Describe two methods for communicating the material in an Information Security policy to the staff of an organization. What are the strengths and weaknesses of each? Solution Information security means protecting information (data) and information systems from unauthorized access, use, disclosure, disruption, modification, or destruction. Information Security management is a process of defining the security controls in order to protect the information assets. Security Program The first action of a management program to implement information security is to have a security program in place. Though some argue the first act would be to gain some real \"proof of concept\" and \"explainable thru display on the monitor screen\" security knowledge. Start with maybe understanding where OS passwords are stored within the code inside a file within a directory. If you don\'t understand Operating Systems at the root directory level maybe you should seek out advice from somebody who does before even beginning to implement security program management and objectives. Security Program Objectives · Protect the company and its assets. · Manage Risks by Identifying assets, discovering threats and estimating the risk · Provide direction for security activities by framing of information security policies, procedures, standards, guidelines and baselines · Information Classification · Security Organization and · Security Education Security Management Responsibilities · Determining objectives, scope, policies,re expected to be accomplished from a security program · Evaluate business objectives, security risks, user productivity, and functionality requirements. · Define steps to ensure that all the above are accounted for and properly addressed Approaches to Build a Security Program · Top-Down Approach · The initiation, support, and direction comes from the top management and work their way through middle management and then to staff members. · Treated as the best approach but seems to based on the I get paid more therefor I must know more about everything type of mentality. · Ensures that the senior management who are ultimately responsible for protecting the company assets is driving the program. · Bottom-Up Approach · The lower-end team comes up with a security control or a program without proper management support and direction. · It is oft considered less effective and doomed to fail for the same flaw in thinking as above; I get paid more therefor I must know more about everything. Since advancement is directly tied to how well you can convince others, who often fall outside of your of job duties and department, as to your higher value to the company as stated by your own effective written communication this leads to amazing resume writers and take no blame style of email responses that seems to definitely lead to the eventual failure of company\'s standards and actual knowledge. It is often covered up by relationships which form at the power levels within any gr.

1. Describe two methods for communicating the material in an Information Security policy to the
staff of an organization. What are the strengths and weaknesses of each?
Solution
Information security means protecting information (data) and information systems from
unauthorized access, use, disclosure, disruption, modification, or destruction.
Information Security management is a process of defining the security controls in order to
protect the information assets.
Security Program
The first action of a management program to implement information security is to have a
security program in place. Though some argue the first act would be to gain some real "proof of
concept" and "explainable thru display on the monitor screen" security knowledge. Start with
maybe understanding where OS passwords are stored within the code inside a file within a
directory. If you don't understand Operating Systems at the root directory level maybe you
should seek out advice from somebody who does before even beginning to implement security
program management and objectives.
Security Program Objectives
· Protect the company and its assets.
· Manage Risks by Identifying assets, discovering threats and estimating the risk
· Provide direction for security activities by framing of information security policies,
procedures, standards, guidelines and baselines
· Information Classification
· Security Organization and
· Security Education
Security Management Responsibilities
· Determining objectives, scope, policies,re expected to be accomplished from a security
program
· Evaluate business objectives, security risks, user productivity, and functionality
requirements.
· Define steps to ensure that all the above are accounted for and properly addressed
Approaches to Build a Security Program
· Top-Down Approach
· The initiation, support, and direction comes from the top management and work their way
through middle management and then to staff members.

2. · Treated as the best approach but seems to based on the I get paid more therefor I must
know more about everything type of mentality.
· Ensures that the senior management who are ultimately responsible for protecting the
company assets is driving the program.
· Bottom-Up Approach
· The lower-end team comes up with a security control or a program without proper
management support and direction.
· It is oft considered less effective and doomed to fail for the same flaw in thinking as
above; I get paid more therefor I must know more about everything.
Since advancement is directly tied to how well you can convince others, who often fall outside of
your of job duties and department, as to your higher value to the company as stated by your own
effective written communication this leads to amazing resume writers and take no blame style of
email responses that seems to definitely lead to the eventual failure of company's standards and
actual knowledge. It is often covered up by relationships which form at the power levels within
any group of people and those who are considered so-called experts having no real idea what is
really involved under the hood of the reports/applications they use and no proof presented in
emails written when self declared claims of their expertise is made or blame is to be put on
another.
Security Controls
Security Controls can be classified into three categories
Administrative Controls which include
· Developing and publishing of policies, standards, procedures, and guidelines.
· Screening of personnel.
· Conducting security-awareness training and
· Implementing change control procedures.
Technical or Logical Controls which include
· Implementing and maintaining access control mechanisms.
· Password and resource management.
· Identification and authentication methods
· Security devices and
· Configuration of the infrastructure.
Physical Controls which include
· Controlling individual access into the facility and different departments
· Locking systems and removing unnecessary floppy or CD-ROM drives
· Protecting the perimeter of the facility
· Monitoring for intrusion and

3. · Environmental controls.
Security Note: It is the responsibility of the information owner (usually a Sr. executive within
the management group or head of a specific dept) to protect the data and is the due care
(liable by the court of law) for any kind of negligence
The Elements of Security
Vulnerability
· It is a software, hardware, or procedural weakness that may provide an attacker the open
door he is looking for to enter a computer or network and have unauthorized access to resources
within the environment.
· Vulnerability characterizes the absence or weakness of a safeguard that could be
exploited.
· E.g.: a service running on a server, unpatched applications or operating system software,
unrestricted modem dial-in access, an open port on a firewall, lack of physical security etc.
Threat
· Any potential danger to information or systems.
· A threat is a possibility that someone (person, s/w) would identify and exploit the
vulnerability.
· The entity that takes advantage of vulnerability is referred to as a threat agent. E.g.: A
threat agent could be an intruder accessing the network through a port on the firewall
Risk
· Risk is the likelihood of a threat agent taking advantage of vulnerability and the
corresponding business impact.
· Reducing vulnerability and/or threat reduces the risk.
· E.g.: If a firewall has several ports open, there is a higher likelihood that an intruder will
use one to access the network in an unauthorized method.
Exposure
· An exposure is an instance of being exposed to losses from a threat agent.
· Vulnerability exposes an organization to possible damages.
· E.g.:If password management is weak and password rules are not enforced, the company
is exposed to the possibility of having users' passwords captured and used in an unauthorized
manner.
Countermeasure or Safeguard
· It is an application or a s/w configuration or h/w or a procedure that mitigates the risk.
· E.g.: strong password management, a security guard, access control mechanisms within an
operating system, the implementation of basic input/output system (BIOS) passwords, and
security-awareness training.

4. The Relation Between the Security Elements
· Example: If a company has antivirus software but does not keep the virus signatures up-
to-date, this is vulnerability. The company is vulnerable to virus attacks.
· The threat is that a virus will show up in the environment and disrupt productivity.
· The likelihood of a virus showing up in the environment and causing damage is the risk.
· If a virus infiltrates the company's environment, then vulnerability has been exploited and
the company is exposed to loss.
· The countermeasures in this situation are to update the signatures and install the antivirus
software on all computers
Threat Agent gives rise to Threat exploits Vulnerability leads to Risk
can damage Assets and causes an Exposure can be counter measured by Safeguard
directly effects Threat Agent
Alternative Description:
A threat agent causes the realisation of a threat by exploiting a vulnerability. The measurement
of the extent that this exploitation causes damage is the exposure. The organisational loss created
within the exposure is the impact. Risk is the probability that a threat event will generate loss and
be realised within the organisation.
Example:
· Target: A bank contains money.
· Threat: There are individuals who want, or need, additional money.
· Vulnerability: The bank uses software that has a security flaw.
· Exposure: 20% of the bank's assets are affected by this flaw.
· Exploit: By running a small snippet of code (malware), the software can be accessed
illegally.
· Threat Agent: There are hackers who have learned how to use this malware to control the
bank's software.
· Exploitation: The hackers access the software using the malware and steal money.
· Impact: The bank loses monetary assets, reputation, and future business.
· Risk: The likelihood that a hacker will exploit the bank's software vulnerability and
impact the bank's reputation and monetary resources.
Core Information Security Principles
The three fundamental principles of security are availability, integrity, and confidentiality and
are commonly referred to as CIA or AIC triad which also form the main objective of any security
program.
The level of security required to accomplish these principles differs per company, because each
has its own unique combination of business and security goals and requirements.

5. All security controls, mechanisms, and safeguards are implemented to provide one or more of
these principles.
All risks, threats, and vulnerabilities are measured for their potential capability to compromise
one or all of the AIC principles
Confidentiality
· Ensures that the necessary level of secrecy is enforced at each junction of data processing
and prevents unauthorized disclosure. This level of confidentiality should prevail while data
resides on systems and devices within the network, as it is transmitted and once it reaches its
destination.
· Threat sources
· Network Monitoring
· Shoulder Surfing- monitoring key strokes or screen
· Stealing password files
· Social Engineering- one person posing as the actual
· Countermeasures
· Encrypting data as it is stored and transmitted.
· By using network padding
· Implementing strict access control mechanisms and data classification
· Training personnel on proper procedures.
Integrity
· Integrity of data is protected when the assurance of accuracy and reliability of information
and system is provided, and unauthorized modification is prevented.
· Threat sources
· Viruses
· Logic Bombs
· Backdoors
· Countermeasures
· Strict Access Control
· Intrusion Detection
· Hashing
Availability
· Availability ensures reliability and timely access to data and resources to authorized
individuals.
· Threat sources
· Device or software failure.
· Environmental issues like heat, cold, humidity, static electricity, and contaminants can

6. also affect system availability.
· Denial-of-service (DoS) attacks
· Countermeasures
· Maintaining backups to replace the failed system
· IDS to monitor the network traffic and host system activities
· Use of certain firewall and router configurations
Information Security Management Governance
Security Governance
Governance is the set of responsibilities and practices exercised by the board and executive
management with the goal of providing strategic direction, ensuring that objectives are achieved,
ascertaining that risks are managed appropriately and verifying that the enterprise's resources
are used responsibly.
Information Security Governance or ISG, is a subset discipline of Corporate Governance focused
on information Security systems and their performance and risk management.
Security Policies, Procedures, Standards, Guidelines, and Baselines
Policies
A security policy is an overall general statement produced by senior management (or a selected
policy board or committee) that dictates what role security plays within the organization.
A well designed policy addresses:
1. . What is being secured? - Typically an asset.
2. . Who is expected to comply with the policy? - Typically employees.
3. . Where is the vulnerability, threat or risk? - Typically an issue of integrity or responsibility.
Types of Policies
· Regulatory: This type of policy ensures that the organization is following standards set by
specific industry regulations. This policy type is very detailed and specific to a type of industry.
This is used in financial institutions, health care facilities, public utilities, and other government-
regulated industries. E.g.: TRAI.
· Advisory: This type of policy strongly advises employees regarding which types of
behaviors and activities should and should not take place within the organization. It also outlines
possible ramifications if employees do not comply with the established behaviors and activities.
This policy type can be used, for example, to describe how to handle medical information,
handle financial transactions, or process confidential information.
· Informative: This type of policy informs employees of certain topics. It is not an
enforceable policy, but rather one to teach individuals about specific issues relevant to the
company. It could explain how the company interacts with partners, the company's goals and
mission, and a general reporting structure in different situations.

7. Types of Security Policies
· Organizational
· Management establishes how a security program will be set up, lays out the program's
goals, assigns responsibilities, shows the strategic and tactical value of security, and outlines how
enforcement should be carried out.
· Provides scope and direction for all future security activities within the organization.
· This policy must address relative laws, regulations, and liability issues and how they are
to be satisfied.
· It also describes the amount of risk senior management is willing to accept.
· Characteristics
· Business objectives should drive the policy's creation, implementation, and enforcement.
The policy should not dictate business objectives.
· It should be an easily understood document that is used as a reference point for all
employees and management.
· It should be developed and used to integrate security into all business functions and
processes.
· It should be derived from and support all legislation and regulation applicable to the
company.
· It should be reviewed and modified as a company changes, such as through adoption of a
new business model, merger with another company, or change of ownership.
· Each iteration of the policy should be dated and under version control.
· The units and individuals who are governed by the policy must have access to the
applicable portions and not be expected to have to read all policy material to find direction and
answers
· Issue-specific
· Addresses specific security issues that management feels need more detailed explanation
and attention to make sure a comprehensive structure is built and all employees understand how
they are to comply with these security issues
· E.g.: An e-mail policy might state that management can read any employee's e-mail
messages that reside on the mail server, but not when they reside on the user's workstation
· System-specific
· Presents the management's decisions that are specific to the actual computers, networks,
applications, and data.
· This type of policy may provide an approved software list, which contains a list of
applications that may be installed on individual workstations.
· E.g.: This policy may describe how databases are to be used and protected, how

8. computers are to be locked down, and how firewalls, IDSs, and scanners are to be employed.
Standards
· Standards refer to mandatory activities, actions, rules, or regulations.
· Standards can give a policy its support and reinforcement in direction.
· Standards could be internal, or externally mandated (government laws and regulations).
Procedures
· Procedures are detailed step-by-step tasks that should be performed to achieve a certain
goal.
· E.g.: we can write procedures on how to install operating systems, configure security
mechanisms, implement access control lists, set up new user accounts, assign computer
privileges, audit activities, destroy material, report incidents, and much more.
· Procedures are considered the lowest level in the policy chain because they are closest to
the computers and users (compared to policies) and provide detailed steps for configuration and
installation issues.
· Procedures spell out how the policy, standards, and guidelines will actually be
implemented in an operating environment.
· If a policy states that all individuals who access confidential information must be properly
authenticated, the supporting procedures will explain the steps for this to happen by defining the
access criteria for authorization, how access control mechanisms are implemented and
configured, and how access activities are audited
Baselines
· A baseline can refer to a point in time that is used as a comparison for future changes.
Once risks have been mitigated, and security put in place, a baseline is formally reviewed and
agreed upon, after which all further comparisons and development are measured against it.
· A baseline results in a consistent reference point.
· Baselines are also used to define the minimum level of protection that is required.
· In security, specific baselines can be defined per system type, which indicates the
necessary settings and the level of protection that is being provided. For example, a company
may stipulate that all accounting systems must meet an Evaluation Assurance Level (EAL) 4
baseline.
Security Note : Baselines that are not technology-oriented should be created and enforced within
organizations
as well. For example, a company can mandate that all employees must have a badge with a
picture ID in view while in the
facility at all times. It can also state that visitors must sign in at a front desk and be escorted
while in the facility.

9. If these are followed, then this creates a baseline of protection.
Guidelines
· Guidelines are recommended actions and operational guides to users, IT staff, operations
staff, and others when a specific standard does not apply.
· Guidelines can deal with the methodologies of technology, personnel, or physical
security.
Putting It All Together
· A policy might state that access to confidential data must be audited. A supporting
guideline could further explain that audits should contain sufficient information to allow for
reconciliation with prior reviews. Supporting procedures would outline the necessary steps to
configure, implement, and maintain this type of auditing.
· policies are strategical(long term) while standards, guidelines and procedures are
tactical(medium term).
Organizational Security Models
Some of the best practices that facilitate the implementation of security controls include Control
Objectives for Information and Related Technology (COBIT), ISO/IEC 17799/BS 7799,
Information Technology Infrastructure Library (ITIL), and Operationally Critical Threat, Asset
and Vulnerability Evaluation (OCTAVE).
COSO
Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO), is a U.S.
private-sector initiative, formed in 1985. Its major objective is to identify the factors that cause
fraudulent financial reporting and to make recommendations to reduce its incidence. COSO has
established a common definition of internal controls, standards, and criteria against which
companies and organizations can assess their control systems.
Key concepts of the COSO framework
· Internal control is a process. It is a means to an end, not an end in itself.
· Internal control is affected by people. It’s not merely policy manuals and forms, but
people at every level of an organization.
· Internal control can be expected to provide only reasonable assurance, not absolute
assurance, to an entity's management and board.
· Internal control is geared to the achievement of objectives in one or more separate but
overlapping categories.
The COSO framework defines internal control as a process, effected by an entity's board of
directors, management and other personnel, designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding
the achievement of objectives in the following categories:
· Effectiveness and efficiency of operations

10. · Reliability of financial reporting
· Compliance with applicable laws and regulations.
COSO Internal Control Framework: the five components
According to the COSO framework, internal control consists of five interrelated components.
These components provide an effective framework for describing and analyzing the internal
control system implemented in an organization. The five components are the following:
· Control Environment: The control environment sets the tone of an organization,
influencing the control consciousness of its people. It is the foundation for all other components
of internal control, providing discipline and structure. Control environment factors include the
integrity, ethical values, management's operating style, delegation of authority systems, as well
as the processes for managing and developing people in the organization.
· Risk assessment: Every entity faces a variety of risks from external and internal sources
that must be assessed. A precondition to risk assessment is establishment of objectives and thus
risk assessment is the identification and analysis of relevant risks to achievement of assigned
objectives. Risk assessment is a prerequisite for determining how the risks should be managed.
· Control activities: Control activities are the policies and procedures that help ensure
management directives are carried out. They help ensure that necessary actions are taken to
address risks to achievement of the entity's objectives. Control activities occur throughout the
organization, at all levels and in all functions. They include a range of activities as diverse as
approvals, authorizations, verifications, reconciliations, reviews of operating performance,
security of assets and Separation of duties/segregation of duties.
· Information and communication: Information systems play a key role in internal control
systems as they produce reports, including operational, financial and compliance-related
information, that make it possible to run and control the business. In a broader sense, effective
communication must ensure information flows down, across and up the organization. Effective
communication should also be ensured with external parties, such as customers, suppliers,
regulators and shareholders.
· Monitoring: Internal control systems need to be monitored--a process that assesses the
quality of the system's performance over time. This is accomplished through ongoing
monitoring activities or separate evaluations. Internal control deficiencies detected through these
monitoring activities should be reported upstream and corrective actions should be taken to
ensure continuous improvement of the system.
ITIL
The Information Technology Infrastructure Library (ITIL) is a set of concepts and techniques for
managing information technology (IT) infrastructure, development, and operations.
ITIL is published in a series of books, each of which cover an IT management topic

11. Overview and Benefits
ITIL provides a systematic and professional approach to the management of IT service provision.
Adopting its guidance offers users a huge range of benefits that include:
· reduced costs;
· improved IT services through the use of proven best practice processes;
· improved customer satisfaction through a more professional approach to service delivery;
· standards and guidance;
· improved productivity;
· improved use of skills and experience; and
· improved delivery of third party services through the specification of IT