Two methods for semi-automated feature extraction

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from lidar-derived DEMdesigned for cairn-fields and burial mounds Benjamin Štular Znanstvenoraziskovalni Center Slovenske Akademije Znanosti In Umetnosti (ZRC SAZU) Scientific Research Centre of the Slovenian Academy of Sciences and Arts CAA 2016, Oslo

Data & Analytics

Two methods for
semi-automated feature extraction
from lidar-derived DEM
designed for cairn-fields and burial mounds
Benjamin ŠTULAR

• The most time consuming part of the lidar data
processing in archaeology is archaeological
interpretation.
• This CANNOT be automated.
Methodological Considerations

• Sometimes the transcription of archaeological
features (“vectorization”) is time consuming.
• This CAN BE automated in certain cases.
Methodological Considerations

• paths (Vletter 2014)
• pits (TRIER, PILØ 2015)
• kilns (Schneider et al. 2015)
• burial mounds and cairn-fields
Suitable Types of Archaeological Features

Method
Input DEM
Extracting features
Binary values extraction
Shape and size detection
DEM analysis

Input DEM
Extracting features
Binary values extraction
Shape and size detection
DEM analysis
Method

Input DEM
DEM analysis
Extracting features
Binary values extraction
Shape and size detection
Method

Binary values extraction Shape and size detection Extracting features

Peakedness is defined as a degree of belonging to a peak. Value 1
defines the summit and it decreases towards 0 down the side of the peak
as it approaches the foot of a hill.
Peakedness
–Wood, J. 1996, The Geomorphological Characterisation of Digital
Elevation Models. PhD Thesis, City University London

Elevation Residuals
Elevation residuals are topographic indices derived from DEMs using spatial
filtering techniques (i.e. a roving window of radius r is centered on each grid cell
in the DEM) to quantify the spatial pattern of topographic position or
ruggedness within the context of a surrounding area.

Difference between the window center's elevation
and its mean elevation; elevation difference is
normalized by:
D = size of the window
z0: elevation of the window center cell
zD: window mean elevation.
Deviation from mean elevation (DEV)

• Mean of difference between height at
centre and its quadratic approximation
• Standard deviation of difference
between height at centre and its
quadratic approximation
Quadratic Approximation

DEV
• single-scale
• radius (circular)
Quadratic
• multi-scale
• cell (square)
Elevation Residuals

DEV DQuadratic
Deviation from mean elevation
r = 15 m
Standard deviation (quadratic)
window size = 109

Results: 1st Case Study
Manual
detection
Positive
No.
Positive
%
False
positive
False
positive
Peak 448 424 94,6 2527 5,96
Deviation 448 433 96,7 1588 3,58
Q - Mean 448 443 98,9 1244 2,81
Q - StDev 448 426 95,1 597 1,40

Results: 2nd Case Study
Manual
detection
Positive
No.
Positive
%
False
positive
False
positive
Peak 403 271 67,2 1793 6,62
Deviation 403 350 86,8 2444 6,98
Q -Mean 403 304 75,4 1042 3,43
Q - StDev 403 243 60,3 684 2,81

Workflow (cca. 500 cairns)
• Manual point-detection of cairns (½ hour)
• Semi-automatic feature extraction (1 hour or more*)
• Manual “desk-based-truthing” (½ hour)
• Data extraction, e.g. size, shape, height (minutes)

TOTAL: 2 ¼ hours*
Total manual: 5-8 hours

Makes sense?
98,9% / 1,4 x 86,8% / 2,8 x

Help with feature extraction - YES
Archaeological interpretation - NO
Semi-automated Feature Extraction

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原版定制【微信:153539019】【英国卡迪夫大学毕业证（Cardiff毕业证书）】【微信:153539019】（留信学历认证永久存档查询）采用学校原版纸张、特殊工艺完全按照原版一比一制作（包括：隐形水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠，文字图案浮雕，激光镭射，紫外荧光，温感，复印防伪）行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备，十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，业务范围有加拿大、英国、澳洲、韩国、美国、新加坡，新西兰等学历材料，包您满意。【业务选择办理准则】一、工作未确定，回国需先给父母、亲戚朋友看下文凭的情况，办理一份就读学校的毕业证【微信153539019】文凭即可二、回国进私企、外企、自己做生意的情况，这些单位是不查询毕业证真伪的，而且国内没有渠道去查询国外文凭的真假，也不需要提供真实教育部认证。鉴于此，办理一份毕业证【微信153539019】即可三、进国企，银行，事业单位，考公务员等等，这些单位是必需要提供真实教育部认证的，办理教育部认证所需资料众多且烦琐，所有材料您都必须提供原件，我们凭借丰富的经验，快捷的绿色通道帮您快速整合材料，让您少走弯路。留信网认证的作用: 1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份 2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定 3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书 4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方 5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息 6:个人职称评审加20分 7:个人信誉贷款加10分 8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才留信网服务项目： 1、留学生专业人才库服务（留信分析） 2、国（境）学习人员提供就业推荐信服务 3、留学人员区块链存储服务 → 【关于价格问题（保证一手价格）】我们所定的价格是非常合理的，而且我们现在做得单子大多数都是代理和回头客户介绍的所以一般现在有新的单子我给客户的都是第一手的代理价格，因为我想坦诚对待大家不想跟大家在价格方面浪费时间对于老客户或者被老客户介绍过来的朋友，我们都会适当给一些优惠。选择实体注册公司办理，更放心，更安全！我们的承诺：客户在留信官方认证查询网站查询到认证通过结果后付款，不成功不收费！

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原版定制【微信:153539019】《(UCLA毕业证书）加州大学洛杉矶分校毕业证》【微信:153539019】成绩单、雅思、外壳、留信学历认证永久存档查询，采用学校原版纸张、特殊工艺完全按照原版一比一制作（包括：隐形水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠，文字图案浮雕，激光镭射，紫外荧光，温感，复印防伪）行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备，十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，业务范围有加拿大、英国、澳洲、韩国、美国、新加坡，新西兰等学历材料，包您满意。【业务选择办理准则】一、工作未确定，回国需先给父母、亲戚朋友看下文凭的情况，办理一份就读学校的毕业证【微信153539019】文凭即可二、回国进私企、外企、自己做生意的情况，这些单位是不查询毕业证真伪的，而且国内没有渠道去查询国外文凭的真假，也不需要提供真实教育部认证。鉴于此，办理一份毕业证【微信153539019】即可三、进国企，银行，事业单位，考公务员等等，这些单位是必需要提供真实教育部认证的，办理教育部认证所需资料众多且烦琐，所有材料您都必须提供原件，我们凭借丰富的经验，快捷的绿色通道帮您快速整合材料，让您少走弯路。留信网认证的作用: 1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份 2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定 3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书 4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方 5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息 6:个人职称评审加20分 7:个人信誉贷款加10分 8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才【关于价格问题（保证一手价格）】我们所定的价格是非常合理的，而且我们现在做得单子大多数都是代理和回头客户介绍的所以一般现在有新的单子我给客户的都是第一手的代理价格，因为我想坦诚对待大家不想跟大家在价格方面浪费时间对于老客户或者被老客户介绍过来的朋友，我们都会适当给一些优惠。

如何办理(UCLA毕业证书）加州大学洛杉矶分校毕业证成绩单学位证留信学历认证原件一样

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毕业原版【微信:790682806】【哥伦比亚大学毕业证(Columbia毕业证）】【微信:790682806】成绩单、外壳、offer、留信学历认证（永久存档真实可查）采用学校原版纸张、特殊工艺完全按照原版一比一制作（包括：隐形水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠，文字图案浮雕，激光镭射，紫外荧光，温感，复印防伪）行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备，十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，业务范围有加拿大、英国、澳洲、韩国、美国、新加坡，新西兰等学历材料，包您满意。【我们承诺采用的是学校原版纸张（纸质、底色、纹路），我们拥有全套进口原装设备，特殊工艺都是采用不同机器制作，仿真度基本可以达到98%以上，所有工艺效果都可提前给客户展示，不满意可以根据客户要求进行调整，直到满意为止！】【业务选择办理准则】一、工作未确定，回国需先给父母、亲戚朋友看下文凭的情况，办理一份就读学校的毕业证【微信790682806】文凭即可二、回国进私企、外企、自己做生意的情况，这些单位是不查询毕业证真伪的，而且国内没有渠道去查询国外文凭的真假，也不需要提供真实教育部认证。鉴于此，办理一份毕业证【微信790682806】即可三、进国企，银行，事业单位，考公务员等等，这些单位是必需要提供真实教育部认证的，办理教育部认证所需资料众多且烦琐，所有材料您都必须提供原件，我们凭借丰富的经验，快捷的绿色通道帮您快速整合材料，让您少走弯路。留信网认证的作用: 1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份 2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定 3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书 4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方 5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息 6:个人职称评审加20分 7:个人信誉贷款加10分 8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才留信网服务项目： 1、留学生专业人才库服务（留信分析） 2、国（境）学习人员提供就业推荐信服务 3、留学人员区块链存储服务 → 【关于价格问题（保证一手价格）】我们所定的价格是非常合理的，而且我们现在做得单子大多数都是代理和回头客户介绍的所以一般现在有新的单子我给客户的都是第一手的代理价格，因为我想坦诚对待大家不想跟大家在价格方面浪费时间对于老客户或者被老客户介绍过来的朋友，我们都会适当给一些优惠。选择实体注册公司办理，更放心，更安全！我们的承诺：客户在留信官方认证查询网站查询到认证通过结果后付款，不成功不收费！

如何办理哥伦比亚大学毕业证(Columbia毕业证）成绩单原版一比一

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obat aborsi Tarakan wa 081336238223 jual obat aborsi cytotec asli di Tarakan9...

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Two methods for semi-automated feature extraction

1. Two methods for semi-automated feature extraction from lidar-derived DEM designed for cairn-fields and burial mounds Benjamin ŠTULAR

2. • The most time consuming part of the lidar data processing in archaeology is archaeological interpretation. • This CANNOT be automated. Methodological Considerations

3. • Sometimes the transcription of archaeological features (“vectorization”) is time consuming. • This CAN BE automated in certain cases. Methodological Considerations

4. • paths (Vletter 2014) • pits (TRIER, PILØ 2015) • kilns (Schneider et al. 2015) • burial mounds and cairn-fields Suitable Types of Archaeological Features

5. Visoko Knežak Slovenia Case Studies

6. Method Input DEM Extracting features Binary values extraction Shape and size detection DEM analysis

7. Input DEM Extracting features Binary values extraction Shape and size detection DEM analysis Method

8. Input DEM DEM analysis Extracting features Binary values extraction Shape and size detection Method

9. Input DEM DEM analysis Extracting features Binary values extraction Shape and size detection Method

10. Input DEM DEM analysis Extracting features Binary values extraction Shape and size detection Method

11. Input DEM DEM analysis Extracting features Binary values extraction Shape and size detection Method

12. Binary values extraction Shape and size detection Extracting features

13. Input DEM DEM analysis Extracting features Binary values extraction Shape and size detection Method

14. Peakedness is defined as a degree of belonging to a peak. Value 1 defines the summit and it decreases towards 0 down the side of the peak as it approaches the foot of a hill. Peakedness –Wood, J. 1996, The Geomorphological Characterisation of Digital Elevation Models. PhD Thesis, City University London

15.

16.

17. Elevation Residuals Elevation residuals are topographic indices derived from DEMs using spatial filtering techniques (i.e. a roving window of radius r is centered on each grid cell in the DEM) to quantify the spatial pattern of topographic position or ruggedness within the context of a surrounding area.

18. Elevation Residuals

19. Difference between the window center's elevation and its mean elevation; elevation difference is normalized by: D = size of the window z0: elevation of the window center cell zD: window mean elevation. Deviation from mean elevation (DEV)

20. • Mean of difference between height at centre and its quadratic approximation • Standard deviation of difference between height at centre and its quadratic approximation Quadratic Approximation

21. DEV • single-scale • radius (circular) Quadratic • multi-scale • cell (square) Elevation Residuals

22. DEV DQuadratic Deviation from mean elevation r = 15 m Standard deviation (quadratic) window size = 109

23. Visoko Knežak Slovenia Case Studies

24. 1st Case Study: Visoko

25. 1st

26. 26 448 Cairns 1st

27. 27 1st 448 Cairns

28. 28 1st 448 Cairns Peakedness

29. 29 1st 448 Cairns Deviation

30. 30 1st 448 Cairns Quadratic - Mean

31. 1st 448 Cairns Quadratic - StDev

32. Results: 1st Case Study Manual detection Positive No. Positive % False positive False positive Peak 448 424 94,6 2527 5,96 Deviation 448 433 96,7 1588 3,58 Q - Mean 448 443 98,9 1244 2,81 Q - StDev 448 426 95,1 597 1,40

33. Visoko Knežak Slovenia Case Studies

34. 2nd Case Study: Knežak

35. 2nd

36.

37. Results: 2nd Case Study Manual detection Positive No. Positive % False positive False positive Peak 403 271 67,2 1793 6,62 Deviation 403 350 86,8 2444 6,98 Q -Mean 403 304 75,4 1042 3,43 Q - StDev 403 243 60,3 684 2,81

38. Take-Home Message

39. Workflow (cca. 500 cairns) • Manual point-detection of cairns (½ hour) • Semi-automatic feature extraction (1 hour or more*) • Manual “desk-based-truthing” (½ hour) • Data extraction, e.g. size, shape, height (minutes)

40. TOTAL: 2 ¼ hours* Total manual: 5-8 hours

41. Makes sense? 98,9% / 1,4 x 86,8% / 2,8 x

42. Help with feature extraction - YES Archaeological interpretation - NO Semi-automated Feature Extraction

Two methods for semi-automated feature extraction

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Two methods for semi-automated feature extraction