This document summarizes key aspects of protein synthesis and translation. It discusses how genes are transcribed into mRNA, which is then translated into proteins using transfer RNA (tRNA) and ribosomes. The genetic code is explained, where codons in mRNA are translated to specific amino acids. tRNA molecules carry amino acids and recognize mRNA codons through complementary base pairing. Ribosomes provide the site where mRNA and tRNAs interact to polymerize amino acids into polypeptide chains based on the genetic code.
55. Mutations: Base changes Very harmful : - deletion / insertion of one base - deletion / insertion of two bases Especially in the beginning of a ORF/gene If at the end of a gene, the ‘shorter’ (or the to the-C-terminal-end-aberrant) protein can still be active Less harmful : - base substitution (another amino acid; but can also become a stop codon) - deletion / insertion of three bases (loss of an extra amino acid)