1. Sex Preselection Essay
Sex Preselection
For many years, mankind has wondered how to choose the sex of a child before its birth for which
countless myths, folk remedies, and magic potions have been offered as a solution. None of these
methods were based on scientific evidence. However, in recent years gender selection has been
made possible through advances such as preimplantation genetic diagnosis using biopsy methods
combined with in vitro fertilization and sperm separation using flow cytometry techniques
(Reubinoff, 1996, p. 344). These methods can increase the likelihood of producing a child of the
desired sex, although none can guarantee success. The fact that the procedure can be fairly simple
and inexpensive may cause medical practices to notice ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Although it has been argued that the FISH technique is acceptable when the embryo is homogenous,
but remains questionable when it is heterogenous (Coonen, 1996, p.134).
Another technique used in sex preselection is called MicroSort. "Utilizing new flow cytometric
separation technology, the X or Y chromosome –bearing sperm can be sorted and the enriched
fraction of sorted sperm can be used for medical insemination (intrauterine insemination), in vitro
fertilization, or intracytoplasmic sperm injection." (Genetics & IVF Institute, 1998) Normally,
semen specimens contain an equal amount of X– and Y–bearing sperm. If either of the two can be
increased, so can the chances of conceiving a child of that sex. This method is currently somewhat
more successful for parents choosing to have a girl. It is expected to be five to six times more likely
to have a female child, while on the other hand, the chances of a boy are only increased to 2: 1.
Obviously, this does not result in the complete elimination of either X or Y chromosome –bearing
sperm in the final sperm preparation. This sorting technique has resulted in over four hundred
offspring of various species as well as the recent births in humans. (Genetics & IVF Institute, 1998).
The first people to use this technique were looking to avoid a deadly disease called hydrocephalus,
which almost always effects boys. A healthy baby girl was born to the couple in August of
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2.
3. Is Ivf A Process? Ivf? Vitro Fertilization? ( Vitro Ivf...
By Kobe Montgomery Introduction Do when finished the rest IVF What is IVF? (In vitro
fertilization) In vitro fertilization means fertilization outside of the body. IVF is often used for many
different reasons normally because a couple are unable to conceive naturally. IVF is a process where
doctors give a woman medication so that she will produce multiple eggs and once those eggs have
matured they are then remove from the woman's uterus to then be fertilized in a lab where they
inject the eggs with sperm and 3–5 days later they are implanted back as embryos. History of IVF
The procedure Step 1 – Egg collection The First step in the IVF process is to obtain the eggs from
the ovaries of the woman. They do this by giving the woman injections of FSH (Follicle stimulating
hormone), this sets off several follicles (sacs that contain eggs in the ovaries) in to development. On
average there is around five to ten sacs but this can vary quite a bit Once enough if the follicles have
developed they remove the eggs from the ovaries by passing a needle through and into the fluid
filled sacs that contain the eggs (follicles). This procedure is performed by a doctor while patient is
under light anaesthetic Step 2 – sperm preparation While the eggs are being collected the semen
sample is being prepared there are different preparation methods this is decided by the quality of the
semen sample. The most common method is called a "density gradient preparation".
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4.
5. The Human Genome Project : Hiv Cocktails, Stem Cell...
The 21st century is said to be the best time to be human and to be alive compared to our history as
people. We have seen the remarkable happen in the past 10 years within medical advances such as
the discoveries of the Human Genome Project, HIV Cocktails, Stem Cell Research, Cancer
Therapies and the list goes on. These medical advances have changed the face of humanity in all the
right ways and our future generations have a fighting chance to proceed and enjoy the lives that we
have provided for them. One of the greatest medical advances which help thousands of families
every year is In–Vitro Fertilization or commonly known as IVF. IVF in itself is the procedure of
fertilization where an egg and sperm is combined in a laboratory by a doctor then is proceeded to be
transferred into a woman's uterus. In the cycle of pregnancy, the male normally ejaculates into a
woman which then leads to the male's sperm enter the woman's egg then it would then become
fertilized. An issue that many women face is becoming pregnant naturally due to complications in
the body or something as simple as age. According to the ARM (American for Reproductive
Medicine), about 1% of infants across the U.S. have been conceived through the help of IVF.
The concept of IVF was brought to light in the late 1970's by Robert Edwards and Patrick Steptoe.
The first test–tube baby was born on July 25th, 1978 and her named was Louise Brown. Her parents
tried for almost 9 years to have a baby before
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6.
7. Klinefelter Syndrome Research Paper
Klinefelter syndrome is a genetic condition that results when a boy is born with an extra copy of the
X chromosome. Klinefelter syndrome is a common genetic condition affecting only males. It mostly
affects testicular growth, and this can result in smaller than normal testicles. This can lead to lower
production of the sex hormone testosterone. Klinefelter syndrome may also cause reduced muscle
mass, reduced body and facial hair, and enlarged breast tissue. The effects of Klinefelter syndrome
affect every person differently, and not everyone with it develops the same signs and symptoms.
Klinefelter syndrome often isn't diagnosed until adulthood. Most men with Klinefelter syndrome
produce little or no sperm. But assisted reproductive procedures ... Show more content on
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Starting at the time of the usual onset of puberty, testosterone replacement can help treat or prevent a
number of problems. Testosterone may be given as an injection or with a gel or patch on the skin.
The therapy allows a boy to undergo the body changes that normally occur at puberty, such as
developing a deeper voice, growing facial and body hair, and increasing muscle mass and penis size.
It can also improve bone density and reduce the risk of fractures. It will not result in testicle
enlargement or improve infertility. Breast tissue removal in males who develop enlarged breasts
(gynecomastia), excess breast tissue can be removed by a plastic surgeon, leaving a more normal–
looking chest. Speech and physical therapy treatments can help boys with Klinefelter syndrome
overcome problems with speech, language and muscle weakness. Educational support is very
important with boys who have Klinefelter syndrome. They usually have trouble learning and can
benefit from extra assistance. Parents should talk to their child's teacher, school counselor or school
nurse about what kind of support might help. Most men with Klinefelter syndrome are unable to
father children, because no sperm are produced in the testicles. Some men with Klinefelter
syndrome may have some minimal sperm production. One option that may benefit men with
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8.
9. Brief Description Of Technology And Assisted Reproductive...
Brief description of technology
Assisted Reproductive Technology (ART) refers to the technology used to assist human
reproduction for individuals who are infertile (inability to conceive after trying for at least 12
months). Assisted Reproductive Technologies are categorized as HardwareThere are a variety of
assisted reproductive technologies that are used to help couples reproduce:
In vitro fertilization (IVF) – this is fertilization outside of the body. IVF is the most effective and the
most common form of ART.
Zygote intra fallopian transfer (ZIFT) or tubal embryo transfer – this is similar to IVF. Fertilization
occurs in the laboratory. The embryo is then transferred to the fallopian tube instead of the uterus.
Gamete intra ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In Australia, approximately 3.1% of births are a result of Assisted Reproductive Technology. ARTs
have evolved over the last three decades into a suite of mainstream medical interventions that have
resulted in the birth of more than 4.3 million children worldwide (2010). Scientific advancements
continue to emerge in the field of ART technologies, clinical practice and patient characteristics.
ART has changed over the last three decades with the development of technology such as complex
ovarian hyper stimulation protocols and numerous variations to the typical IVF treatment cycle
Reproductive technology was developed in the biology and genetics of the embryo as it is now
possible to test for chromosome and gene defects in the embryo, prior to implantation. This
technique is called preimplantation genetic testing or preimplantation genetic diagnosis and is when
one or more cells are removed from the embryo and analysed for chromosomal disorders or genetic
diseases before embryo transfer. Therefore, assisted reproductive technologies (ART) not only assist
in conception but can also avoid the birth of a child with a disability or hereditary disease. While
new technologies continue to extend the available options for infertile couples, they also have the
potential to help single women and homosexual couples to have children. Overall, these
technologies have developed from when they were first introduced to now and have
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10.
11. Stages of In Vitro Ferlization Essay
In Vitro Fertilization (IVF) is a procedure in which an egg (oocyte) from a woman's ovaries is
removed and separately fertilized with male sperm in a laboratory before being implanted into the
woman's fallopian tubes. 1 2 The first stage of IVF is called superovulation. Follicles are structures
within which the oocyte develops, in order to retrieve multiple follicles several hormone and drug
combinations are administered. Consequently, the ovary stops function and allows the follicles to
ripen at the same time when stimulated therefore providing an increased number of eggs to harvest.
Follicles are considered mature after 8 to 9 days and human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) is
administered which enables the final maturation of the oocytes.3 ... Show more content on
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9 The risk of birth effects of single born IVF children are relatively small as it is 1–2% greater than
naturally conceived single born children. 6 IVF technologies have allowed screening of the embryo
for genetic diseases and gender before implantation. Subsequently, couples have undergone IVF to
specifically choose the preferred gender, and only have said embryos implanted. This is considered
morally inappropriate if the gender selection is for non–medical reasons, such as a gender which is
not susceptible to a particular genetic disease. Sex selection could result in further distortion of the
male to female ratio where there is substantial preference over a gender. Currently, the male to
female ratio in China, and some parts of India, is 1:2. 10 Controversy over the use of IVF is
prevalent, particularly within the Roman Catholic Church who opposes IVF, egg donation and
surrogacy as they view it as unnatural. 11 Discussion The IVF procedure is advantageous to the user
as it allows them to conceive a child. This allows couples who are infertile, have fertility problems
or unable to conceive naturally to have a child with their genetic make–up or from donor eggs.
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12.
13. What´s Xyy Syndrome?
XYY Syndrome XYY Syndrome is a condition where a male has an extra Y chromosome in his
genes. This can be known as "Jacob's Syndrome, XYY Karyotype or YY Syndrome". Having this
condition does not mean that an individual life would have a massive impact although there are
some factors that may cause issue such as being taller than an average height person of the specific
age, learning difficulties, speech problems, minor physical differences such as weaker muscles and
bones. The condition can cause delayed puberty, which is why when a male is older he could fact
fertility issues, and complications related to low testosterone levels. Saying this, XYY Syndrome
does generally distinctive physical features or complications and have a normal sexual
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14.
15. Assisted Reproductive Technology ( Vitro Fertilisation )
A successful fertilisation event refers to a sperm and an oocyte meet at a right place and a right time.
Assisted Reproductive Technology (ART) includes IVF (in vitro fertilisation) or ICSI
(intracytoplasmic sperm injection) treatments have helped xxx of women got pregnant and deliver
around xx of newborns to couples in the UK every year. However, the overall pregnancy rate is
remain low. Only a minority (15–30%) of embryos implanted in the uterus result in a successful
pregnancy. It is approximately xx%, it means xx of embryos fail to develop, implant or form a baby.
The first selection point in the clinic is xx hours post IVF/ICSI. Embryologists examine and select
the "normal" zygotes that indicate two pronuclei (one derived from the mother: female pronucleus;
and the other derived from the father: male pronucleus). Unfortunately, not every single oocyte can
be "normal fertilised." Based on the literature, it ranges from 2.7 to 17% of ICSI or IVF procedures
produce zygote with only one pronucleus in the clinics worldwide, but the causes remain elusive.
We have very recently reported molecules named Hira and H3.3 involving the central role for a
successful fertilisation event. Lack of Hira/H3.3 molecule in mouse results in abnormal "one
pronucleus" zygotes which provides a link to the cause and effect of one pronucleus phenotype in
human IVF clinic.
In this study, we would like to investigate the occasion and dissect the mechanisms based on our
previous animal model as
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16.
17. Ivf Failure Research Paper
Explaining and Overcoming Causes of IVF Failure
For women going through in vitro fertilization, IVF, there is nothing more disheartening than
experiencing IVF failure. There are many things that can cause IVF failure, ranging from problems
with fertilization to issues with implantation.
Ovation Fertility™ doctors and fertility specialists understand the causes of IVF failure. Even more
importantly, they know ways to control them, so you have the best chance of experiencing a healthy
and successful pregnancy.
IVF failure can be caused by a number of things, including fertilization failure, genetic issues with
the embryo and failed implantation
The first step in dealing with IVF failure is to understand what is needed for a successful IVF ...
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As it turns out, there isn't just one cause. There are several. Here are some of the most common
causes of IVF failure:
1. Genetically abnormal eggs often cause IVF failure. Eggs with genetic abnormalities are more
common in older women of reproductive age, and they result in genetically abnormal embryos that
cannot grow into healthy babies.
2. Fertilization failure, a less common cause of IVF failure, occurs when the sperm is unable to
penetrate and fertilize the egg.
3. Failed implantation can cause IVF failure, even with a genetically normal embryo. It's important
that the endometrial lining of the uterus is in sync with when eggs are released. If a woman
experiences premature ovulation, her eggs are released when her uterus isn't ready for them, causing
IVF failure.
4. The skill of fertility doctors and embryologists can impact the success of an IVF cycle. An IVF
cycle can still fail under the supervision of even the most skilled doctors and embryologists.
However, an IVF cycle is more likely to be successful under the supervisor of fertility doctors who
are highly skilled with egg retrieval and embryo transfer as well as fertility specialists who
understand embryo selection. How Ovation Fertility™ Manages IVF
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18.
19. Advantages And Disadvantages For Ivf
IVF
1 INTRODUCTORY
2 PROCESS OF IVF
There are actually different treatments for IVF and in this part, we will focus on Intracytoplasmic
sperm injection (ICSI).
For Women
1. Take fertility drugs to stimulate ovaries to produce more eggs
2. Collect eggs
3. Inject each egg with a single sperm from your partner or donor
4. Apply single embryo transfer
For Men
1. Collect sperm
2. Examine sperm to see whether ICSI would increase of chance of pregnancy
3. A) If the sperm can increase the chance of pregnancy, fresh sperm will be collected on the same
day as the egg.
B) If the male's sperm cannot increase the chance a) Collect sperm from epididymis, known as
'percutaneous epididymal sperm aspiration' or PESA. b) Collect sperm from testicles, known as
'testicular sperm aspiration' or TESA. c) Take a small quantities of testicular tissue from sperm
which can be collected, known as 'testicular sperm extraction' or TESE d) If the male has stored
sperm ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The chances of having multiple birth will increase from the fertility drugs, it also increase the risk of
having premature babies or babies with low birth weight etc. IVF treatment can also be expensive, it
is around USD$13000 per treatment. Women need to take medication and blood test before the
treatment, they often has to take more than 1 cycle of IVF treatment, which sometimes women
thinks it is highly emotive and stressful for their family finance and they end up in
emotional/psychological toll. As women age, the success rate of pregnancy and birth decreases,
from 46.7 and 40.7 at the age lower than 35, to 8.6 and 3.9 at the age higher than
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20.
21. Risks Involved With Vitro Fertilisation Essay
Focus questions;
What are some disadvantages or risks involved with in–vitro fertilisation? Unfortunately with the
procedure of In–Vitro fertilisation success is not guaranteed, in fact less than 50% of procedures
ultimately result in pregnancies. Obviously because it is an operative procedure there is always the
risk of infection and/or haemorrhage. Another risk associated with IVF is OHHS or Ovarian hyper
stimulation syndrome: This is when the ovaries are stimulated through the use of medications to
make multiple eggs in which your ovaries can become swollen and painful. The use of frozen
embryos during IVF, however, may slightly increase the risk of miscarriage. About 2 to 5 percent of
women who use IVF may experience an ectopic pregnancy; This is when the fertilised egg implants
outside the uterus, usually in a fallopian tube. The fertilised egg can't survive outside the uterus, and
there 's no way to continue the pregnancy. Although not considered a risk the use of IVF can be
financially, physically and emotionally draining. The emotional stress will negatively effect your
physical health, and cause strains on your relationships.
Why isn 't IVF available to everyone? What are the costs involved? The following fees are
associated with fertility treatment:
Consultations with your fertility specialist (including initial and follow up)
Any investigations or tests you may require (e.g. semen analysis or AMH testing)
Fertility treatment, and the medications involved
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22.
23. Klinefelter Syndrome Analysis
After karyotyping through amniocentesis, our team of obstetricians and cytogeneticists have
identified a non–disjunction. This was done through taking a sample of amniotic fluid containing
fetal skin cells and placing it in a laboratory dish with chemicals and hormones to allow the cells to
divide rapidly. After a week, we applied colcemid, a drug that stops mitosis at the metaphase stage.
Various other chemicals were then applied to swell the cells at the metaphase stage of mitosis and
the cell was placed in a microscope slide to dry. Gimesya dye was then applied to identify the
different chromosomes in the cell and a picture of the stained chromosomes was taken. The
chromosomes were arranged by size, which were then analyzed. After analysis, it appears that the
unborn child is ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
These treatments are more effective if the symptoms of Klinefelter syndrome are diagnosed early.
Testosterone therapy is available in patches, gels, and injections to deepen the voice, improve
muscle mass, and improve the growth of facial and pubic hair of individuals with Klinefelter
syndrome. To counter infertility in individuals with the condition, in vitro fertilization methods such
as testicular sperm extraction with intracytoplasmic sperm injection is available. During this
procedure, a surgeon would take sperm from the individual's testes and places a sperm in an egg on
a laboratory dish. Depending on the individual, a doctor may recommend mastectomy, a procedure
to reduce or remove enlarged breasts of Klinefelter syndrome patients. In addition, physiotherapists
can help patients with Klinefelter syndrome improve muscle tone, strengthen bones, and improve
their motor and coordination skills. An individualized education plan (IEP) can also be created in
elementary and secondary schools to define and help students with Klinefelter syndrome reach
academic and social goals at
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24.
25. Genetic Engineering and Infertility
Children are the brightness of life. Children are what make many sad people happy. Children are the
future. This world is full of these tiny, energetic, innocent creatures. Most of the people have the
chance to be a parent and have a child, but there are many that couldn't. These people have
problems. They are infertile people. These people wish to have kids. These people try so hard to fix
their problems." One of four couples is infertile or dealing with infertility problems in developing
countries, and one third to one half of these cases result from male infertility"( Ethics for gene
therapy). Blood test is what is used for measuring several factors that affect infertility (Salk Study).
The question becomes can theses infertile people be parents? Based on many studies infertility can
now be cured by gene therapy.
There are many causes for male and female to be infertile. Infertility in men is when they are unable
to produce sperm." The key that tells this man is infertile is changing in hair growth." ( Web Med)
"For male infertility there are many causes. There are three factors: genetic defects, hormonal
imbalances, and anatomical problems. 90% of male infertility cases are due to low sperm count and
poor sperm quality or both. Men who live a healthy life style are more likely to produce a healthy
sperm. Smoking, alcohol, tight underwear, and stress are causes of infertility too. There is a small
percentage of male infertility cause by hormonal problems. There also can
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26.
27. Ivf Research Paper
The topic of whether couples should undergo the usage of various reproductive technologies,
especially IVF, for purposes such as selecting the gender of their unborn baby, is an intense ongoing
debate. In–vitro fertilisation or for short IVF, was made available in the late 1970's, in order to assist
women who encountered certain forms of infertility that prevented them to give birth and bear
children (George, 2005). There are currently various arguments for the use of IVF in choosing the
sex of an unborn baby, which include the practical and biological reasons whereas arguments against
the usage of IVF involve social and ethical reasons.
In–vitro fertilisation is a procedure used to overcome a range of fertility issues and helps conceive ...
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The Australian Health Ethics Community (AHEC) states, "Admission to life should not be
conditioned upon a child being of a particular sex" (Nhmrc.gov.au, 2004). Although this can seem
unfair, The AHEC believes that selecting the sex of your child can be a contributing cause of an
expression of sexual and social prejudice. Is conceiving a daughter more beneficial than conceiving
a son or the other way around? Will choosing the sex of your child improve the family than a child
who you had no idea their gender would be? Dr. Tom Shakespeare, a lecturer from the University of
Cambridge and author of a gender study regarding IVF, commented, "I fear children could be
turning into consumer items and that sex selection could potentially lead to choosing babies on the
basis of hair or eye colour" (News.bbc.co.uk, 2005). This comment discloses how children can soon
start to turn into products that parents can choose and produce depending on what they want.
Correlating with this information, Tereza Hendl, a health science researcher from the University of
Sydney, says, "Gender selection is an expression of sexism as it reinforces a binary view of
children." The life of a person should not depend on their gender, as your gender should not define
you as a person or the traits you develop. It discards the fact that conceiving a child is meant to be
all–natural. Unless couples are unable to reproduce on their own due to genetic disorders or
infertility, IVF can be an option couples may choose to use in order to conceive a child of their
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28.
29. Infertility: Fertility In The United States
Approximately 7.3 million Americans are infertile during their reproductive years. That number
places about one out of ten American couples diagnosed with fertility problems. Infertility refers to
the inability to conceive after regular unprotected sex or a female who cannot carry a pregnancy full
term. Numerous risk factors are contributed to infertility. The most common factor we think of when
it comes to infertility is hormonal imbalance. Hormonal imbalance is characterized by irregular
menstrual cycles or short, long, or heavy periods. The lack of ovulation, the releasing of eggs from
an ovary, is a factor in hormonal imbalance. Another common health factor that can affect fertility is
being overweight or being underweight. Body fat ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
On average the cost of artificial insemination is about $865. While being the most commonly used
method, the success rate depends purely on the woman's age and the quality of the man's sperm.
Generally, the chance of conception per cycle is 15–20%, with a 60–70% chance of pregnancy after
six cycles. Due to so many fertility drugs, there is a very wide cost depending on whether the drug is
a pill or an injectable. The cost can vary between $60 to $6,000 per cycle. The success rate of the
pill is 40–45% while the injectable is 50%. Although the success rate of the in vitro fertilisation
varies on the age of the woman, the cost on average per cycle is $8,000. The price of IVF alone does
not include the additional prices of medication that are suggested to take during the cycle. While the
chances of fertility choosing the zygote intrafallopian transfer method are again depending on age
and health, 36% of couples become pregnant with only 29% going on to deliver. The cost of the
ZIFT for one cycle is anywhere between $8,000 and
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30.
31. Symptoms And Symptoms Of Klinefelter Syndrome
My brother Jett Balanay was diagnosed with Klinefelter Syndrome. Klinefelter Syndrome is a
genetic condition in which a male is born with an extra X chromosome. Instead of the normal forty–
six X,Y chromosome of a male, Jett has forty–seven chromosomes which are X,X and Y. In my
previous research I provided information about Klinefelter Syndrome, the signs and symptoms, the
history of Klinefelter Syndrome, and a list of health care providers that are available to help treat
males with Klinefelter Syndrome. This paper will provide detailed information about the three major
facets when addressing treatment for males with Klinefelter Syndrome. The three major facets are
hypogonadism "diminished hormonal or reproductive functioning in the testes or the ovaries,"
gynecomastia "abnormal enlargement of the breast in a male," and psychosocial problems "of or
relating to the interaction between social and psychological factors" (Dictionary, 2015) One of the
symptoms of Klinefelter Syndrome is infertility. Infertility is "The persistent inability to achieve
conception and produce an offspring" (Houghton Mifflin Company, 2002). There are many options
when it comes to treating infertility or hypogonadism, one of the options for treating hypogonadism
is seeking treatment from a reproductive endocrinologist and infertility physician. Research states
that males with Klinefelter Syndrome were considered infertile until the year 1996. Fifty percent of
males with Klinefelter Syndrome
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32.
33. Vitro Fertilization ( Ivf ) Essay
Have you ever heard of an "in vitro fertilization (IVF)"? Well, the term "in vitro" is Latin for "in
glass" .With IVF treatment, the egg is fertilized with sperm in a petri dish. Typically, many eggs are
retrieved from the biological mother (who may or may not be the intended parent), as not every egg
will fertilize, and not every fertilized egg will become a viable embryo. A few days after
fertilization, the best embryo or embryos are transferred to the mothers or surrogate's uterus via a
catheter through cervix. Any extra embryos may be cryopreserved (cooling them below the freezing
point of water) for future cycles. This method was pioneered by Robert G. Edwards, a retired
Professor of Human Reproduction at Cambridge University, was heralded as the Creator of Modern
Reproductive Medicine. He paired with Patrick Steptoe, a practicing Gynecologist at Oldam General
Hospital who pioneered the use of laparoscopy (a surgical procedure in which a fiber–optic
instrument is inserted through the abdominal wall to view the organs in the abdomen or to permit a
surgical procedure) in gynecology. Their collaboration started in 1968 when Edwards attended a
lecture that Steptoe gave on laparoscopy at the Royal Society of Medicine in London. Both achieved
gracefully in fertilization and cell division of eggs in vitro in a petri dish with freshly extracted
semen, but were unable to successfully implant the fertilized egg into the female uterus until 1978.
They manipulated hormone levels in
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34.
35. Ivf Research Paper
How Much Cost IVF:
An in–vitro fertilization, also called an IVF, is when a man's sperm and a woman's egg is taken and
combined in a laboratory. Once fertilization occurs, the egg is implanted into the woman's womb
where it develops naturally. In the United States, the average cost of in–vitro fertilization is around
$12,500 per cycle. Many patients require more than one cycle to achieve pregnancy. Thankfully,
most IVF Doctors give a considerable discount for multiple cycle IVF. In the United States of
America the cost of IVF can be as low as $5000 to as high as $30,000 depending on how many
cycles are needed and if a donor is needed for the egg or the sperm. The cost of IVF varies on locale,
Doctor and what is included. Most IVF costs include pre blood tests, ultrasounds and retrieval cycle
monitoring, and egg retrieval and embryo transfer. Most IVF costs do not include prescription
medications, pre–testing and diagnoses of patient's partner, anaesthesia and medical care needed due
to the IVF procedure. In addition, IVF costs do not typically include extra tests and procedures such
as Intracytoplasmic sperm injection, Assisted zona hatching, Preimplantation genetic diagnosis,
gender ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Typically States with lots of Fertility Clinics cost less than States with minimal Fertility Clinic do.
Low cost IVF States are Illinois with the average IVF cost of around $10,500 per cycle, and
Washington DC has an average price of $9500 per cycle. The most expensive States are Colorado
with an average cost of $17,000 per in–vitro fertilization cycle and Texas with with an average of
$15,000 per cycle. One of the cheapest Infertility clinics in the United States is ARC Fertility. ARC
Fertility has clinics in 33 out of the 50 States, and offers affordable financing plans. For those who
cannot afford in–vitro fertilization procedures in the United State, may find travelling to a different
country for a low cost IVF
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36.
37. Assisted Reproductive Technologies: Blessing
As science and technology advance, new ways of life become easier and can be found at any
individual's fingertips. Reproductive technology is a broad topic, which can be broken down into
using any type of technology to treat infertility. Couples who are, in fact, unable to have children
turn to the form of technology to assist in producing offspring. There are many procedures that can
be done to treat and give women a chance to conceive a child. Women seeking pregnancy use,
according to Reproductive Technology and Assisted Reproductive Technologies: Blessing? Curse?
Both? : In Vitro Fertilization (IVF), In Vitro Maturation (IVM), Gamete Intrafallopian Transfer
(GIFT), Intrauterine Insemination (IUI), Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection (ICSI), ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
There are a variety of issues with the process of artificially creating a fetus. The most popular
procedure, IVF, is a process where sperm and egg are fertilized outside of the body and then injected
back into the woman. At the beginning of the IVF process, there is precautionary medicine which
needs to be taken to balance the hormone levels needed to conceive a child. "There are other health
concerns as well. According to Our Bodies Ourselves, one quarter of women who inject fertility
drugs – a necessary part of ART treatment – experience Ovarian Hyperstimulation Syndrome which
causes the ovaries to temporarily swell and become painful" (Assisted Reproductive Technologies:
Blessing? Curse? Both?). Although this is a temporary syndrome, researchers are still unsure of the
long–term health effects that can arise from ART processes. For example, the article Assisted
Reproductive Technologies: Blessing? Curse? Both? represents how reproductive technologies are
having favorable and inauspicious effects on women's/fetus health, as well as explains that couples
that use ICSI technology seem to put the fetus at a very high risk of developing autism and delayed
developmental function in multiple cases. There is no guarantee in a fully healthy baby, so why risk
using hazardous scientific
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
38.
39. Fertility Treatment Research Paper
Using Fertility Treatments as a Solution to Infertility Making big choices in life can be difficult,
especially if that big choice is having children. There are many men and women who are infertile
that still want to have children. Most decide to adopt other children who do not have families or
their families do not want them. But when adoption is not an option, there is now a way where those
men and women can have their own children together through fertility treatments. Fertility
treatments could be a good thing:being able to freeze egg and sperm, they can help infertile couples,
and avoiding transmitted diseases would be easier.
Egg Freezing The more popular and developing method of treatment is egg freezing. During this
procedure they take an embryo and freeze it for a month before they place it in a uterus to be later
fertilized (Maher). This method was first used for cancer patients. Cancer treatments, like
chemotherapy, can damage the ovaries and make it almost impossible for chemo patients to
reproduce. Doctors do this procedure by taking an ovary, from the patient before they start their
cancer treatments, and slicing it into strips before they freeze it (Though Experimental, Ovarian
Tissue Transplants Can Help Some Women Have Children)(see figure 1).
Dr. Claus Yding Andersen, an ovarian ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Embryonic tissue that was removed is first tested for genetic abnormalities. This is done so that the
healthiest embryos are frozen and implanted. Dr. Timothy Yeko, a medical director of the assisted
reproductive technology program at the Reproductive Medicine Group in Tampa, talked about the
genetic testing, " Most of our patients now choose to have this genetic testing, which has come into
widespread use in the past year or so. By doing this , the miscarriage rate has dropped by 50 percent
because the genetically abnormal embryos are the ones that end in miscarriage."
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
40.
41. Infertility Research Paper
Infertility
Infertility happens more than people are aware of, and is an emotional rollercoaster for the couple
going through the stressful situation. Many couples seek counseling because of the spiritual crisis
they endure, and the questioning of life's purpose (Romeiro, J. et.al, 2017). Six percent of couples
trying to conceive for a year, without success, have to seek a reproductive endocrinologist, a
specialist who manages infertility patients (Center for Disease Control, 2018). If the woman is
35years old, she should only wait six months, before seeing an infertility specialist (Center for
Disease Control, 2018). Also, if a women has two, or more spontaneous miscarriages, reproductive
endocrinology specialist, should be sought (Center for Disease Control, 2018). These are not the
only reasons for assisted reproductive technologies. In this day and age, there could be other reasons
for seeking infertility technologies, such as being a single parent wanting a child, or being an LGBT
couple, wanting to have a family.
When infertility becomes ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Testing can include, blood work, ultrasounds, semen analysis, patency of the fallopian tubes, and
vaginal swabs for any sexually transmitted diseases. Since infertility can be costly, the treatment
starts with the most minimal and works up to the most costly. Ovulation induction (OI) with clomid,
an oral medication, is where most treatment begins, then works its way to injectable medications
such as follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) (Brezina, 2016). These medications are used along with
intrauterine insemination (IUI) (Brezina, 2016). IUI is the placement of a man's sperm into a
woman's uterus. When these therapies don't work, then there may be a need for a more invasive, but
most effective and successful type of assisted reproductive techniques (ARTs), such as in–vitro
fertilization (IVF). The steps included in IVF
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
42.
43. In Vitro Fertilization Thesis
Imagine having the one thing you want, taken away from you. This is the reality for 7 million
women. These women who may want to carry a child of their own, are infertile. No matter what
they do, they cannot seem to conceive a child. Until these women discover the magic of in vitro
fertilization. IVF is a reproductive technology that is designed to aid women and couples with the
conception of a baby. This technology is great, and simple to grasp, "[d]uring in vitro fertilization
(IVF), eggs and sperm are brought together in a laboratory glass dish to allow the sperm to fertilize
an egg." (WebMD) Couples who originally could not, but wanted to give the gift of life, now can.
However, with all of the great IVF can produce, people still disagree ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Now, obviously this does not apply to every case, but in terms of personal feminine care, it does.
The government needs to stay out of abortion, in vitro fertilization, birth control and anything else
that has to do with the reproductive system of a female. It is a violation of basic human rights. When
speaking about why the government should stay out of IVF in specific, it is a great time to bring up
doctor–patient privileges. A patient always has the right to his/her privacy, and this is stated in the
law. Physician–patient privilege is a short term to describe the confidentiality that a patient has when
speaking to their doctor (What is Physician–Patient Privilege and Why is it Important). This is
highly important, because with the government uninvolved in a person's own anatomy, they seem to
feel more comfortable. Weird. This law is important and, "the reasoning behind the rule is to ensure
that a patient feels comfortable," (What is Physician–Patient Privilege and Why is it Important).
This is highly important when speaking about keeping the government out of the doctors office,
because when a patient feels like they have the government looking down their back they are not
prone to do what is right for
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
44.
45. Infertility And The Fertility Related Issues
For couples unable to conceive naturally who decide that adoption is not an option for them at this
time or alternatively for their particular situation, the first step in the process to treat infertility is
attempting to diagnosis the source of the infertility. In order to do this, both partners undergo a series
of preliminary diagnostic tests and procedures to determine if either the male or female have any of
the fertility related issues. Infertility by definition is not being able to conceive after one year of
trying with unprotected sex. Trying to conceive not only affects the women but also the man can
have some type of issues that can affect the couple ability to become pregnant. Infertility has
become a growing issues for couples. According to CDC About 6% of married women 15–44 years
of age in the United States are unable to get pregnant after one year of unprotected sex (infertility).
Also, about 12% of women 15–44 years of age in the United States have difficulty getting pregnant
or carrying a pregnancy to term, regardless of marital status called impaired fecundity.
(http://www.cdc.gov/reproductivehealth/infertility)
In order for a couple to become pregnant she must release an egg from one of her ovaries and a male
sperm must join the egg. After the two meet the fertilized egg must travel through a fallopian tube
and attach itself to a women uterus. When this process does not happen the infertility doctor will
begin to proceed with a semen analysis on the male
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
46.
47. Klinefelter's Syndrome Research Paper
Klinefelter's syndrome is the most common genetic disorder found in men, an additional X
chromosome giving the man a sex chromosomal pattern XXY, is the main cause of this disorder.
The most common characteristics that are present in the men diagnosed with Klinefelter's syndrome
include, "gynocomastia, small testes, and azoospermia" or infertility (Mailburg, 2012, p 253).
Although infertility is the most common diagnosis for this disorder, many of the men are not
diagnosed until later in life, after they have failed to conceive, but with the help of intracytoplasmic
sperm injections (ICSI) men are able to conceive their own biological children. Intracytoplasmic
sperm injections are used in addition with in vitro fertilization, where a single sperm taken from the
man is injected directly in the egg. There has been extensive research done on the best time to
retrieve the sperm from those with Klinefelter's syndrome and the possible problematic ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The most common karyotype is the paternal 47,XXY which account for over three fourths of those
with Klinefelter's syndrome, but there are a small number of cases (10–20%) that have a "mosaic
karyotype, 46,XY, 48,XXY or 48,XXYY." (Maiburg, 2012). It is believed that Klinefelter's
syndrome develops after sister chromatids fail to separate correctly or separate early during meiosis
I, and this is thought to be the main cause of infertility (Maiburg, 2012, pg 254). Males can inherit
this from either their mother or their father, although the nondisjunction happens at different stages
of meiosis, if inherited from the mother it could have happened during meiosis I or II, whereas in the
father it has to happen during meiosis I (Maiburg, 2012, p 254). Just like with other genetic
disorder's age of the parents, particularly the mother, also play a sizeable role, in the development of
Klinefelter's
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
48.
49. Meta Review Papers
Meta Description Dr. Mitchel Schiewe, Ovation Fertility™ Newport Beach laboratory director,
reviews the development of assisted reproductive technologies in his latest paper.
Comments
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Ovation Fertility™ Newport Beach laboratory director discusses development of assisted
reproductive technologies in latest paper
Mitchel C. Schiewe, PhD, Ovation Fertility™ Newport Beach Laboratory Director, has recently
published a review paper about the development of various assisted reproductive technologies, or
ART. Specifically, Dr. Schiewe reviews four technologies.
(1) Genetic testing of preimplantation embryos
(2) Vitrification
(3) Lasers in ART
(4) Intracytoplasmic sperm injection
According to Dr. Schiewe, "The purpose of this review paper is to discuss four key scientific
breakthrough technologies occurring between 1985 and 1995, which ultimately ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
Dr. Schiewe hopes that his paper demonstrates "the value of understanding scientific discovery
timetables" and the importance of "creative vision, determination and dedicated efforts of scientists
with a passion to ask questions, take chances and learn through experimentation."
If you'd like to read the entirety of Dr. Schiewe's review paper, you can find it published in Journal
of Fertilization: In Vitro – IVF–Worldwide, Reproductive Medicine, Genetics & Stem Cell Biology.
About Dr. Mitchel Schiewe
Dr. Schiewe is the high complexity lab director at Ovagen Fertility Newport Beach and the scientific
laboratory director at California Cryobank. Over the last three decades, he has helped IVF labs
worldwide protect and transfer embryos in the blastocyst stage and improve pregnancy rates. Dr.
Schiewe has published over 35 peer–reviewed papers and 70 abstracts. He also serves as a journal
reviewer for Fertility and Sterility and Theriogenology. For more information about Dr. Schiewe and
his work, please visit
52. Infertility Lab Report
Overview–
Infertility showing a rising trend and it can be due to multiple factors(Male/female/combined) and in
some cases its unexplained.Based on the etiology varies the kind of treatment recommended to the
couple.What we follow in our clinical practice is the individualized evidence based treatment
approach which follows a hierarchy of treatment supported by clinical, biochemical and sonological
parameters.
In this chapter we will discuss different clinical conditions and how to approach and individualise
treatment accordingly with supporting references.
Introduction–
Etiology of infertility varies from region to region and from one population to another and even
from one locality to another within the same population. Childlessness has ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
There has been a sea change in technique both in the clinic and the laboratory and an improvement
in drug quality and mode of administration. Despite these changes there is still an immense physical
and emotional burden attached to treatment. The treatment involves daily injections, frequent
ultrasounds and blood tests and anaesthesia general or local, for oocyte retrieval. Among the
complications the most terrifying one is OHSS which can be life threatening.
Mild stimulation protocols resulted from a desire to make the procedure more safe and simple.
The fact that there has been an immense improvement in the IVF laboratory gave courage to the
physician to aim for fewer eggs reducing the dose of gonadotrophins required and consequently the
cost and complications. Unfortunately the change was not universally accepted because the per
cycle pregnancy rates are lower and the CPR though projected to be similar takes many more cycles
of stimulation since there are less embryos available for cryopreservation. The cost too though, low
per cycle ultimately levels out.
The social scenario is also changing with more and more older women coming for IVF.
Basics–
Lets talk basics first.Treatment offered to a couple in ART(assisted reproductive technique) can be–
Timed intercourse with Ovulation Induction(Fertile window utilization)
Intrauterine insemination(IUI)
Invitrofertilization(IVF)
Intracytoplasmic sperm
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
53.
54. The Effects Of Hormones On The Body
Especially in this present time and an increase in technology, people are unknowingly exposing
themselves to harmful mutagens and agents that can cause a variety of health problems. This has
become an increasing problem regarding reproductive health in men and women. Xenoestrogens are
synthetic chemicals that mimic estrogen in the body. (Fertility–Health.com, 2008–2015). What is
interesting about estrogen in the body is that it is present in the male and female body, but usually
only associated with female hormones. Xenoestrogens disrupt hormone regulation causing a variety
of health problems. It is even starting to be found in babies at birth, proving that there are outside
sources of this agent getting into our bodies and causing harm (Fertility–Health.com, 2008–2015).
In men, an overload of estrogen, produced in excess because of the presence of xenoestrogens, can
cause infertility by a low sperm count and erectile dysfunction. Not only can it cause infertility, but
it can also cause an enlargement of the prostate and even prostate cancer. The extra hormone
production can also cause female–like breast growth (Fertility–Health.com, 2008–2015).
Xenoestrogens are especially dangerous for men because it is not expected and causes completely
unnatural effects, but that also makes for easier detection. In women, xenoestrogen causes
"ovulation disorders, ovarian cysts, breast cancer, polycystic ovary syndrome and endometriosis"
(Fertility–Health.com, 2008–2015). Breast
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
55.
56. Ivf Research Paper
Meta Description IVF is a highly–successful fertility treatment that is used by Ovation Fertility™
partner physicians to treat many complex causes of infertility.
Comments
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Ovation Fertility™ partner physicians are to answer all of your questions about in vitro fertilization,
IVF
IVF started out as a treatment for women suffering from fallopian tube disease, but it has since
become the treatment of choice for many causes of infertility. In fact, Ovation Fertility™ partner
physicians use to IVF to treat male factor infertility, unexplained infertility and infertility caused by
endometriosis or polycystic ovarian syndrome, PCOS.
IVF is the most successful treatment that allows a patients to use her eggs and her partner's sperm
There are five steps in the IVF process.
1. Ovulation induction is ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Embryo transfer is the fourth step.
Embryos transfer is much like a pelvic exam. The fertility doctor will place a flexible catheter into
your cervix. When it is positioned about 1–2cm from the top of the uterus, the embryos are released.
Then, a serum pregnancy test will be performed two weeks after egg retrieval.
5. Hormonal support during the luteal phase with progesterone is the fifth and final step.
Studies have shown that pregnancy and delivery rates are higher when women receive luteal phase
support with progesterone after embryo transfer. Progesterone is a hormone that is produced by the
ovaries to prepare the uterine lining for implantation.
Progesterone can be administered intramuscularly or by using a vaginal progesterone product called
Crinone. Whichever method is selected, your physician will administer progesterone starting 2 days
after egg retrieval until you take a pregnancy test. Depending on your serum progesterone levels, the
progesterone may be continued after you get pregnant.
57. Curious to learn more about IVF or any other assisted reproductive technology? Please contact an
Ovation Fertility™ partner physician
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
58.
59. In Vitro Fertilization
Topic: In Vitro fertilization
General purpose: To inform
Specific purpose: To inform the audience about the process of in vitro fertilization and its benefits.
Thesis statement: In Vitro fertilization is a method whereby people experiencing fertility issues and
trouble conceiving children the conventional way may become parents.
Organizational pattern: Chronological
Introduction: Many people take pregnancy for granted. Most couples assume that when they begin
trying to start a family, success is guaranteed. Of course this is true for many couples, but did you
know that according to the Center for Disease Control, 15 percent of American couples will fail to
conceive after one year of trying? There are many medical issues ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
During recovery egg count and further instructions are given.
B. Eggs are placed in incubator for several hours to rest.
C. Secure the sperm. During egg retrieval your donor/husband will provide a sperm sample.
1. Manually extracted through masturbation into a specimen cup.
2. Mechanically extracted by an urologist through testicular sperm aspiration (TESA) done by
putting a needle in the testicle and removing sperm cells (nisl.com)
D. Sperm is washed, examined and good separated from bad.
IV. Fertilization
A. Normally, a petri dish is used and the eggs and sperm are combined together in the laboratory and
provided with the appropriate environment for fertilization.
B. When sperm count is low, intracytoplasmic sperm injection is used. ICSI is the process by which
a single sperm is manually inserted into an egg using a pipette and a needle. ICSI has been available
since 1993. (Stanfordivf.org, 2012)
C. The day after fertilization, the IVF clinic calls with the report of how many eggs fertilized
normally. The more eggs that fertilize, the better your chances of pregnancy are.
D. Once fertilization is successful the egg becomes an embryo and begins to divide. 1. The embryo
divides into two cells, then into four which generally takes 36–48 hours. (Stanfordivf.org, 2013) 2.
If all goes well, embryo(s) that have continued to divide will form into a blastocyst which is the
60. stage right before implantation would occur in the uterus.
E. On
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
61.
62. Infertility Treatment Essay
4 Types Of Infertility Treatment
Diagnosis is the first step in the road to infertility treatment. Both parties have to be examined
physically and tested to pinpoint why they are unable to conceive. Once the cause(s) of the
infertility has been identified, there are 4 typical infertility treatments which include, structural
treatment, hormone therapy, technologies for artificial reproduction and possibly alternative
therapies.
Structural Treatments
These are often the simplest to resolve. The treatment for structural infertility often requires some
kind of surgery to fix any blockages or irregularities in the reproductive system of either partner.
Hormone Therapy
There are two objectives in hormone therapy. Objective number one is to stimulate ovulation or
production ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The technologies have a number of differences. With artificial insemination, the man's or a donor's
sperm could be used. Invitro fertilization might use the woman's egg along with man's sperm, or
possibly one or two donors. Intracytoplasmic sperm injection may consist of biopsy at a cellular
level or genetic analysis which could be augmented by assisted hatching.
These terms might not be familiar and the procedures are complex. When using ART for infertility
treatment, there are a number of options.
ART is usually the most controversial of the infertility treatments and each procedure faces moral
and ethical issues. Coples will have to deal with these issues and figure out if it is the right approach
for them. There is often no single "right" solution.
Alternative Therapies
Alternative therapies are becoming increasingly popular in the fertility treatment sector. Even
naysayers are believing that fertility can be improved with the use of yoga, acupuncture and
massage. A number of fertility clinics include massage and acupuncture in their infertility
65. Case Study About Texas Fertility Center
INSIDE A: 157 About Texas Fertility Center – Parenthood is Possible At TFC, we believe that most
issues with infertility can be solved with today's treatment options. The Texas Fertility Center family
of physicians, nurses and embryologists welcomes you to our practice, and we are devoted to your
successful outcome. Our confidence is rooted in experience. Texas Fertility Center doctors have
treated individuals and couples in Central Texas since 1981. With over 100 years of combined
experience, our fertility specialists have helped bring over 16,000 babies into the world. For over 30
years, TFC has stood for excellence in reproductive medicine The foundation of our practice is built
on patient– centric care, innovative and
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
66.
67. Louisiana Fertility Centers Case Study
Meta Description Our Louisiana fertility centers offer andrology services to diagnose the complex
causes of male infertility. Diagnosis is the first step towards treatment.
Comments Does Fertility Answers perform semen culture?
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Semen Analysis
Our Louisiana fertility centers offer a full–service andrology lab to perform semen analysis
The fertility specialists at Fertility Answers share the insight that female infertility isn't always the
cause of a couple's infertility. In fact, male infertility contributes to 40% of infertility cases. For this
reason, our Louisiana fertility centers have a full–service andrology lab, which can perform male
fertility testing such as semen analysis.
The initial screening for male infertility involves taking a medical history and ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
Volume, how much semen you ejaculate.
If your medical history or semen analysis reveal abnormalities, your physician may recommend
fertility treatment
Depending on what your semen analysis reveals, the physicians at our Louisiana fertility centers
may recommend IUI or IVF with ICSI, intracytoplasmic sperm injection. Your physician may also
recommend additional tests to pinpoint the exact cause of your male infertility.
Antisperm antibody testing looks for antibodies that bind to sperm and reduce fertility.
Biochemical analysis of semen measures chemicals in the semen such as fructose.
Peroxidase staining is used to distinguish immature sperm from white blood cells which may
indicate infection.
Semen culture screens for bacteria responsible for genital infections.
Semen fructose checks for the presence of fructose in the semen. If there is an absence of fructose,
then the vas deferens are blocked or the seminal vesicles are missing.
Vital staining of sperm determines the number of living and dead sperm in a
70. Meta Description Observation Ivf
Meta Description Ovation Fertility™ partner physicians offer intracytoplasmic sperm injection,
ICSI, to treat male infertility caused by little or no sperm in the semen.
Comments The highlighted link will go the Ovation Fertility page about IVF.
Live Date (AMY)
URL (AMY)
Intracytoplasmic sperm injection, ICSI, offers treatment for male infertility
If you are struggling to get pregnant due to male infertility, then your physician might recommend
ICSI. Ovation Fertility™ partner physicians often use this assisted reproductive technology to treat
severe male infertility, such as when there is little to no sperm present in the ejaculated semen.
ICSI is used as a part of in vitro fertilization, IVF, to enhance the fertilization phase
During ICSI, an embryologist will inject a single sperm into an egg obtained through IVF. The hope
is that the sperm will then fertilize the egg and the fertilized egg will then be able to be placed into a
woman's uterus. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
However, in some cases, the sperm must be surgically removed from a man's testicle. This becomes
necessary when a man has a problem with sperm development or when he has a blockage that
prevent sperm ejaculation.
If a man has little or no sperm in his sperm, and the problem is not caused by a blockage, a
physician will often recommend genetic screening before starting ICSI. This screening is to rule out
any genetic problems that could be passed onto future children.
ICSI is a delicate process that involves 5 steps to help the sperm fertilize an egg
1. The embryologist hold the egg in place using a
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
71.
72. Functions Of A Cilia Of Cilia And Contractile And Motor...
The various known functions of a cilia are to circulate fluids, move eggs into the oviduct, line air
passages to sweep out mucus that contain bacteria, and many more (Erster Lecture 6). Cilia are
about 2–20 um long, and they are extensions of cells that perform in locomotion (Campbell pg. 12).
They can be found in multiple eukaryotes such as Paramecium (which are found in pond water) to
humans. In the single–celled organism, Paramecium, the cilia helps propel it through the water. As
for humans, the cells in the our windpipes are lined up with cilia and they prevent the lungs from
bacteria by sweeping a film of debris–trapping mucus upward (Campbell pg. 12). Various proteins
within the body has they own function, and the contractile and motor proteins are responsible for the
movements of cilia and flagella (Campbell pg. 76). CIlia must be motile in order for them to
perform their functions, thus when the cilia are immotile, a syndrome known as Kartagener 's
develops through the rare genetic disorder of the immotile cilia. Since cilia deals with motion, when
males are afflicted with Kartagener's syndrome they become sterile from the immotile sperm, and
they often also suffer from lung infections (Campbell pg. 118). However, this syndrome can also
affect females. It can lead to infections at the nasal sinuses and bronchi for both genders. An
interesting effect of Kartagener 's is situs inversus, which is the "reversal of the normal left–right
asymmetry of the organs in the
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
73.
74. Male Infertility: Austin Fertility Center
Page Title Male Infertility
Meta Description Infertility isn't just a woman's problem. The team at our Austin fertility center
explains the basics of male infertility.
Meta Title Male Infertility – Austin Fertility Center
Comments Rewrite of http://txfertility.com/male–infertility/
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Male Infertility
Learn the basics of male infertility
Millions of couples face fertility struggles, and contrary to popular belief, it isn't just a woman's
problem. Male infertility is a factor in approximately 40% of cases. The team at our Austin fertility
center realizes that this may be surprising. We also know how devastating a diagnosis of male
infertility can seem to hopeful parents. However, the reproductive endocrinologists ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
The treatment your physician recommends will depend on the cause of your azoospermia.
If your azoospermia is caused by an obstruction, an experienced urologist can remove it. The more
recent your blockage, the more likely that surgery will successfully treat it. For example, if you've
had a blockage for less than three years, the chance of restoring your sperm flow is 97%.
Other options for men who do not have a blockage, but have been diagnosed with azoospermia
include micro surgical epididymal aspiration (MESA) and testicular epididymal sperm extraction
(TESE).
During these procedures our Austin male fertility experts obtain sperm by making an incision in the
scrotum and aspirating fluid from the tubules that come off the testicles or directly from the testicles.
The sperm that your physician obtains from these procedures can be used in conjunction with in
vitro fertilization (IVF) and intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) to achieve pregnancy.
If no sperm is obtained from these procedures, donor sperm provides another way for hopeful
parents to welcome a baby into their
77. Klinefelter Syndrome
Klinefelter syndrome is a chromosomal condition that affects male's physical and cognitive
development. Males with Klinefelter syndrome don't know they have it, so they lead normal lives.
Klinefelter syndrome occurs in about 1 to 1000 males. The cause of Klinefelter syndrome is the
presence of an extra X chromosome in males often occurs when the genetic material in the egg splits
unevenly, but it also can happen when the genetic material in the sperm splits unevenly. Men with
Klinefelter syndrome don't have obvious symptoms. Others may have sparse body hair, enlarged
breast, and wide hips. Almost all men their testicles remain small. Their voices may not be as deep
and they cannot father children. The main tests used to diagnose Klinefelter
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
78.
79. The And Of Vitro Fertilization
People all around the world are different and unique in many different ways. Some people are
blessed with blue eyes or brown eyes, some people are tall, and some are short. Everyone is clearly
different in their own way. Just as some people are born differently than others. More and more
people everyday are becoming pregnant through the process of in–vitro fertilization. What is in–
vitro fertilization? In–vitro fertilization is a complex series of procedures used to treat fertility or
genetic problems and assist with the conception of a child. In–vitro fertilization is slowly yet surely
becoming a more and more popular way of conceiving a child; however, it is not always easily
available to potential parents. Many people have become ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
By this Davis means that they have gone further in their studies than ever before and are learning
more and more about this fertilization process in order to perfect the procedure. As they continue to
make more discoveries in human science, the studies of in–vitro fertilization will become even more
advanced. Not only making this treatment extremely safe for all patients but as well as extremely
successful. New studies on in–vitro fertilization will begin making the process even more safe and
successful for all potential clients.
In order to express how new this treatment truly is here is a little history on in–vitro fertilization.
The first successful in–vitro fertilized baby was born at Oldham General Hospital in 1978. That was
only thirty eight years ago today. Louis Brown, the first, "IVF baby" was born to Lesley and John
Brown on July 25, 1978. Louis Brown grew up as a normal child and has now grown to be a healthy
38 year old woman living a perfectly normal life. This just signifies the fact that although in–vitro
fertilization is a fairly new discovery it in fact has been successful and safe. Hence the fact that the
first in–vitro fertilized baby is still alive and healthy today, growing a happy and healthy family of
her own.
In order to better understand how in–vitro fertilization works here are a few steps that were put in
the New York Times paper after interviewing doctors' and
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
80.
81. Infertility Stigma
Gush out infertility stigma and meet us to fulfill your cradle dream Female Infertility is a condition
where a woman is not able to become pregnant. Continuous miscarriages are also called infertility.
This condition becomes a social stigma. There are number of causes for female infertility such as
Endometriosis Uterine fibroids Malnutrition Excessive exercising Pelvic inflammatory diseases
Tumor in ovary Hormonal Imbalance Issues in the cervix Failing in the implantation embryo in the
uterine cavity Production of delicate eggs Unexplained infertility (no exact cause is found in such
cases) Here below is given the core female infertility treatments: "Female Evaluation" is the method
of knowing a woman's following details:
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
82.
83. Assisted Reproduction Technologies Pros And Cons
As the years, have progressed, the sensation for science has increased, as well as the aspiration for
technology. Because of this, many new ideas and innovation have been brought to us, such as the
development of ART, Assisted Reproductive Technology. The use of Assisted Reproductive
Technologies has been brought to allow pregnancies to be effectuated when the natural way is not
option. The interest for unnatural pregnancy began in the early 1800s when John Hunter, a Scottish
surgeon inseminated a woman with her husband's sperm. Due to this incidence, later in the late
1800s, the idea for sperm donation sprouted. From there on, the curiosity for other ways to succeed
in unnatural pregnancies devolved rapidly. One of these ways was the In Vitro ... Show more content
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(Frank H. Pierek 340). During the research, it was concluded that over 1500 of the interfiled men
had become accessible to a form of Assisted Reproductive Technologies. In addition, over 60% of
them, their problem of their infertility was revealed, and better treatment which was focused on their
own specific situation specifically was given. Additionally, for the other percentage of men, a
"rational andrological treatment" was given. Over all, the data was able to prove that different types
of Assisted Reproductive Technologies can allow for people to have a better understanding of what
is occurring in their bodies before going through a procedure, rather than only believing that ART
could just be
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