2. Modal verbs are special verbs. They don’t
usually need an auxiliar as they usually act
as auxiliaries, they go before the verb , they
don’t have all their forms and they can
express different things: ability, permission,
prohibition, possibility or probability,
deduction and certainty.
3. Ability
To express ability we use can
I can ride a bike
I can’t drive a car
The past and conditional forms of can are
could
When I was young I could jump over that
fence
The infinitive form of can is to be able to,
so we say
I would like to be able to fly
I have never been able to dance
4. Permission
• In questions I can use can or may, the second is
more formal than the first
May I use your phone, please?
• In general we use can to express permission, so
sometimes it’s difficult to know whether we are
refering to ability or permission.
I can ride a motorbike, now I have the licence
I can go out at nights, my parents allow me to.
• When can means permission the infinitive form is
to be allowed to, so I say:
When I was young I was not allowed to go out on my
own
I will never be allowed to quit my judo classes
5. Obligation and prohibition
• In the affirmative, we use have to and must to
express obligation but only in the present as must
doesn’t have a past form
I have to do my homework
I must do the washing-up
In the past I had to do many things in the house
• To express lack of obligation we use the negative
form of have to or need to
I don’t have to make my bed
• To express prohibition we use mustn’t or may not
You mustn’t touch this switch
6. Advice
• To express advice we use should or ought to, both
in the affirmative and negative forms.
You should visit a doctor if you are not feeling well
You shouldnt have gone to the park today, it’s been
raining all day and you’ll catch a cold
• Ought to is less usual than should but we use it in
the same way
You ought to have told me about it before, I didn’t know
he was ill
He oughtn’t to go out at night so often, he’s going to get
ill
7. Deduction and certainty
• We use must to express deduction in the
affirmative
Look at his golden watch, he must be very rich
• And we use can’t in the negative
He can’t be very kind, look at the expression in his eyes
• When we are not so sure we can use may or
might
• He may be a doctor, he seems to be in charge
• She might be an actress, she’s really good-looking
8. Possibility or probability
• We use may and might to express possibility.
• When we are one hundred per cent
something will happen we use will
Tomorrow it will rain
• When we are not so sure, we say
Tomorrow it may rain
• And when it’s even less likely
It might rain tomorrow