1. GARBAGE IN THE CITY
P R E P A R E D B Y :
N I S H I A R O R A
R A C H I K A M I T T A L
A N U K R I T I G U P T A
PARETO DIAGRAM
2. OVERVIEW
Introduction to pareto diagram
Stratification of symptoms
Identification of causes
Problem definition
Waste management techniques
Lessons learnt by the team
3. INTRODUCTION TO PARETO DIAGRAM
A Pareto chart was named after “Vilfredo Pareto”. It’s a type of chart that
contains both bars and line graph where individual values are represented in
descending order by bars and cumulative total is represented by the line.
Pareto Diagram is a graphical overview of process problems in ranking
order of the most frequent down to the least frequent in descending order
from left to right.
Pareto charts are based on the idea that majority of defects are caused by
few defective items which classify the quantity problem into vital few and
trivial many(80-20 rule).
4. This implies the basic underlying rule behind Pareto’s law:
In about every case 80%percent of the total problems incurred are
caused by 20% cause types.
Pareto charts can help to focus on improvement efforts on areas
where the largest gains can be made.
5. STRATIFICATION OF SYMPTOMS
1. Soil Contamination: The Western Courier shares with readers
that as plastic water bottles break down they release DEHA that can
cause reproductive problems and hence leads to soil contamination.
2. Air Contamination: The garbage burnt can contaminate the air.
According to Energy Information Administration, these gases can
destroy earth’s ozone layer and contribute to climate changes.
3. Animals and Marine life: garbage dumping and discharging
untreated sewage can threaten marine life and animals who come in
contact with the water. This contamination not only destroys their
habitat but also affects human consumption as fish.
4. Surface Water contamination: Wastes that end up in water
bodies negatively change the chemical composition of the water. This
is technically called Water Pollution.
7. Following are the statistics for new Delhi city and its daily waste production:
paper 978 978 21.98%
food scraps 625 1603 36.03%
yard trimming 623 2226 50.03%
plastics 583 2809 63.14%
metals 457 3266 73.41%
rubber,textile,leather 400 3666 82.40%
wood 332 3998 89.86%
glass 268 4266 95.89%
others 183 4449 100.00%
Sources of waste quantity(in metric tons) cumulative frequency % cumulative frequency
8. By Pareto analysis (80/20 rule)we conclude that the major causes of
garbage in Delhi are as follows:
1. Paper
2. Food scraps
3. Yard trimming
4. Plastics
5. Metals
10. Problem definition
1. Municipal sources of waste: Commonly known as trash or garbage
includes paper, food scraps, yard trimming ,wood ,plastics , etc. The
composition or solid waste varies greatly from municipality to municipality and
changes significantly with time.
2. Medical sources of waste :It refers to waste produced from health care
facilities such as nursing home , clinics ,hospitals .It is classified as hazard
waste rather than general waste.
3. Agricultural sources of waste: Generated by agricultural activities
which include horticulture ,fruit growing ,seed growing ,livestock breeding
,market, gardens and seedling nurseries..
11. 4. End of life automobiles: When cars are all old and not working , where
do they end up??in many cities vehicles are sent to plants where removable
parts are taken out for recycling.
5. Industrial sources of waste: Since industrial revolution the rise in
number of industries manufacturing glass , leather, textile ,food ,electronics,
plastics and metal products has increased waste generation
12. Waste management techniques
1.Land fill: Disposal of waste in a landfill involves burying the waste and
this remains a common practice in most countries . A properly designed
and well managed landfill can be a hygienic and relatively inexpensive
method of disposing waste material.
2.Recycling: Recycling is a resource recovery practice that refers to the
collection and reuse of waste materials . The materials from which the
items are made can be reprocessed into new products.
3.Energy recovery: Energy recovery from waste is the conversion of
non recyclable waste materials into usable heat , electricity , fuel through a
variety of processes. Energy recovery from waste is a part of non hazardous
waste management hierarchy.
4.Incineration: Incineration is a disposal method in which solid organic
wastes are subjected to combustion so as to convert them into residue and
gaseous products.
13. 5. Pyrolysis : Pyrolysis is a process of thermo chemical decomposition of
organic materials by heat in absence of oxygen which produces various
hydrocarbon gases . During pyrolysis , molecules of objects are subjected to very
high temperature leading to very high vibrations.
14. Lessons learnt by the team
The team learnt the importance of pareto analysis when
many possible courses of action are competing for attention.
We learnt the importance of Pareto diagrams in our daily
lives and its utilization.
The team learnt via Pareto diagram that focusing efforts on
the ‘vital few’ causes is usually a better use of valuable
resourses.
