protocols and Layer 1 technologies • Two separate sub layers of the data link layer to operate - Logical control (LLC) and the MAC sublayers link 6© 2013 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public
7.
7© 2013 Cisco
and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public
8.
Primary responsibilities: • Data
encapsulation • Media access control 8© 2013 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public
9.
Ethernet II Frame
Structure and Field Size 9© 2013 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public
10.
• Minimum Ethernet
frame size is 64 bytes (Collision Frame or Runt) Giant)• Maximum Ethernet frame size is 1518 bytes (Jumbo or Baby 10© 2013 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public
11.
11© 2013 Cisco
and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public
12.
12© 2013 Cisco
and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public
13.
13© 2013 Cisco
and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public
14.
• Layer 2
Ethernet MAC address is a 48-bit binary value expressed as 12 hexadecimal digits. • IEEE requires a vendor to follow two simple rules: Must use that vendor's assigned OUI as the first three bytes. All MAC addresses with the same OUI must be assigned a unique value in the last three bytes. 14© 2013 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public
15.
15© 2013 Cisco
and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public
16.
• The NIC
views information to see if the destination MAC address in the frame matches the device’s physical MAC address stored in RAM. • If there is no match, the device discards the frame. • If there is a match, the NIC passes the frame up the OSI layers, where the de-encapsulation process takes place. 16© 2013 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public
17.
17© 2013 Cisco
and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public
18.
18© 2013 Cisco
and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public
19.
19© 2013 Cisco
and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public
20.
20© 2013 Cisco
and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public
21.
Upon completion of
this section, you should be able to: • Explain how a switch operates. • Explain how a switch builds its MAC address table and forwards frames. • Describe switch forwarding methods. • Describe the types of port settings available for Layer 2 switches. 21© 2013 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public
22.
22© 2013 Cisco
and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public
23.
• An Ethernet
Switch is a Layer 2 device. • It uses MAC addresses to make forwarding decisions. • The MAC address table is sometimes referred to as a content addressable memory (CAM) table. 23© 2013 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public
24.
24© 2013 Cisco
and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public
25.
25© 2013 Cisco
and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public
26.
PC-D sends a
frame back to PC-A and the switch learns PC-D’s MAC address. 26© 2013 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public
27.
Since the Switch
MAC Address table contains PC-A’s MAC Address, it sends the frame out only port 1. 27© 2013 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public
28.
PC-A sends another
frame to PC-D. The switch’s table now contains PC-D’s MAC address, so it sends the frame out only port 4. 28© 2013 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public
29.
• A switch
can have multiple MAC addresses associated with a single port. • This occurs when the switch is connected to another switch. • See VIDEO DEMONSTRATION 29© 2013 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public
30.
• When a
device has an IP address that is on a remote network, the Ethernet frame cannot be sent directly to the destination device. • The Ethernet frame is sent to the which is the router. MAC address of the default gateway, • See VIDEO DEMONSTRATION 30© 2013 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public
31.
31© 2013 Cisco
and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public
32.
Store-and-forward Cut-through A store-end-forward
switch receives the entire frame,.. and computes the CRC. � the CRv is valid, the switch looks up the destination address, which determines the outgoing interface. The frame is then forwarded out the correct port. A cut-through switch forwards the frame before it is entirely received. At a minimum, the destination address of the frame must be read before the frame can be forwarded. 32© 2013 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public
33.
Fast-forward switching: • Lowest
level of latency immediately forwards the destination address. • Typical cut-through method of switching. Fragment-free switching: • Switch stores the first 64 bytes of the frame before forwarding. • Most network errors and collisions occur during the first 64 bytes. a packet after reading 33© 2013 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public
34.
Port-based memory In
port-based memory buffering, frames are stored queues that are linked to specific incoming and outgoing ports. Shared memory buffering deposits all frames into a in Shared memory common memory buffer, which all the ports on the switch share. 34© 2013 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public
35.
35© 2013 Cisco
and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public
36.
• Full-duplex –
Both ends of the connection can send and receive simultaneously. • Half-duplex – Only one end of the connection can send at a time. 36© 2013 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public
37.
A common cause
of performance issues on 10/100 Mb/s Ethernet links is when one duplex. port on the link operates at half-duplex and the other on full- 37© 2013 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public
38.
MDIX auto detects
the type of connection required and configures theinterface accordingly. 38© 2013 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public
39.
Upon completion of
this section, you should be able to: • Compare the roles of the MAC address and the IP address. • Describe the purpose of ARP. • Explain how ARP requests impact network and host performance. 39© 2013 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public
40.
40© 2013 Cisco
and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public
41.
There are two
primary addresses assigned to a device on an Ethernet LAN: • Physical address (the MAC address) – Used for Ethernet NIC to Ethernet NIC communications on the same • Logical address (the IP address) – network. Used to send the packet from the original source to the final destination. 41© 2013 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public
42.
42© 2013 Cisco
and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public
43.
43© 2013 Cisco
and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public
44.
44© 2013 Cisco
and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public
45.
ARP Table Used to
find the MAC address that is mapped to the destination IPv4 address. If the destination IPv4 address is on the same network as the source IPv4, the device will search the ARP table for the destination IPv4 address. If the destination IPv4 address is on a different network, the device will search for the IPv4 address of the default gateway. • • • If the device locates the IPv4 address, its corresponding used as the destination MAC address in the frame. If no entry is found, then an ARP request is sent. MAC address is• • 45© 2013 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public
46.
• Sent when
a device needs a MAC address associated with an IPv4 address, and it does not have an entry in its ARP table. • The ARP request message includes: Target IPv4 address – This is the IPv4 address that requires a corresponding MAC address. Target MAC address – This is the unknown MAC address and will be empty in the ARP request message. • The ARP request is encapsulated in an Ethernet frame using the following header information: Destination MAC address – This is a broadcast address requiring all Ethernet NICs on the LAN to accept and process the ARP request. Source MAC address – This is the sender’s MAC address. Type – ARP messages have a type field of 0x806. • See VIDEO DEMONSTRATION 46© 2013 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public
47.
• The device
with the target IPv4 address in the ARP request will respond with an ARP reply. The ARP reply message includes: Sender’s IPv4 address – This is the IPv4 address of the sender, the device whose MAC address was requested. Sender’s MAC address – This is the MAC address of the sender, the MAC address needed by the sender of the ARP request. • The ARP reply is encapsulated in an Ethernet frame using the header information: Destination MAC address – This is the MAC address of the sender. Source MAC address – This is the sender of the ARP reply’s MAC address. Type – ARP messages have a type field of 0x806. following • See VIDEO DEMONSTRATION 47© 2013 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public
48.
• When the
destination IPv4 address is not on the same network as the source IPv4 address, the source device needs to send the frame to its default gateway. • The source checks its ARP table for an entry with the IPv4 address of the default gateway. • If there is not an entry, it uses the ARP address of the default gateway. process to determine the MAC • See VIDEO DEMONSTRATION 48© 2013 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public
49.
• ARP cache
timer removesARP entries that have not been used for a specified period of time. • Commands may also be used to manually remove all or some of the entries in the ARP table. 49© 2013 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public
50.
50© 2013 Cisco
and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public
51.
51© 2013 Cisco
and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public
52.
52© 2013 Cisco
and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public
53.
All devices powered
on at the same time Shared Media (multiple access) ARP broadcasts can flood the local media. 53© 2013 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public
54.
54© 2013 Cisco
and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public
55.
Chapter Objectives: • Explain •
Explain • Explain the operation of Ethernet. how how a switch operates. the address resolution protocol enables communication on a network. 55© 2013 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public
56.
Thank you.
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