Japanese garden

landscape design 1
Landscape design
Japanese garden
2020-2021

University of Sulaimani
College of Engineering
Architectural Department
4th stage
Japanese garden
Prepared by : Supervised by :
Shanyar Awat Handreen Hamid
Shnay shamal
Barzi Wrya
landscape design 2

Table of contents
Contents
 Introduction 5
 Philosophy 6
 Periods of Japanese gardens 10
 Types of Japanese gardens 24
 Layout of Japanese gardens 28
 Visual axis and accessibility 30
 Japanese landscape principles 34
 Japanese landscape elements 40
 Materials 72
 Colors shown in Japanese garden 88
 How to build Japanese gardens 92
 where we can use Japanese garden 108
 What to Avoid When Planning a Japanese Garden 112
 Japanese landscape Analyzed example 115
 Conclusion
3

 Periods of Japanese gardens 11
 Types of Japanese gardens 25,27
 Layout of Japanese gardens 28,29
 Visual axis and accessibility 30 to 33
 Japanese landscape principles 39
 Colors shown in Japanese garden 88 to 91
 How to build Japanese gardens 92 to 107
 where we can use Japanese garden 108 to 111
 What to Avoid When Planning a Japanese Garden 112 to 114
 Japanese landscape Analyzed example 126 to 136
 Conclusion 137 to 144
landscape design 4
Table of contents ( new slides )

Introduction
landscape design
 Japanese garden, in landscape design , a type
of garden whose major design aesthetic is a
simple, minimalist natural setting designed to
inspire reflection and meditation.
 The art of garden making was probably
imported into Japan from China or Korea.
 designs are accompanied by Japanese
aesthetics and philosophical ideas, avoid
artificial ornamentation, and highlight the
natural landscape.
5
Reference:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_garden
#Literature_and_art_of_the_Japanese_garden

landscape design 6
1.Philosophy of
Japanese gardens

Philosophy of Japanese gardens
landscape design
 Designs are accompanied by Japanese
aesthetics and philosophical ideas .
 avoid artificial ornamentation, and highlight
the natural landscape.
 The main purpose of a Japanese garden is to
bring serenity and nature into our crowded
lives.
 And its to enhance the quality of human life.
By skillfully guiding nature and bringing it into
our homes .
 The main purpose of a Japanese garden is to
attempt to be a space that captures the
natural beauties of nature.
7

landscape design
 Sand and gravel :
• Gravel is usually used in zen gardens, rather
than sand, because it is less disturbed by rain
and wind. The act of raking the gravel into a
pattern recalling waves or rippling water,
8
Reference :https://www.japan-
guide.com/e/e2099_types.html

landscape design
 Rock :
• In the Japanese rock garden, rocks sometimes symbolize mountains, or they can be boats or a living
creature .
• In a group, they might be a waterfall or a crane in flight.
• Stone symbolizes longevity and the forces of the nature.
9

landscape design 10
2.Periods of
Japanese gardens

Periods of Japanese gardens
landscape design
 Early Japan (before 794)
 Heian Period (794-1185)
 Kamakura and Muromachi Periods (1192-1573)
 Azuchi-Momoyama Period (1573-1603)
 Tea gardens (Chaniwa)
 Edo Period (1603-1867)
 Strolling gardens
 Tsuboniwa
 Modern Gardens (1868 to present)
11

landscape design
Early Japan (before 794)
• One of the earliest garden forms in
Japan were sacred places in the midst
of nature, which humans marked by
pebbles.
• this early garden form can be
recognized at some ancient Shinto
shrines , for example at the Ise Shrines ,
whose buildings are surrounded by
wide pebbled areas.
12

landscape design
Early Japan (before 794)
• They introduced ponds and
streams as their focal points,
contained many Buddhist and
Taoist elements and attempted
to reproduce famous landscapes.
13

landscape design
Heian Period (794-1185)
• They began building Shinden Gardens at their
palaces and villas, large gardens which were
used for elaborate parties and for
recreational activities such as boating, fishing
and general enjoyment.
• the gardens featured large ponds and islands
connected by arched bridges under which
boats could pass. A gravel covered plaza in
front of the building was used for
entertainment, while one or more pavilions
extended out over the water.
14

landscape design
Heian Period (794-1185)
• Pure Land Buddhism : gardens were
built to resemble that Buddhist
paradise. Similar in design to Shinden
Gardens, they featured a large pond
with lotus flowers and islands, as well
as beautiful pavilion buildings.
15

landscape design
Kamakura and Muromachi Periods
(1192-1573)
• a shift of power from the aristocratic court
to the military elite was completed.
• introduced Zen Buddhism , which would
exert a strong influence on garden design.
• Elements as before, such as ponds, islands,
bridges and waterfalls.
16
Kinkaku-ji, the Golden Pavilion (1398)

landscape design
Kamakura and Muromachi Periods (1192-
1573)
 Karesansui Dry Garden
• which uses nothing but rocks, gravel and sand to
represent all the elements of the garden
landscape.
• Gardens were often built attached
to temple buildings to help monks in meditation
and religious advancement rather than for
recreational purposes.
17

landscape design
Kamakura and Muromachi Periods
(1192-1573)
 Zen gardens
• These are miniature versions of the
large-scale Japanese zen gardens, which
are dry-landscaped gardens
• often stylized with rocks, water features
or sand.
• These tiny versions are thought to help
increase mindfulness and meditation.
18

landscape design
Azuchi-Momoyama Period (1573-1603)
 Tea gardens (Chaniwa)
• Using the spirit of "wabi" or rustic simplicity
• Tea gardens are simple and utilitarian.
• A stepping stone path leads from the entrance
to a tea house.
• Stone lanterns provide lighting and a
decorative element
• wash basin (tsukubai) is used for ritual
cleansing.
19

landscape design
Edo Period (1603-1867)
 Strolling gardens
• with ponds, islands and artificial hills
that could be enjoyed from a variety
of viewpoints along a circular trail.
Many strolling gardens also included
elements of tea gardens.
20

landscape design
Edo Period (1603-1867)
 Tsuboniwa
• are small gardens that became
popular among the urban
population.
• filled in the small courtyard spaces
within or between townhouses and
provided a touch of nature as well as
light and fresh air.
• Using some decorative elements
21

landscape design
Modern Gardens (1868 to present)
• private strolling gardens were
opened to the public.
• industrialists were the force behind
the construction of new private
strolling gardens
• contained Western gardening
elements such as flower beds and
open lawns.
22

landscape design
Modern Gardens (1868 to present)
• industrialists were the force behind the construction of new private strolling gardens
23

landscape design 24
3.Types of
Japanese gardens

Main types of Japanese gardens
landscape design
Japanese gardens are
generally classified
according to the
nature of the terrain :
25
Karesansui
(dry gardens)
Chaniwa gardens
(tea gardens)
Study Garden
Tsukiyama (hill gardens)

landscape design
 Tsukiyama (hill gardens)
• Ponds, streams, hills, stones, trees, flowers, bridges and paths are used to create a miniature
reproduction of a natural scenery
26
Tsukiyama (artificial hill gardens)
Tsukiyama (natural hill gardens)

landscape design
 Study Garden
• Ponds, streams, hills, stones, trees,
flowers, bridges and paths are used to
create a miniature reproduction of a
natural scenery
27
https://japanobjects.com/

Layout of the study garden
landscape design
 The most common layout for a
Study garden begins with a pond
nearest to the visitor, with the
garden leading the view up an
incline beyond.
 Bridges are often placed on one side
of the pond
 while both stone settings and small
shrubs are arranged in various
locations on the garden slope.
 Some of the stonework you may see
include lanterns, pagodas and
statuary.
28

Layout of the study garden
landscape design 29
Stone work
Pond
Bridge

landscape design 30
4.visual axis and
accessibility

Visual axis
landscape design
 Buildings Many types of gardens were built to
be viewed from inside a building, such as
palace, villa or temple.
 In contrast, gardens meant to be entered and
enjoyed from within, use buildings as a part of
the garden's composition, including pavilions,
tea houses and guest houses.
31
Visual geometry of Japanese gardens

Visual axis
landscape design
 Garden design elements are arranged into
patterns that simplify figure-ground
segmentation, while seemingly balancing
the visual salience of subparts and the global
arrangement. Visual 'ground' is analyzed via
medial axis transformation (MAT), often
associated with shape perception in humans.
32

landscape design
The accessibility of the Japanese garden is kind of random and irregular as there is kind of concealment in
the gardens of this types , intimating nature is also one of other goals
33
Reference : https://shizenstyle.com/an-introduction-to-
japanese-garden-design-principles/
pavilion
plant
bridge
lantern
water
fish

landscape design 34
5.Japanese
landscape
principles
2020-2021

landscape design
 Unity
 Sequence
 Variety
Shape, size and form selections should be diverse in order to create visual interest.
 Balance
Everything that is placed in a design will carry a certain visual weight with it
 Emphasis
35

landscape design
 Imitating nature
The significance of gardens for the Japanese
comes from ancient religious beliefs
and a deep respect for nature.
 Symbolism
Boulders become mountains and pools
represent lakes. Most flat garden designs use
gravel to symbolize water.
36

landscape design
 Miniaturization
The Japanese garden is a miniature and
idealized view of nature. Rocks can represent
mountains, and ponds can represent seas.
Using both vertical and horizontal features
for elements
 Borrowed scenery (shakkei)
the view of features outside the garden such
as hills, trees or temples, as part of the view.
This makes the garden seem larger than it
really is.
37

landscape design
 asymmetry
 Simplicity ( less is more )
 Contrast to create tension between
elements
 Triangle as the most used shape for rocks
and other elements
 Curves
 Irregular shapes specially for garden and
water elements
 Odd numbers specially for the asymmetry
 Concealment
Dry rock gardens aren’t meant to be seen all
at once, but the garden is meant to be seen
one landscape at a time, like a scroll of
painted landscapes unrolling. Features are
hidden behind hills, trees.
38

why Japanese Gardens are asymmetrical?
landscape design
 Following the aesthetic simplicity and design principles of the art of a Japanese garden is a peaceful,
unique space.
 Have an informal outline .
 Unlike a European-style garden .
 Garden does not rely on symmetry, multiple plants, layers, bold textures and colors.
39

landscape design 40
6.Japanese
garden
Elements
2020-2021

water
 A traditional garden will usually have an irregular-shaped pond or, in larger gardens, two or more
ponds connected by a channel or stream
 In Japanese style water is used for both visual and sound qualities
 Japanese gardens always have water, either a pond or stream
 There are countless variations that range from elaborate fountains, waterfalls & ponds and streams
to cascading showers that instantly lift up a garden or open space
41
Reference : https://learn.bowdoin.edu/japanesegardens/elemen
ts/falls/falls.html
landscape design

Koi pond
landscape design
 The Koi Pond is one of the most common examples. It does not have to be large, but as opposed to
having fish in an aquarium, this kind of water feature is more alive and free flowing.
 The architecture of the koi pond can have a great effect on the health and well being of the koi.
 Most koi ponds also have a small bridge on top of it so that people can watch the koi fish or feed
them at regular times.
42
Reference : https://learn.bowdoin.edu/japanesegardens/ele
ments/falls/falls.html

waterfall
landscape design
Waterfalls are sometimes the actual sources of water in Japanese gardens
the waterfall can also have philosophical overtones. Like the river of Heraclitus, it is always changing
yet always there, a perfect symbol of the permanent impermanence of the universe as expressed in
both Buddhist and Daoist thought
43
ts/falls/falls.html

fountain
landscape design
Fountains are used when the aim is for dynamic effect
The most used fountain in Japanese landscape is shishi-odoshi This type of fountain slowly fills a
hollow bamboo branch with water, and then suddenly tips — making a gentle knocking sound that
will chase away any critters eating your garden
44
Reference : https://learn.bowdoin.edu/japanesegardens/elements/f
alls/falls.html

Rock and sand
landscape design
 The specific placement of stones in Japanese gardens to symbolically represent islands (and later to
include mountains), is found to be an aesthetically pleasing property of traditional Japanese gardens.
 Stones, which constitute a fundamental part of Japanese gardens, are carefully selected for their
weathering and are placed in such a way that they give viewers the sense that they ‘naturally’ belong
where they are
45
Reference : https://makezine.com/projects/make-43/shishi-odoshi-
fountain/

rock
landscape design
 A flat rock might represent the earth.
 A vertical rock may represent Mount Horai
 the hard rock and soft water complement
each other
 Rocks should vary in size and color from each
other, but not have bright colors, which would
lack subtlety.
 Rocks are arranged in careful compositions of
two, three, five or seven rocks, with three
being the most common. In a three-
arrangement, a tallest rock usually represents
heaven, the shortest rock is the earth, and the
medium-sized rock is humanity, the bridge
between heaven and earth.
46
fountain/

sand
 White sand represented purity, but sand could also be gray, brown or bluish-black.
47
fountain/
landscape design

Garden bridge
landscape design
 Bridges could be made of stone (ishibashi), or of wood, or made of logs with earth on top, covered
with moss (dobashi); they could be either arched (soribashi) or flat (hirabashi). Sometimes if they
were part of a temple garden, they were painted red, following the Chinese tradition, but for the
most part they were unpainted.
48
Reference : https://www.japanbullet.com/life-style/rocks-and-
sand-in-japanese-gardens

Garden bridge
landscape design 49
Reference :
a dobashi “earthen bridge". Made of mostly raw
wood logs, this bridge in Rikugi-en, Bunkyo, Tokyo,
is covered with soil planted with moss and grass.
Seimon Ishibashi bridge
of Tokyo Imperial Palace
https://www.123rf.com/photo_124999636_seimon-ishibashi-
bridge-of-tokyo-imperial-palace.html

Garden bridge
landscape design 50
Reference :
Soribashi bridge
Miyajima Hiroshima Japan
Hirabashi Bridge
at Shomyoji
https://www.alamy.com/stock-photo-soribashi-bridge-
miyajima-hiroshima-japan-114019463.html

Garden bridge
landscape design 51
Reference :
zigzag bridge
Soribashi and Hirabashi Bridges
at Shomyoji
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Japanese_g
arden_zigzag_bridge.jpg

Garden bridge
landscape design 52
Reference : https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Japanese_g
arden_zigzag_bridge.jpg

Pavilion in Japanese garden
These garden structures were sometimes built with the idea of it being a “Moon Viewing Pavilion,”
Often only the back, or sometimes the sides, have a wall behind then allowing you to fully take in the
surrounding view.
53
Reference : https://www.kanazawastation.com/kenrokuen-
garden/
landscape design

Stone lantern and water basin
landscape design 54
Reference :
water basins
The water is provided to the basin by a bamboo
pipe, or kakei, and they usually have a wooden
ladle for drinking the water
Stone lanterns
toro is a traditional lantern made of
stone, wood, or metal.
Typical japanese stone lanterns in Nara, Japan
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Japanese_gar
den_zigzag_bridge.jpg

fence
landscape design 55
Reference :
 Inner fence
 Outer fence
 Short fence (7 -6 feet height) extend from the building into garden
(sodegaki) to hide unwanted views
https://www.japanwelt.de/en/garden/bambo
o/bamboo-fencing/

landscape design 56
56
Reference :https://tilen.space/different-types-of-japanese-garden-
paths-stone-meanings/
fence
Outer fence innerr fence

gate
landscape design 57
Reference :
Tori
Made of High Quality Wood
https://www.japanwelt.de/en/garden/bamboo/
bamboo-fencing/

path
58
Reference :
Pathways help define the Japanese garden, guiding a visitor to important viewing points or features,
and are often designed to control the pace of movement or cadence within the garden. This and
many other factors create the need for several different forms of pathway design and construction.
https://www.japanesegardening.org/site/the-
garden-path/
landscape design

path
landscape design 59
Reference :
The Basic Path
These allows a relaxing
walk through the garden.
These paths can be as
simple as a tamped dirt
surface that helps define
the garden and landscape.
Stepping stone
paths with
natural stones
set carefully and
close together
Stepping stone
This style allows one to
create a completely
unique design, as in
Japan they are all
different.
The Basic Path
https://www.japanesegardening.org/site/the-
garden-path/

plant
landscape design 60
Reference :
Nothing in a Japanese garden is natural or left to chance; each plant is chosen according to
aesthetic principles, either to hide undesirable sights, to serve as a backdrop to certain garden
features, or to create a picturesque scene, like a landscape painting or postcard.
ōkarikomi is the technique of trimming bushes into balls or rounded shapes which imitate waves.
https://www.gardendesign.com/japanese-maple/

Tree types
landscape design
Japanese maples range from 2 to 30 feet tall They typically grow fastest when they are young and
slow down as they reach maturity
Famous for their phenomenal fall colors, Japanese maples also present purples, reds, yellows, oranges,
and greens as well as variegation throughout the growing season
61
Reference :
.
https://www.gardendesign.com/japanese-maple/

Tree types
landscape design
The pine trees you find in a Japanese garden are likely to be nowhere close to what would have been
their natural form.
62
Reference :
.
https://www.thespruce.com/japanes
e-plant-varieties-4154375

Tree types
landscape design
A cloud tree
is a tree shaped using topiary techniques. The leaves are pruned into a ball or cloud shape, leaving the
stems thin and exposed. The shape of the tree as a whole resembles a set of clouds.
63
Reference : https://www.thespruce.com/japanese-
plant-varieties-4154375

Tree types
landscape design
Cherry blossom sakura
64
Reference :
Although the cherry blossom is a major symbol of
Japan, and there are huge blossom viewing
parties that take place in spring, the cherry
blossom tree is not used a lot in Japanese garden .
Cryptomeria (Japanese cedar)
is a very large evergreen tree, reaching up
to 70 m (230 ft) tall and 4 m (13 ft) trunk
diameter, with red-brown bark which
peels in vertical strips.
https://www.thespruce.com/japanese-
plant-varieties-4154375

Tree types
landscape design
Camellia japonica
65
Reference :
Japanese camellia, or tsubaki in Japanese, is one of the best known species of the genus Camellia.
Sometimes called the rose of winter
Planting a Camellia japonica in the garden can be the beginning of a life-long love story, as these
slow growers can live for hundreds of years. Large, lushly petaled blooms and glossy foliage brightens
up the landscape
https://www.thespruce.com/japanese
-plant-varieties-4154375

Tree types
landscape design
Plum yew
66
Reference :
The leaves are broadly linear in shape and measure
about 5 cm long by 0.3 cm wide. They are abruptly
pointed at the apex, leathery in texture and a bright
matte yellowish-green on the upper-surface.
Hinoki-cypress is a graceful
spreading tree with branches that
droop at the tips. The small cones
and attractive red peeling bark add
winter interest.
https://www.thespruce.com/japanese-plant-
varieties-4154375

Tree types
landscape design 67
Reference :
Bamboo
In Japan, you can encounter bamboo everywhere - In the mountains, near rivers, in strolling gardens,
tea gardens and private residences.
They grow in warm climate
It grows in Aerated, light, and rich
varieties-4154375

Tree types
landscape design 68
Reference :
Hosta
A shady glen full of hostas is well-suited to
the Japanese garden aesthetic. The hosta is a
naturalized plant found throughout Japan
Deep purple to white color
Hydrangeas
a popular ornamental plant in Japan
Color varieties: Blue, pink, and white
depending on soil
Soil needs: Well-drained amended soil
varieties-4154375

Tree types
landscape design 69
Reference :
iris
Color varieties: Blue, purple, white, yellow, pink,
orange, brown, red, black
Sun exposure: Full sun
Soil needs: Well-drained amended soil
Lotus
Color varieties: Blue, purple, white, pink, red
Sun exposure: Full sun
Soil needs: Soil with low organic content, either
sandy or clay
varieties-4154375

Tree types
landscape design
Azaleas bloom in the spring
70
Reference :
They represent family and familial duty but can also symbolize wealth and elegance.
prizing them for their trumpet-shaped spring flowers in
shades of pink, yellow, salmon, red, violet, and white.
It grows in a Well-drained, rich, acidic soil
varieties-4154375

fish
landscape design
decorative element in gardens was borrowed from the Chinese garden.
71
Reference : https://www.thespruce.com/japanese-plant-
varieties-4154375

landscape design 72
7.Japanese
landscape
material
2020-2021

Materials
landscape design
Hardscape materials :
Paths
• they lead the visitor through the garden and
to the best vistas
• they also influence how the visitor experiences
the garden.
 Natural stepping stones
• It is used in tea garden paths
• In the Tea garden only rough stone would be
acceptable
73

landscape design
• It is advisable that the stones placed are more than 5cm preferably 6cm above ground level.
• various shapes used for the stone paths. Some are uneven, while others are even so as to create
irregular circular and rectangular forms.
74
Materials

landscape design 75
Materials
landscape design
 Limestone
• These style paths are often made with dressed
and natural stones shaped into square and
rectangle respectively
• they are mostly laid out in straight lines.
• Formal
• Often come in grey and neutral colors
• Smooth texture
• system known as "shin-gyo-so gardens
75
San juan gardens

landscape design 76
Materials
 Stone slabs
• small stones are brought together to make up
pavement sections
• the stones are of a T or Y patterns
• Pointing gaps of 25 - 30 mm are preferred
• Black stones give a sense of formality
• rough textured stones
76
Pinterest

landscape design 77
Materials
Bridges
 Wooden bridge
• a wooden bridge connects the Phoenix
pavilion with a small island of stones
• it is called sori bashi
• Arch shaped or flat
• Red color used if it is for temple
• It is used in japanese paradise garden
77
Reference :https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_garden
Byōdō-in garden in Kyoto

landscape design 78
Materials
Bridges
 stone bridge
• A bridge made of two stones resting on a third
stone
• Huge stones are used
• uneven shaped
• Sharp edges
• Natural stones
• Neutral colored
• Used in zen garden or dry landscape garden
78
Tokushima Castle Lordly Front Palace

landscape design 79
Materials
Bridges
 Zigzag bridge
• composed of short spans
• alternating right and left turn required when
traveling across the bridge.
• White timber
• Used in japanese hill and pond gardens
79
national palace museum

landscape design 80
Materials
Garden fences, gates
 Bamboo (daymio fence)
• An additional horizontal bamboo of smaller
diameter is added to help accentuate the
broom effect
• are erected as boundaries around the garden
80
pinterest

landscape design 81
Materials
Rocks and sand
 In ancient Japan, sand (suna) and gravel (jari)
were used around Shinto shrines and Buddhist
temples
• White sand represented purity
• sand could also be gray, brown or bluish-
black.
• It is used in zen budhist garden
81
Asian zen garden designs

landscape design 82
Rocks and sand
 rocks of different harmonious sizes
 harmonious colors rocks
 Neutral color sand
82
Materials

landscape design 83
Materials
Pavilion and bench
 kirizuma-style or gabled roofsand
• has an open veranda with posts fitted into
granite rocks
• the roof has multi-layers of western red cedar
shingles with Japanese ceramic tiles
• Tea house gardens
83
Tea house

landscape design 84
Rocks and sand
 Sheltered Bench (machiai)
The sheltered bench, a place to pause before entering the tea house, is framed with imported Japanese
round posts (hinoki bashira).
84
Materials

landscape design 85
Materials
softscape materials :
shrubs
 Bracken
It’s the best option in partial or fully shaded areas
 Equisetum hyemale
It is evergreen even in the hardest weather and
useful for giving winter interest to the pond
 Aspidistra elatior
The plan is tolerant of low humidity, temperature
fluctuation and irregular watering.
85
Tea house

landscape design 86
Materials
tree
 Plum yew
 Pine Trees
 Bamboo
86

landscape design 87
87
Materials
Tree types plan

landscape design 88
8.Colors shown in
Japanese garden :

landscape design 89
Colors shown in japanese garden :
According to
• the texture of stone
• the brightness of moss
• the color and texture of the walking surface and
• the diversity of the bark on the trees
89

landscape design 90
 Spring season :
Purple, white ,pink, red
Because of the trees colors Cherryblossom ,Plum ,and
Peach trees
 Fall season:
Colors showed mostly in fall season
are red ,maroon, orange ,yellow ,Brown
90
Spring season
Fall season

landscape design 91
 Summer season :
light green , all green shades of the leaves and plants
Yellow,neutral colors
 winter season:
White because of the falling snow ,dark shades of green,
Black ,grey
91
Fall season
Summer season
Winter season

landscape design 92
9.How to build
japanese gardens

landscape design
1. Build a Zen garden if you want a completely dry
garden. Zen gardens, also known as Japanese rock
gardens, are designed to be dry. They are typically
comprised of different sized boulders, gravel, sand, and
rocks. Boulders and rocks represent islands and the sand
and gravel are meant to represent water, which is why
wave designs are typically drawn in the sand and
gravel.
2. Choose a flat piece of land to build your garden
on. Zen gardens are typically made on flat and leveled
landscapes, so it's important that you choose the flattest
possible piece of land. You may need to level the land
yourself with a bit of digging and dirt packing. These
gardens are typically made in the shape of a square.
93
Reference :
Building a Zen Garden ( dry garden )
https://www.wikihow.com/Build-a-Japanese-Garden

landscape design
3. Add rocks, boulders, and sand to your garden. Start
by creating a border around your Zen garden with rocks
and boulders. This will help keep your gravel and sand
inside of your designated Zen garden, and stop it from
spreading all over the rest of your yard. After you've
lined your Zen garden with rocks, spread a layer of
gravel or sand over the bottom of your garden (it
should be 3-4 inches thick). Then, place different sized
rocks and boulders throughout the rest of the
4. Incorporate the proper plants into your garden. Zen
gardens are simplistic and typically include limited plant
life – mostly moss, small trees, and shrubbery. Besides
this limited addition of plants, the main focus of Zen
gardens is the raked gravel symbolizing streaming
water. Don't add too many elements, as Zen gardens
are meant to be simple and relaxing.
94
Reference :
Building a Zen Garden

landscape design
5. Rake water designs into your Zen garden. It is important to rake your gravel or sand so that it
replicates flowing water, as this is a key element to a proper Zen garden. You can use a regular garden
rake to pull designs through your sand or gravel. It's best to use a rake that has larger, wider set teeth, as
this will create a better, more legible design.
-Use a broom, or a broom handle, to perfect the grooves created by the rake. Once the grooves are
created with a rake, use a broom or broom handle to press down into the grooves. This will make the
grooves deeper and easier to see.
-The water designs are meant to be calming and relaxing, so creating them should also be a relaxed
process.
-You can create circular designs, straight designs, or flowing designs, so create whichever designs are the
most beautiful to you.
95
Reference :
Building a Zen Garden

landscape design
1. Build a tea garden. Traditional Japanese
tea gardens are divided into two areas that
are separated by a simple barrier, such as a
small gate or a wall of rocks. This barrier
should also have an opening to walk
through. The outer garden is meant to be a
pathway into the tea ceremony, and the
inner garden is where the tea ceremony
takes place. Often, the inner garden
contains a tea house. The purpose of a tea
garden is to get into a peaceful state of
mind before beginning a tea ceremony.
96
Reference :
Creating a Tea Garden

landscape design
2. Create the outer garden. The outer
garden of a tea garden serves as a pathway
to the inner garden. Outer gardens
generally include a pathway to the inner
garden, a few simple shrubs and plants, and
some type of water element (such as a
waterfall, small pond, or fountain).
Traditionally, tea gardens were kept
deliberately natural and woodsy to provide
a calming transition between the outer
world to a tranquil tea ceremony.
97
Reference :

landscape design 98
Reference :
3. Include a cleansing area between the
two gardens. Ritual cleansing is
important in a tea garden, as it purifies
a person before they begin their tea
ceremony. A stone water basin (a
tsukubai) should be placed in an area
between the outer and inner gardens
where visitors can wash their mouth and
hands. These basins are typically built
low to the ground so that visitors must
crouch or kneel to cleanse themselves.
Crouching or kneeling is also viewed as a
sign of respect.

landscape design 99
Reference :
4. Create a wall or gate to separate the
outer and inner gardens. A small gate or
wall of rocks is usually built to separate
the outer garden from the inner garden.
The wall represents official entry into the
tea garden, a place of relaxation and
peace from the outside world. You can
purchase a small wooden or metal gate
to install, or you can make a small wall
out of rocks and boulders.

landscape design 100
Reference :
Choosing to Build a Strolling Garden
1. Create a strolling garden if you
want a larger, more luxurious garden.
Strolling gardens with ponds, islands
and hills were built on large pieces of
land. These gardens usually included a
circular trail that allowed people to
enjoy the garden from many different
perspectives.
2. Build your strolling garden in the proper area. Strolling
gardens require more space than other types of Japanese
gardens, making them the least practical type of Japanese
garden for most people. However, if you happen to have a
huge backyard or a giant piece of land, a strolling garden
may be perfect for you. These gardens usually feature a large
variety of features – from ponds and rivers to pathways and
hills (sometimes artificial hills) – which also makes them one
of the most expensive types of Japanese gardens to build.

Reference :
3. Plan your garden. Many strolling
gardens rely on artificial landscape to
make them extremely beautiful and
surreal. You should create a pond or
river if your property doesn't already
have one, as these gardens always
have some type of water element.
You should also add some hills to your
strolling garden if your property is
naturally flat. You'll also need to plan
a strolling path for your garden. This
will help your garden to look like a
traditional Japanese strolling garden.

Reference :
4. Create your landscape. If you plan
on adding artificial landscapes, such as
small bodies of water or hills, you may
need to hire professionals to help you.
Artificial hills are usually created by
adding mounds of packed dirt to your
land, and planting grass on top of
these mounds. The goal is to make
these new hills a natural part of your
existing landscape. Creating a river or
pond may be a bit more challenging,
as you'll need to dig out chunks of
land and transform them into bodies
of water.

Reference :
5. Make your strolling path. After you've
built your hills and water elements, you
should build a strolling path into your
garden. You can use gravel, pebbles,
wooden planks, or large stepping stones to
make your walkway. Your path should
flow nicely through your garden.
6. Add decorative elements to your strolling
garden. Whereas the other types of Japanese
gardens are usually more natural, strolling
gardens can be a bit more extravagant.
Decorate your garden with benches, large
statues or sculptures, incorporate bright,
flowering plants, line your pathway with
beautiful lanterns, add a few fountains
throughout your garden

Reference :
Building a Courtyard Garden
1. Choose a courtyard garden if you're
looking to build a small a
garden. Courtyard gardens typically
incorporate simple non-flowering
plants, a dry stream (made with sand
or gravel), and small water elements
(such as a fountain). They are usually
easy to make and easy to maintain.
These gardens are typically meant to be
viewed, but not entered.

Reference :
2. Pick the right location for your
garden. Despite their name, you don't
need an actual courtyard to create a
courtyard garden. Traditional
courtyard gardens are designed for
smaller, confined spaces, which makes
areas like rooftops, porches, or terraces
perfect for them. It's also recommended
to incorporate plants that don't require
much sunlight, as this will give you more
options when choosing a location for
your garden.

Reference :
3. Create a border for your
garden. Using a combination of rocks
and plants, create a border for your
courtyard garden. This will help you
and your visitors distinguish where your
garden begins. Once you've created the
border for your garden, you can begin
decorating it with sand, additional
rocks and plants, as well as a simple
tree or fountain.

Reference :
4. Add the proper elements to your
garden. It's easiest to use potted plants in
courtyard gardens, as this will allow you to
build your garden almost anywhere. Choose
plants that require little to no sunlight, such
as ferns and palm plants. Pour sand or
gravel onto the ground of your courtyard
garden, and create a dry stream by raking
a water design into it. Incorporate a few
rocks, a small tree, or a fountain for
additional scenery.

10.where we can
use Japanese
garden ?

Using japanese gardens in large spaces
landscape design
 If you have a larger space, you can create a 'Zen' rock garden.
 using large rocks or stones, surrounded by find gravel or sand which is raked into a pattern
designed to imitate the ripples of water flowing.
 Japanese style gardens feature ornate pathways and bridges that meander to unseen areas of
the garden.
109

Using Japanese gardens in small spaces
landscape design
 Gardens within the walls of a residence or in a small, enclosed space beside them, are known as
Courtyard Gardens or Tsuboniwa.
110

Using Japanese gardens in small spaces
landscape design
 As houses grew bigger courtyard gardens also took on the function of regulating the temperature and
airflow in the home during the long hot summers.
111

11.What to Avoid
When Planning a
Japanese Garden

What to Avoid When Planning a Japanese Garden
landscape design
 Don't Paint Wood Features
 Don't Use a Rainbow of Colors
 Don't Use Too Many Japanese Accessories
 Don't Use Colored Stones
 Don't Prune Shrubs Into Topiaries
 Don't Combine Out-of-Scale Elements
113
https://www.thespruce.com/what-not-to-do-in-a-
japanese-garden

What to Avoid When Planning a Japanese Garden
landscape design
 Don't Mix Unnatural Rock Forms
 Don't Use Plastic Basins
 Don't Arrange in Even Numbers
 Don't Use Cute Accessories
 Don't Prune Pines to Look Like Christmas Trees
114
https://www.thespruce.com/what-not-to-do-in-a-
japanese-garden

12.Japanese
landscape
Analyzed
example
2020-2021

1.Kenrokuen Garden
landscape design
• located
in Kanazawa, Ishikaw
a , Japan 1871
• classified as one of
Japan's "three most
beautiful
landscape gardens“
116
Reference :https://japan-daisukii.blogspot.com/

Kenrokuen Garden
plan

Kenrokuen Garden
landscape design
• he name Kenrokuen literally means "Garden of the Six Sublimities", referring to spaciousness, seclusion,
artificiality, antiquity, abundant water and broad views, which according to Chinese landscape theory are
the six essential attributes that make up a perfect garden .
• landscape theory as the grounds are teeming with water features, bridges, teahouses, trees, flowers, stones,
viewpoints and hidden nooks to discover.
118

Elements ( water )
The garden boasts Japan’s oldest fountain
This fountain reaches a height of 3.5 meters
119
ts/falls/falls.html
landscape design
Kasumigaike pond and
the Uchihashi-tei tea house

Elements ( furniture's )
Funa-no-ochin – a boat shaped arbor ( sitting area )
The natural rise and fall of the garden pathways
will take you to both secluded resting points
, and then suddenly open out to expansive views,
like that over the Kasumigaike pond.
120
ts/falls/falls.html
landscape design
The Meiji Memorial was the first outdoor
bronze statue of a human figure
to be erected in Japan

Elements (lantern)
Kotojitoro Lantern The famous stone lantern with two uneven legs
is a must see during your visit.
It is the symbol of Kenrokuen and the city Kanazawa.
121
garden/
landscape design

Elements (lanterns)
Kaiseki-to lantern
-The 4.1 meter high stone pagoda is located on a small island at the centre of the Hisago-ike pond.
122
garden/
landscape design

Elements (bridge)
Gankobashi: Flying Geese Bridge
11 numbers of stone are lined up which look like wild geese fly away in a queue.
It is said that if you walk through this bridge, you will live longer.
123
garden/
landscape design

Elements (plant)
Karasaki-matsu / pine tree: Maple trees
124
Reference : https://japan-daisukii.blogspot.com/2016/12/kenrokuen-garden-kanazawa-ishikawa-
chubu.html?fbclid=IwAR3xaa9VS9xaRugNRjUGMJcYrAKIQak7baNfxvlw8b2wxwoBAheYr23uGEM
landscape design
with winter protection against heavy snow

Elements (plant)
Irises in May seen from a flower viewing bridge Bairin (plum forest):
125
garden/
landscape design

2.Kengo Kuma Japanese Garden
landscape design
• PARK, CULTURAL ARCHITECTURE
• PORTLAND, UNITED STATES
• Architects: Kengo Kuma & Associates
• Area: 1431m²
• Year: 2017
126
https://www.archdaily.com/

landscape design
• The project is a village positioned along a journey from the city to the top of the hill
127
Cultural
center

landscape design
• The project is a village positioned along a journey from the city to the top of the hill
128
Terrace
Pathway
Gardens
Courtyard

landscape design
• the village will provide a "free-flowing" courtyard space for events and educational activities
• as well as multi-purpose classrooms, galleries, a library, tea cafe
129

landscape design
• located
in Kanazawa, Ishikawa
, Japan 1871
• classified as one of
Japan's "three most
beautiful
landscape gardens“
130

Elements
plant
rock
Sitting
area
Sitting
area
Wood
tile

Elements
rock
plant

Elements
Bridge plant
rock
Glass and
timber

Elements

Elements
Modern path
timber
glass

Elements
Modern
bridge
pond
Timber
glass
tile

Conclusion :

Conclusion
landscape design
1. designs are accompanied by Japanese
aesthetics and philosophical ideas, avoid
artificial ornamentation, and highlight the
natural landscape.
2. Gravel is usually used in zen gardens, rather
than sand, because it is less disturbed by
rain and wind.
3. In the Japanese rock garden, rocks
sometimes symbolize mountains, or they
can be boats or a living creature
4. Japanese gardens are generally classified
according to the nature of the terrain :
• Karesansui (dry gardens)
• Chaniwa gardens (tea gardens)
• Tsukiyama (hill gardens)
• Study garden
138

Conclusion
landscape design
 Layout of study garden
• The most common layout for a Study garden begins with a
pond nearest to the visitor, with the garden leading the view
up an incline beyond.
• Bridges are often placed on one side of the pond
• while both stone settings and small shrubs are arranged in
various locations on the garden slope.
• Some of the stonework you may see include lanterns,
pagodas and statuary.
 Visual axis
• use buildings as a part of the garden's composition, including
pavilions, tea houses and guest houses.
139

Conclusion
landscape design
 The accessibility of the
Japanese garden
140
pavilion
plant
bridge
lantern
water

conclusion
 Principles :
 Unity
 Sequence
 Variety
 Balance
 Emphasis
 Imitating nature
 Symbolism
 asymmetry
 Simplicity ( less is more )
 Contrast
 Curves
 Irregular shapes Odd
numbers Concealment
141
garden/
landscape design
 Elements :
 Water
 Bridge
 Pond
 Rock and sand
 Waterfall
 Fountain
 Fence
 Gate
 Path
 Tree

142
Conclusion
 Materials
 Stone used for pathways
 Wood used for bridges
 Stone used for bridges
 Bamboo used for fences
 Pavilion made by wood and
rocks

conclusion
 Colors shown in japanese garden :
 Spring season :
Purple, white ,pink, red
Because of the trees colors Cherryblossom ,Plum ,and Peach
trees
 Fall season:
Colors showed mostly in fall season
are red ,maroon, orange ,yellow ,Brown
 Summer season :
light green , all green shades of the leaves and plants
Yellow,neutral colors
 winter season:
White because of the falling snow ,dark shades of green, Black
,grey
143

conclusion
• If you have a larger space, you can create a 'Zen' rock garden.
• As houses grew bigger courtyard gardens also took on the function of regulating the
temperature and airflow in the home during the long hot summers.
• It has an informal outline It dose not rely on symmetry
144

145
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Japanese garden

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