Energy efficient and reliable communication in IEEE 802.15.6 IR UWB WBAN

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ENERGY EFFICIENT IMPULSE-RADIO
ULTRA-WIDEBAND WIRELESS BODY AREA
NETWORKS
ARAVIND M T
M160392EC
Under the Guidance of
Dr Lillykutty Jacob
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION
NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY CALICUT
November 15, 2017
ARAVIND M T NIT CALICUT November 15, 2017 1 / 60

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OVERVIEW
1 INTRODUCTION
2 MOTIVATION
3 PROBLEM STATEMENT
4 LITERATURE SURVEY
5 WORK DONE SO FAR
6 WORK SCHEDULE
7 CONCLUSION
8 REFERENCES

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INTRODUCTION
What is BAN???
Deﬁnition by IEEE 802.15.6:
A communication standard optimized for low power devices for their
operation on, in or around the human body (but not limited to humans) to
serve a wide variety of applications including medical, consumer electronics
or personal entertainment and other.

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What is Ultra Wide Band ?

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UWB Properties
Highly Secured .
Non-interfering to each other communication systems.
Appears like noise for other systems.
Both Line of Sight and non-Line of Sight operation .
High multipath immunity.
Low cost, low power, nearly all-digital and single chip architecture.
Large channel capacity.

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EXAMPLE OF BODY AREA NETWORK

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WBAN APPLICATIONS
Medical Applications
Wearable WBAN
Implantation WBAN
Remote control of Medical devices
Non-medical applications

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WBAN Challenges
NETWORK TOPOLOGY
DATA RATE
NODE REPLACEMENT
NODE LIFETIME
POWER SUPPLY
POWER DEMAND
BIOCOMPATIBILITY
SECURITY LEVEL
IMPACT OF DATA LOSS

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Why UWB for WBAN ?

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UWB Characteristics suited to WBAN
Penetration through obstacles
Low Interference
Security requirements data conﬁdentiality, authenticity, integrity,
freshness
High precision ranging at the cm level
Low electromagnetic radiation
Low processing energy consumption

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WBAN Channels

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In-body WBAN Channel Model
30-35 dB additional loss over free space loss
Path loss exponent between 3 and 4 (depending on the body part
considered)
Antenna height / distance also impacts loss
Loss 20 dB more at 5mm compared to at 5 cm

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Extra-body WBAN Channel Model
LoS / NLoS
Path loss exponent between 5 and 6 (depending on the body part
considered)
NLoS loss more than LoS loss
Diﬀraction around the human body
Absorption of large amount of radiation by the body movement of
limbs could cause loss >30 dB
Movement of limbs could cause loss > 30 dB

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Cooperative communication
efficient strategy for providing spatial diversity in wireless fading
channels .
can improve energy efficiency as well
the source transmits information to the destination not only through
direct link but also through the use of relays.
could be single-relay based or multiple-relay based.
relay selection might be opportunistic or deterministic.
relaying strategy can be fixed, selective or incremental.

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Incremental relaying
aims to save channel resource compared to cooperative relaying
ensures that relaying process adapts to channel conditions
ACK feedback from destination indicates successful direct transmission
NACK feedback indicates need for relaying

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2-Hop communication
source node sends packet to the relay node in the 1st time slot → relay
node forwards that packet to the destination node in the 2nd time slot.

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MOTIVATION
WBAN sensor nodes have extreme power constraints.
Energy management is one of the key concern in WBAN protocols.
Parameter optimization plays a key role in the energy-eﬃcient WBAN
design
Objective functions for the optimization are,
→network energy eﬃciency
→network lifetime
→reliability
→delay

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MOTIVATION CONTD...
Optimization problems will give rise to various output parameters
such as,
→optimal transmit power
→optimal packet size
→constellation size
→ optimal hop distance
→ optimal throughput
→optimal contention window (at the MAC layer)
→ optimal code rate
→optimal relay selection → Reliable delivery of information.

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Problem Definition
We conclude the following from the detailed literature survey on
cooperative communication in UWB based WBAN:
There is need to investigate the energy efficiency and reliability of
UWB WBANs when different communication schemes are used.
Such a study is very crucial towards energy aware WBAN design.

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Problem Definition
Hence, project aims at the following
Investigate direct,2-hop and cooperative communication technique
involving decode-and-forward relays with realistic channel models
applicable for UWB based WBANs.
Develop models for energy efficiency and link reliability for various
strategies under consideration.
Focus on energy consumption and reliability of WBANs considering
IEEE 802.15.6 specifications and realistic in-body and on-body channel
models.
Investigate optimal packet size that maximizes energy efficiency of
direct,2-hop and cooperative communication schemes in WBANs with
UWB PHY layer.

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LITERATURE SURVEY
Energy eﬃcient communication to increase the lifetime of the
network..
wastage of energy of the sensors are mainly due to
Collision of packets.
Overhearing.
Over emitting.
Idle listening.
Fluctuations in the traﬃc
Energy management is one of the key concern in WBAN protocols.

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LITERATURE SURVEY CONTD...
Mohammad Sadegh Mohammadi, in [1] give a detailed literature
about
Optimal Frame Length to Maximize Energy Eﬃciency in IEEE 802.15.6
UWB BAN
Optimization of the length of the medium access control(MAC) frame
body.
Packet success rate of both the PHY modes of the standard are
derived.
1
Mohammad Sadegh Mohammadi, Qi Zhang, ErykDutkiewicz, and Xiaojing Huang, “Optimal Frame Length to Maximize
Energy Eﬃciency in IEEE 802.15.6 IR-UWB Body Area Networks ”, IEEE wireless communications letters , vol. 3, n o .
4,pp:397-400 august 2014

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In [2],Deepak K S, discussed about .
The packet size optimization for maximization of the energy eﬃciency
in IEEE 802.15.6 UWB- WBANs.
The packet direct as well as incremental relay-based cooperative
schemes are proposed.
2
Deepak K S, Babu A V,“Packet size optimization for energy eﬃcient cooperative wireless body area networks”, 2012
annual IEEE India conference ,PP:736-741.

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In [3], Kemal Davaslioglu give a detailed literature about
Joint optimization of the payload size and number of pulses per symbol
for optimizing the energy efficiency .
A cross layer resource allocation which address the rate and reliability
trade -off in the physical layer(PHY).
3
Kemal Davaslioglu, Yang Liu, and Richard D. Gitlin,“CLOEE - Cross-Layer Optimization for Energy Efficiency of IEEE
802.15.6 IR-UWB WBANs. ”, IEEE GLOBECOM December 2016 Washington DC.

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Selection of the most energy eﬃcient modulation and FEC scheme.
→In [4], M.C.Domingo,mainly emphasizes the selection of an optimal
packet size.
Automatic Repeat Request (ARQ) scheme, forward error correction
(FEC) block codes, and FEC convolutional codes were analyzed.
The hop-Length extension scheme is also applied to improve the metric
with FEC block codes.
4
M. C. Domingo“ Packet Size Optimization for Improving the Energy Eﬃciency in Body Sensor Networks”, ETRI Journal,
vol. 33, no. 3, pp. 299-309, Jun 2011.

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In [5] addressed the issue of link adaptation mechanism.
Adaptation scheme proposed can applied to any other IR-UWB system
with non-coherent receivers
Based upon the estimated signal to noise ratio and the channels energy
capture index.
Adapts the number of pulse per symbol to the channel conditions and
thus increases the Energy eﬃciency.
5
Mohammad Sadegh Mohammadi, Qi Zhang, ErykDutkiewicz, and Xiaojing Huang, “Optimal Energy Efciency Link
Adaptation in IEEE 802.15.6 IR-UWB Body Area Networks ”, IEEE communications letters, vol. 18, NO. 12,pp.2193 - 2196,
December 2014.

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In[6] the authors discuss about,
energy efficiency models in 1-hop, 2-hop and cooperative
communications in multipath fading channel.
optimal packet size to achieve the maximum energy efficiency.
6
Nattakorn Promwongsa,TeerapatSanguankotchakorn“Packet Size Optimization for Energy-Efficient 2-hop in Multipath
Fading for WBAN.”, The 22nd Asia-Pacific Conference on Communications (APCC2016).

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A cross layer approach for optimizing energy efficiency of impulse
radio (IR) UWB that use non-coherent energy detection receiver and
on-off keying modulation is utilized in [7] and [8].
7
H. Karvonen, J. Iinatti, and M. Hamalainen, Energy efficiency optimization for ir-uwb wban based on the ieee 802.15. 6
standard, in Proceedings of the International Conference on Body Area Networks. ICST (Institute for Computer Sciences,
Social-Informatics and Telecommunications Engineering), 2013, pp. 575580.
8
H. Karvonen, Iinatti, and M. Hamalainen, A cross-layer energy efficiency optimization model for wban using ir-uwb
transceivers, Telecommunication Systems, pp. 113, 2014.

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WORK DONE SO FAR
Packet success probability of direct communication in IEEE 802.15.6
UWB Body Area Networks
Energy Eﬃciency Analysis of Direct,Incremental Relay based
Cooperative Communication and 2-hop communication in UWB
Wireless Body Area Networks
Both the in-body as well as on-body communication scenarios are
considered for the evaluation.
Very detailed investigations have been carried out on the impact of,
⇒ Packet size,hop distance (i.e., sensor node-to-hub distance) and
channel error on the energy eﬃciency and reliability of the network.

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SYSTEM MODEL
A set of wireless sensor nodes which communicate with the master
hub node is being assumed .
The nodes transmit in the orthogonal time slots.
Standard speciﬁes two modes for IR-UWB PHY:
1 Default mode
2 High QOS mode.
Default mode uses on-oﬀ keying signaling and BCH(63,51) code.
Non coherent receiver which is based on either energy detection(ED)
or autocorrelation.

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SYSTEM MODEL CONTD...
Combination based single-stage decode and forward relaying is being
considered.
Relay node is placed at a distance that measures exactly half of the
total distance between the source and destination nodes.
BPSK -modulation.
Half duplex communication
Rayleigh distribution is used to model multipath fading.

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Figure: a) 1-hop b) cooperative c) 2-hop

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Figure: IEEE 802.15.6 UWB PPDU FORMAT.

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MAC PDU comprises,
1 Header of length 7 octets.
2 Frame checksum of length 2 octets.
3 MAC frame body of variable length (LFB )
Physical layer success probability depends upon the successful
reception of the PSDU unit.
MPDU employs a BCH(63,51) code
No of codewords is given by,
NCW = ⌈
72 + LFB
k
⌉ =
NT
n
(1)

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If mod (72+LFB,k)̸=0, then Nbs=kNCW − (72+LFB) pad bits are
appended to the last codeword.
For a non-coherent energy detection (ED) receiver, the bit error
probability for uncoded case in IR-UWB transceivers is given by [7]
Pb,d = Q
(√
1
2
·
(hεb/N0)2
hεb/N0 + NcpbTintWrx
)
, (2)
where h → channel coeﬃcient.
N0 → noise power level
Wrx → equivalent noise bandwidth .
Ncpb →number of pulses per burst.
7
Yang Liu, Kemal Davaslioglu, and Richard D. Gitlin “Low Cost Energy Eﬃciency Optimization of Channel Access
Probabilities in IEEE 802.15.6 UWB WBANs.”,Wireless communication and Networking conference(WCNC) 2017 IEEE.

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Since error correction capability of each of the NCW code word equals
t, the code word error probability can be calculated as [1]
PCW =
n∑
i=t+1
(
n
i
)
[Pb,d ]i
[1 − Pb,d ]n−i
(3)
Therefore, the bit error probability can be approximated as,
Pb =
1
n
PCW =
1
n
n∑
i=t+1
(
n
i
)
[Pb,d ]i
[1 − Pb,d ]n−i
(4)
Therefore, for the PSDU of total length l, the packet error probability
can be given by,
Pe = 1 − (1 − Pb)l
(5)
The probability of successful reception of PSDU is thus given by,
Ps = 1 − Pe (6)

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Channel Model
Llink between any two nodes is aﬀected by propagation path
loss,rayleigh fading, shadowing and additive white gaussian noise
(AWGN)
Communication link between source and destination separated by
distance d. The propagation path loss in dB is given by:
PL(d) = PL(do) + 10nlog
d
d0
+ Xσ (7)
Here PL(do) is the path loss in dB at a reference distance do, n is the
path-loss exponent; and Xσ is a Gaussian-distributed random variable
with zero mean and standard deviation σ in dB
The signal to noise ratio (SNR) at the receiver is expressed as:
γ(dB) = PT − PL(d) − PN (8)
where PT is the transmit power and PN is the AWGN power.

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The path loss model for in-body channel is given by,
PL(d) = a1.(
d
do
)n
+ Lin + Xσ0 (9)
Table: 1: UWB based BAN Path Loss Model Channel Parameters for In-Body
Case
In-Body channel parameters value [12]
a1 0.987
n 0.85
do(mm) 1
Lin[dB] 10
σ0 7.84
Pt(dBm) 0

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Table: 2: UWB based BAN Path Loss Model Channel Parameters for On-Body
Case
On-Body channel parameters On-Body NLOS On-Body LOS [12]
PL(do)[dB] 48.4 44.6
do(mm) 1 1
n 5.9 3.1
σi 5 6.1
Pt(dBm) -2 -2

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Cooperative scheme
assume PERSD, PERSR and PERRD represent the error probabilities
of packet reception for the S-D, S-R and R-D links respectively
packet error occurs either when both S-D and S-R links fail, or when
S-D and R-D links fail, while S-R link is error free.
Hence, the packet error probability for cooperative scenario can be
calculated as
Pe,CC = PERSDPERSR + PERSD(1 − PERSR)PERRD (10)
Accordingly, the success probability for the cooperative scheme is
calculated as
Ps,CC = 1 − Pe,CC (11)

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2-hop communication scheme
assume PERSR and PERRD represent the error probabilities of packet
reception for the S-R and R-D links respectively
packet error occurs either when S-R links fail, or when R-D links fail,
while S-R link is error free.
Hence, the packet error probability for 2-hop scenario can be
calculated as
PER2−hop = PERSR + (1 − PERSR)PERRD (12)
Accordingly, the success probability for the 2-hop scheme is calculated
as
Ps,2−hop = 1 − PER2−hop (13)

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Energy Consumption Analysis
consider the transmission of a data packet from a sensor to the hub
consisiting of Nt encoded bits
hub and sensors have diﬀerent energy consumption costs
Let Etx−ul , Erx−ul , Etx−dl , and Erx−dl represent the energy
consumption costs for transmission and reception on the uplink and
downlink respectively
Let Etx−ack / Erx−ack denote the enrgy required for
transmission/reception of acknowledgment packets
Let Eenc / Edec be the energy required for data encoding/decoding
Let Np represent the number of pulses per symbol
Etx−p and Erx−p denote the total energy spent on transmission of a
pulse and that consumed by electronic circuits on reception of a
pulse, respectively
R is the uncoded bit rate

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Direct Communication
Let Etx−data represent the energy required for transmitting a packet of
Nt bits. Then
Etx−data =
βNpEtx−pEtx−ul
R
Nt (14)
where β is a modulation dependant parameter and is taken as 0.5 for
on-oﬀ signaling.
Similarly, the energy consumed by receiving node to receive the data
packet can be written as
Erx−data =
NpErx−pErx−ul
R
Nt (15)

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The energy consumption associated with the transmission/reception
of acknowledgment packets of size Nack bits can be expressesed as
Etx−ack =
βNpEtx−pEtx−dl
R
Nack (16)
Erx−ack =
NpErx−pErx−dl
R
Nack (17)
Let the total energy expenditure required for data encoding and
decoding and for transmission and reception of the acknowledgment
packets be denoted by Eo which is expressed as follows :
Eo = Etx−ul Eenc + Erx−ul Edec + Et−ack + Er−ack (18)

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Then the total energy consumption for transfer of a data packet of
size Nt bits over the source-destination link can be given by
EDC = Etx−data + Erx−data + Eo = x(NpNt/R) + Eo (19)
where
x = βEtx−pEtx−ul + Erx−pErx−ul (20)
The energy eﬃciency can be computed as the ratio of useful energy
for successful transmission of a packet of LFB bits to the total
consumed energy and is given as
ηDC =
x(NpLFB/R)
x(NpNt/R) + Eo
Ps (21)
where Ps is the packet success rate.

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Cooperative Communication
In order to calculate the total energy consumption involved in
successful transmission of a packet, we consider three events :
A successful direct communication occurs with probability Ps,SD. Due
to overhearing by the relay, the energy consumed per bit is
Ec1 = Etx−data + 2Erx−data + Ecod (22)
where
Ecod = Etx−ul Eenc + Erx−ul Edec (23)

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Both S-D and S-R links fail with probability Pe,SDPe,SR. Due to
decoding failure, the packet is dropped at the relay. Energy
consumption Ec2 is same as in previous case.
The S-D link fails, while S-R link is error free, so that the relay
decodes and forwards the packet. This occurs with probability
Pe,SDPs,SR. Because of two transmissions at the source and the relay
and also overhearing at the relay, the energy consumption equals
Ec3 = 2Etx−data + 3Erx−data + 2Ecod (24)

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Accordingly, the total energy consumed for transmission of data and
acknowledgment packets, Ec and Ecack, can be written as
Ec = Ec1(PERSD) + Ec2(PERSD)(PERSR) + Ec3(PERSD)(PERSR)
(25)
Ecack = (Etx−ack + 2Erx−ack)[1 + (PERSD)(PERSR)] (26)
Thus, eﬃciency for single-relay based cooperative scheme can be
calculated as
ηCC =
(NpLFB/R)
Ec + Ecack
Ps,CC (27)
where Ps,CC can be obtained from Equation(12).

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2-hop communication
In order to calculate the total energy consumption involved in
successful transmission of a packet, we consider two events :
1 Failure of transmission from source to relay nodes in the 1st time slot
→ which consumes energy E1 with probability (1 − PERSR ).
2 Successful transmission from source to relay nodes in the 1st time slot
,and the failure of transmission from relay to destination nodes in the
2nd time slot
→ which consumes energy E2 with probability PERSR
E1 and E2 can be expressed as,
E1 = 2E2 = 2{Etx−data + Erx−data + Ecod } (28)

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Therefore the average total energy consumption per bit of 2-hop
communication can be expressed as,
E2−hop
total = E1(1 − PERSR) + E2PERSR (29)
The total energy consumed for transmission of acknowledgment
packets in 2-hop communication (E2−HOP,ack), can be written as,
E2−HOP,ack = (Etx−ack + Erx−ack)[1 − PERSR] (30)
Energy eﬃciency for 2-hop communication (η2−hop) in ultra
wide-band WBAN communication can be expressed as,
η2−hop =
(1 − PER2−hop)(x(NpLFB/R)
E2−hop
total + E2−HOP,ack
(31)

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Optimal Frame Length
an optimal frame length, LFB,opt exists, where loss of energy is
minimized exists for a given probability of error.
Substituting for Ps in (10), the equation for ηDC can be written as
ηDC =
xLFB (1 − Pb)(w(LFB +72))
x(w(LFB + 72)) + EoR/Np
(32)
where w = 1 + r/k.
By setting dηDC
dLFB
= 0, the optimal frame length can be obtained as [1]
1
Mohammad Sadegh Mohammadi, Qi Zhang, ErykDutkiewicz, and Xiaojing Huang, “Optimal Frame Length to Maximize
Energy Eﬃciency in IEEE 802.15.6 IR-UWB Body Area Networks ”, IEEE wireless communications letters , vol. 3, n o .
4,pp:397-400 august 2014

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LFB,opt = −
v
2
+
1
2
√
v2 −
4v
ln(1 − Pb)
(33)
where v =
EoR
xwNp
For cooperative case also, optimal frame length can be obtained by
solving dηCC
dLFB
= 0, but closed-form expression cannot be obtained

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Table: 3: UWB System Related Parameters [?], [?], [?]
W 499.2MHz
Np 32
T 2ns
Etx−ul 0.9
Erx−dl 0.9
Erx−ul 0.1
Etx−dl 0.1
Eenc 4pJ
Edec 2nJ
Etx−p 20pJ
Erx−p 2.5nJ
R 487Mbps
Nack 144
PN (dBm) -100

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SIMULATION RESULTS
Figure: packet error rate vs distance for on-body (LOS and NLOS) and in-body
direct communication .

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Figure: packet error rate vs distance for on-body direct and cooperative LOS
communication.

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Figure: packet error rate vs distance for in-body direct and cooperative
communication.

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Figure: packet error rate vs distance for on-body direct and cooperative NLOS
communication.

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Figure: packet error rate vs distance for on-body direct,2-hop and cooperative
LOS communication.

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Figure: Energy eﬃciency vs packet size with diﬀerent bit error probabilities for
in-body communication at S-D distance of 21 cm.

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Figure: Energy eﬃciency vs packet size for on-body NLOS communication for
source-destination distance of 27 cm,42 cm and 65 cm

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source-destination distance of 12 cm.

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Figure: Energy eﬃciency vs packet size for on-body LOS communication for

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Figure: Energy eﬃciency vs packet size for on-body LOS communication for
source-destination distance of 135 cm..

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Figure: Energy eﬃciency vs source-destination distance for on-body NLOS
communication.

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Figure: Energy eﬃciency vs source-destination distance for in-body
communication.

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WORK SCHEDULE
The energy efficiency of direct,2-hop and cooperative communication
is analyzed.
Under poor channel condition,an adoption of a 2-hop and cooperative
communication technique will improve,
⇒ energy efficiency
⇒ supports a comparatively larger packet size
⇒ increase the energy efficient hop length.
As a continuation of the same it is being planned to work upon,
⇒ Different cooperative diversity techniques for WBANs.
⇒ Determination of an optimum relay position.
⇒ Energy aware topology design for cooperative WBANs.
⇒Cooperative relaying scheme employing hybrid relays
⇒ Design of routing protocols in which an incremental relay-based
cooperation is used to improve energy efficiency.

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Conclusion
Energy efficiency in the default mode of IR-UWB PHY in the IEEE
802.15.6 for an AWGN channel with path loss model for both direct
and single-relay cooperative communication scenarios has been
analyzed .
Energy efficiency of different communication scenarios (on body- LOS
and NLOS ,in body) have been evaluated by including the impact of
packet error rate into the analysis.
Compared to direct transmission cooperative communication offers
higher packet success rates and also better efficiency values when the
source-destination hop length exceeds a certain threshold.

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Conclusion
The optimal packet size for energy efficient cooperative
communication has been observed to be larger than that of direct
communication.
Under shadowing effects, adoption of cooperative communication
techniques will improve the energy efficiency, support larger frame
lengths and will increase the hop length.
Energy efficiency of 2-hop communication in multipath fading is also
investigated.
2-hop communication provides the maximum energy efficiency and
the highest optimal payload size when channel is poor.
In in-body channel, 2-hop or cooperative communications are very
necessary when 1-hop communication is not feasible.

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References
Mohammad Sadegh Mohammadi, Qi Zhang, ErykDutkiewicz, and Xiaojing Huang
Optimal Frame Length to Maximize Energy Efficiency in IEEE 802.15.6 IR-UWB
Body Area Networks .
IEEE wireless communications letters , vol. 3, n o . 4,pp:397-400 august 2014
Deepak K S, Babu A V
Packet size optimization for energy efficient cooperative wireless body area
networks
2012 annual IEEE India conference PP:736-741.
Kemal Davaslioglu, Yang Liu, and Richard D. Gitlin
CLOEE - Cross-Layer Optimization for Energy Efficiency of IEEE 802.15.6 IR-UWB
WBANs.
IEEE GLOBECOM December 2016 Washington DC.
M. C. Domingo
Packet Size Optimization for Improving the Energy Efficiency in Body Sensor
Networks
ETRI Journal, vol. 33, no. 3, pp. 299-309, Jun 2011.

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Mohammad Sadegh Mohammadi, Qi Zhang, ErykDutkiewicz, and Xiaojing Huang
Optimal Energy Efciency Link Adaptation in IEEE 802.15.6 IR-UWB Body Area
Networks
IEEE communications letters, vol. 18, NO. 12,pp.2193 - 2196, December 2014.
Yang Liu, Kemal Davaslioglu, and Richard D. Gitlin
Energy Efficiency Optimization of Channel Access Probabilities in IEEE 802.15.6
UWB WBANs.
Wireless communication and Networking conference(WCNC) 2017 IEEE.
H. Karvonen, J. Iinatti, and M. Hamalainen
A cross-layer energy efficiency optimization model for wban using ir-uwb
transceivers.
Telecommunication Systems, pp. 113, 2014.
H. Karvonen, J. Iinatti, and M. Hamalainen
Energy efficiency optimization for ir-uwb wban based on the ieee 802.15. 6
standard.
in Proceedings of the International Conference on Body Area Networks. ICST
(Institute for Computer Sciences, Social-Informatics and Telecommunications
Engineering), 2013, pp. 575580.

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Energy efficient and reliable communication in IEEE 802.15.6 IR UWB WBAN

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