For many years as a student at first and later as an architect, I had the opportunity to observe and study on specific areas inside the city of Florence, Italy. Several interesting elements emerged from that research and also offered me the opportunity to discover ‘hidden’ paths and agendas in the development of special urban fabric; these strong indexical elements enable from time to time architecture to act as an originator of infinite solutions to a variety of public uses and demands. Ongoing conversions inflicted to buildings for several centuries did not manage to make them loose specific qualities and identities at all. Entire historical blocks in urban central areas continued to preserve their positive vigour in spite the efforts of being utterly altered by negative synergies, which were solicited by wrong policies and at the wrong times of history. Thus, rundown and abandoned areas had included for centuries these wonderful ‘hidden seeds’ which managed to emerge and recreate lost links; they became regeneration cells and also managed to guarantee further positive sprawl of the entire urban structure. Architectural complexes managed to offer again new directions for new roles of the historical fabric; it was thought that we had lost them and/or erased from ordinary life in a city by changing their identity and uses. They managed to be finally freed and return to what it was thought to be their primordial destiny dictated by architecture and social synergies.

1. I.S.B. Summer School, 21/28 July 2013
Neuroergonomics and Urban PlacemakingNeuroergonomics and Urban Placemaking
Biourbanism for a Human-Centered
Sustainability and Effectiveness

2. Faculty of Arts, Design & Technology
Landscape and Urban History leading to the Detection ofLandscape and Urban History leading to the Detection ofp y gp y g
Hidden Codes for Contemporary Urban Sprawl.Hidden Codes for Contemporary Urban Sprawl.
Is this the Way Forward for the 21Is this the Way Forward for the 21stst Century Urbanism?Century Urbanism?
P t ti bP t ti b El iEl i T dT dPresentation byPresentation by EleniEleni TracadaTracada
On 26On 26thth July 2013July 2013On 26On 26thth July 2013July 2013

3. ‘Urban fabric and emergent architectureg
following the rules of social historical
indexes– hidden agenda in urban sprawl’
Personal research based uponPersonal research based uponPersonal research based uponPersonal research based upon
field work in Florence led to:field work in Florence led to:
Analysis of case studies of the phenomenaAnalysis of case studies of the phenomena
encouraging ongoing and harmonious urban sprawlencouraging ongoing and harmonious urban sprawl
(concealed energetic lines of paths forming a hidden(concealed energetic lines of paths forming a hidden(concealed energetic lines of paths forming a hidden,(concealed energetic lines of paths forming a hidden,
unremitting agenda for future urban growth)unremitting agenda for future urban growth)

4. For many years as a student at first and later as an architect, I had the
BackgroundBackground
y y ,
opportunity to observe and study on specific areas inside the city of Florence,
Italy. Several interesting elements emerged from that research and also
offered me the opportunity to discover ‘hidden’ paths and agendas in the
development of special urban fabric; these strong indexical elements enable
from time to time architecture to act as an originator of infinite solutions to a
variety of public uses and demands.
Ongoing conversions inflicted to buildings for several centuries did not
manage to make them loose specific qualities and identities at all. Entire
historical blocks in urban central areas continued to preserve their positive
i i it th ff t f b i tt l lt d b ti i hi hvigour in spite the efforts of being utterly altered by negative synergies, which
were solicited by wrong policies and at the wrong times of history. Thus,
rundown and abandoned areas had included for centuries these wonderful
‘hidden seeds’ which managed to emerge and recreate lost links; they became‘hidden seeds’ which managed to emerge and recreate lost links; they became
regeneration cells and also managed to guarantee further positive sprawl of
the entire urban structure.
Architectural complexes managed to offer again new directions for new rolesArchitectural complexes managed to offer again new directions for new roles
of the historical fabric; it was thought that we had lost them and/or erased
from ordinary life in a city by changing their identity and uses. They managed
to be finally freed and return to what it was thought to be their primordialto be finally freed and return to what it was thought to be their primordial
destiny dictated by architecture and social synergies.

5. Natural genesis of the built environmentNatural genesis of the built environmentNatural genesis of the built environmentNatural genesis of the built environment
• Lines, grids and energetic geometries
• Line Performance and Actions/Emergence of
the flows and spaces inflicted and affectedthe flows and spaces inflicted and affected
by flaws
• Built Environment as a complex system of
manifestations of life genesis and growthmanifestations of life genesis and growth

6. Lines and Paths
‘O l th‘O l th h ih i ii h ih i ’ (K B tt 1980)’ (K B tt 1980)‘Only the‘Only the ever changingever changing isis never changingnever changing’ (Krome Barratt, 1980)’ (Krome Barratt, 1980)

7. Line Act/Performance/Flow/MovementLine Act/Performance/Flow/Movement
ActAct
∧∧
AkAk--
Ak(c)Ak(c)--isis
∧∧
Edge, boundary & ruleEdge, boundary & rule
Line pointing+piercing+penetrating into a spaceLine pointing+piercing+penetrating into a spaceLine pointing+piercing+penetrating into a spaceLine pointing+piercing+penetrating into a space
∧∧
Explosion of cosmic lines = Space/Explosion of cosmic lines = Space/ChCh‐‐orosoros
∧∧
Core of energetic flowsCore of energetic flows

8. Spaces are created by geometries and space for the artists becomes
their real obsession. Artists, designers and architects have been
fascinated at all times by geometries generated by pathlines’ mysticalfascinated at all times by geometries generated by pathlines mystical
forcefulness able to create primordial shapes, cells and complex forms;
‘form comes to the real world when line moves along a creative
f i Th i l l i f fperforming process. There is always an everlasting performance act of
lines which penetrates space and defines it as a telic art.’ (Tracada,
2008)
Space is without doubt related to everything concerning human life.
Space into vocabulary has been related to time and duration as well,p y ,
whereas space denoting area or extension is a linear distance or
interval between two or more points or objects. An exceptionally
interesting aspect of space can be found in the ancient Greek word ch-interesting aspect of space can be found in the ancient Greek word ch
òros, which contains the root òros (= edge, boundary, but also rule).

9. Pathlines and flows
Energies of FormEnergies of Form –– Line GrowthLine Growth –– From Pictorial to 3DFrom Pictorial to 3D
(P l Kl(P l Kl(Paul Klee(Paul Klee
The thinking eye: NotebooksThe thinking eye: Notebooks--Volume 1Volume 1))

10. Complex geometriesComplex geometries –– gridsgrids –– cracking patternscracking patterns

11. Linear Tensions and NodesLinear Tensions and Nodes
SnakeSnake--pathspaths
(P l Kl(P l Kl Th thi ki N t b kTh thi ki N t b k V l 1V l 1))(Paul Klee(Paul Klee The thinking eye: NotebooksThe thinking eye: Notebooks--Volume 1Volume 1))

12. Undulating WaveUndulating Wave lines: Dramalines: DramaUndulating WaveUndulating Wave--lines: Dramalines: Drama
Difficult Journey ThroughDifficult Journey Through by Paul Kleeby Paul Klee
(1927)(1927)(1927)(1927)

13. HorizontalHorizontal--Vertical LineVertical Line--pathspaths
Italian CityItalian City by Paul Klee (1928)by Paul Klee (1928)Italian CityItalian City by Paul Klee (1928)by Paul Klee (1928)

14. ‘Pathways drawn through landscape and enclosed into urban fabric‘Pathways drawn through landscape and enclosed into urban fabricPathways drawn through landscape and enclosed into urban fabricPathways drawn through landscape and enclosed into urban fabric
may be considered as powerful elements of uninterrupted urbanmay be considered as powerful elements of uninterrupted urban
development of every town and city around the globe We may beardevelopment of every town and city around the globe We may beardevelopment of every town and city around the globe. We may beardevelopment of every town and city around the globe. We may bear
in mind that paths are nothing else than lines defined by geometricalin mind that paths are nothing else than lines defined by geometrical
ti d l id d i d i l l t thti d l id d i d i l l t thconventions and also considered as indexical elements; they areconventions and also considered as indexical elements; they are
strictly controlled by human performance inside both natural andstrictly controlled by human performance inside both natural and
artificial or built environment.artificial or built environment.
How can human beings motivated by emotions be soHow can human beings motivated by emotions be so rationalrational toto
follow lines and also perform along these powerful elements in suchfollow lines and also perform along these powerful elements in such
an intensive manner that art and architecture spiral out of them atan intensive manner that art and architecture spiral out of them at
any moment ofany moment of everyday lifeeveryday life??
(Tracada, 2007)(Tracada, 2007)

15. Impact of flowsImpact of flowsImpact of flowsImpact of flows
against boundariesagainst boundaries
–– explosion ofexplosion of
increasing linesincreasing lines
Deflection through an angleDeflection through an angle
(Paul Klee,(Paul Klee, The thinking eye:The thinking eye:
NotebooksNotebooks Volume 1Volume 1))NotebooksNotebooks--Volume 1Volume 1))

16. Impact of flowsImpact of flows
i t b d ii t b d iagainst boundariesagainst boundaries
–– explosion ofexplosion of
increasing linesincreasing linesincreasing linesincreasing lines
Increase and decreaseIncrease and decrease
(P l Kl(P l Kl Th thi kiTh thi ki(Paul Klee,(Paul Klee, The thinkingThe thinking
eye: Notebookseye: Notebooks--Volume 1Volume 1))

17. StefanoStefano
Buonsignori’sBuonsignori’s
map of Florencemap of Florence
(1584)(1584)(1584)(1584)
RenaissanceRenaissance
urban sprawl:urban sprawl:
the first signs ofthe first signs of
urban patternsurban patterns
andand fractalfractalandand fractalfractal
growthgrowth

18. Florence centre: core of flowsFlorence centre: core of flows
The Second Third and FourthThe Second Third and Fourth
Ring WallsRing WallsRing WallsRing Walls

19. P f Pi S l i’ t di (i th 1970 )P f Pi S l i’ t di (i th 1970 )Prof. Piero Sanpaolesi’s studies (in the 1970s) onProf. Piero Sanpaolesi’s studies (in the 1970s) on
movements of pathlinesmovements of pathlines

20. The SS. Annunziata Piazza inThe SS. Annunziata Piazza in
Florence: a popular andFlorence: a popular and
successful open public spacesuccessful open public spacesuccessful open public spacesuccessful open public space
until today.until today.

21. Th S ti i A i tTh S ti i A i tThe Santissima AnnunziataThe Santissima Annunziata
Complex and the FibbiaiComplex and the Fibbiai
streetstreet
(the ‘river’ flows through an(the ‘river’ flows through an
exex-- flood planflood plan-- now a piazza)now a piazza)
(St d d i b E T d )(Study drawings by E. Tracada)

22. The Mugnone river’s course through Via del Castellaccio,The Mugnone river’s course through Via del Castellaccio,
FlorenceFlorence

23. Main AxisMain Axis--line between the SS.line between the SS.
Annunziata Church, the Cathedral andAnnunziata Church, the Cathedral and
the ‘Signoria’ and Pitti Palacesthe ‘Signoria’ and Pitti Palaces
Centre of FlorenceCentre of Florence

24. Geometric study of theGeometric study of the
Santissima AnnunziataSantissima Annunziata
SquareSquare--explosion of pathlinesexplosion of pathlinesSquareSquare explosion of pathlinesexplosion of pathlines
(Study drawing by E. Tracada)

25. The SantissimaThe SantissimaThe SantissimaThe Santissima
Annunziata Complex andAnnunziata Complex and
The Innocenti Hospice:The Innocenti Hospice:
S f l th lS f l th lSuccessful growth alongSuccessful growth along
energetic pathsenergetic paths
(Study drawings by E. Tracada)

26. The SantissimaThe SantissimaThe SantissimaThe Santissima
Annunziata ComplexAnnunziata Complex
and the Innocentiand the Innocenti
H i (fi l d i )H i (fi l d i )Hospice (final design)Hospice (final design)
(Study drawings by E Tracada)(Study drawings by E. Tracada)

27. The Santa Maria Nuova Hospital in Stefano Buonsignori’s Map (1584)The Santa Maria Nuova Hospital in Stefano Buonsignori’s Map (1584)

28. Successful growth alongSuccessful growth along
energetic pathsenergetic pathsenergetic pathsenergetic paths
Crossroads and internalCrossroads and internal
diagnosis of growthdiagnosis of growth
Plan of the complex of thePlan of the complex of the
Santa Maria Nuova HospitalSanta Maria Nuova Hospital
Florence (the ‘hidden’ pathFlorence (the ‘hidden’ pathFlorence (the ‘hidden’ pathFlorence (the ‘hidden’ path
continues)continues)

29. Plan of the complex ofPlan of the complex of
the Santa Maria Nuovathe Santa Maria Nuova
H it l FlH it l FlHospital FlorenceHospital Florence
(the ‘hidden’ path(the ‘hidden’ path
continues, spreads incontinues, spreads in
grids and starts newgrids and starts newgrids and starts newgrids and starts new
expansions)expansions)
The ‘hidden’ path inside the Santa Maria Nuova HospitalThe ‘hidden’ path inside the Santa Maria Nuova Hospital

30. Decisions of change and new growthDecisions of change and new growthDecisions of change and new growthDecisions of change and new growth
•• What happens when the built environmentWhat happens when the built environment
faces sudden destruction and unwantedfaces sudden destruction and unwanted
alterations?alterations?
•• How does Urbanism see ‘healing’How does Urbanism see ‘healing’
processes?processes?processes?processes?
•• Is there any life after death of parts ofIs there any life after death of parts of
urban growth?urban growth?gg

31. Florence:Florence:
1 Th ff t d b th i i 19441 Th ff t d b th i i 19441. The areas affected by the mines in 19441. The areas affected by the mines in 1944
2. The areas before and after the demolition2. The areas before and after the demolition

32. 1. The Por Santa Maria area.1. The Por Santa Maria area.
2 People using rubble as2 People using rubble as2. People using rubble as2. People using rubble as
bridge.bridge.

33. 1. South Ponte Vecchio area:The Ridolfi tower1. South Ponte Vecchio area:The Ridolfi tower
2. 1950s: The Borgo S. Jacopo area2. 1950s: The Borgo S. Jacopo area

34. Giovanni Michelucci’sGiovanni Michelucci’s
modern Florence that wemodern Florence that we
shall never see.shall never see.
Urban diagnosis shows startUrban diagnosis shows startUrban diagnosis shows startUrban diagnosis shows start
for new elements of growth:for new elements of growth:
pathlines and new visualpathlines and new visual
referencesreferencesreferencesreferences

36. Giovanni Michelucci referring to what ideal design ob
buildings and cities should be:buildings and cities should be:
‘la possibilità di tradurre murando, le mie sensazioni e riflessioni,‘la possibilità di tradurre murando, le mie sensazioni e riflessioni,
l’ammirazione o il piacere o lo stupore che provo in un racconto magaril’ammirazione o il piacere o lo stupore che provo in un racconto magaril ammirazione o il piacere o lo stupore che provo, in un racconto magaril ammirazione o il piacere o lo stupore che provo, in un racconto magari
una favola per chi ancora credendo nella possibilità di far rivivere unauna favola per chi ancora credendo nella possibilità di far rivivere una
società all’interno di una società condannata, non ha perduto tutto dell’società all’interno di una società condannata, non ha perduto tutto dell’
infanzia, la scoperta quotidiana del mondo e le sue speranze’infanzia, la scoperta quotidiana del mondo e le sue speranze’
(=the opportunity of translating(=the opportunity of translating --by means of a buildingby means of a building-- my feelings andmy feelings and
reflections, my admiration or love or surprise, in some sort of narrative;reflections, my admiration or love or surprise, in some sort of narrative;
maybe some sort of dream, for people like me who still believe in themaybe some sort of dream, for people like me who still believe in the
likelihood of a society’s revitalization inside a damned world; may be forlikelihood of a society’s revitalization inside a damned world; may be forlikelihood of a society s revitalization inside a damned world; may be forlikelihood of a society s revitalization inside a damned world; may be for
people who did not loose entirely touch with their childhood and newpeople who did not loose entirely touch with their childhood and new
everyday discovery of a world of hope)everyday discovery of a world of hope)
(Giovanni Michelucci, 1962,(Giovanni Michelucci, 1962, L’Architettura. Cronache e storia)L’Architettura. Cronache e storia)(Giovanni Michelucci, 1962,(Giovanni Michelucci, 1962, L Architettura. Cronache e storia)L Architettura. Cronache e storia)
As an architect and researcher today, my hope should be to recover andAs an architect and researcher today, my hope should be to recover and
make factual use of all these hidden codes in historical city context; mymake factual use of all these hidden codes in historical city context; mymake factual use of all these hidden codes in historical city context; mymake factual use of all these hidden codes in historical city context; my
main aim should be to read through these core messages to be able tomain aim should be to read through these core messages to be able to
propose new frameworks for future successful development. Masterpropose new frameworks for future successful development. Master
planning should be a responsible work based upon active, ongoingplanning should be a responsible work based upon active, ongoing
historical research on architect re And th s I am no in ol ed ith thehistorical research on architect re And th s I am no in ol ed ith thehistorical research on architecture. And thus, I am now involved with thehistorical research on architecture. And thus, I am now involved with the
International Society of BIOURBANISMInternational Society of BIOURBANISM

37. Diagnosis and growthDiagnosis and growthg gg g

38. Energetic power ofEnergetic power of
crossroadscrossroadscrossroadscrossroads

41. Why I am involved in:Why I am involved in:Why I am involved in:Why I am involved in:

42. Definition prepared by the “Biourbanism Task Force”
consisting of Antonio Caperna Alessia Cerqua Alessandroconsisting of Antonio Caperna, Alessia Cerqua, Alessandro
Giuliani, Nikos A. Salingaros, Stefano Serafini
http://www.biourbanism.org/
Biourbanism focuses on the urban organism, considering it as a hypercomplex
system, according to its internal and external dynamics and their mutual
interactions.
The urban body is composed of several interconnected layers of dynamic structure,
all influencing each other in a non-linear manner. This interaction results in
emergent properties, which are not predictable except through a dynamicalg p p p p g y
analysis of the connected whole. This approach therefore links Biourbanism to the
Life Sciences, and to Integrated Systems Sciences like Statistical Mechanics,
Thermodynamics, Operations Research, and Ecology in an essential manner. The
similarity of approaches lies not only in the common methodology, but also in the
content of the results (hence the prefix “Bio”), because the city represents the living
environment of the human species. Biourbanism recognizes “optimal forms”
f ff (f )defined at different scales (from the purely physiological up to the ecological levels)
which, through morphogenetic processes, guarantee an optimum of systemic
efficiency and for the quality of life of the inhabitants. A design that does not follow
th l d ti t l h til i t hi h d t fit i tthese laws produces anti-natural, hostile environments, which do not fit into an
individual’s evolution, and thus fail to enhance life in any way.

43. Fractal coupling forcesFractal coupling forces
‘Traditional urban geometry is characterised by
fractal interfaces’fractal interfaces
(Batty & Longley, 1994; Bovill, 1996; Frankhauser,
1994; Salingaros 2005)1994; Salingaros, 2005)
Maps of Florence, Italy

44. Fractal coupling forcesFractal coupling forces
• Fractal is a structure that shows complexity at any
magnification;g ;
• Continuous straight-line or plane boundaries and edgesg p g
dividing one region from another are an exception rather
than a rule in living cities;
• ‘A successful urban interface resembles either a
permeable membrane with holes to allow for interchange
or a folded curtain with an edge that looks like a
meandering river on a plan ’ (Salingaros 2005)meandering river on a plan. (Salingaros, 2005)

45. Fractal coupling forcesFractal coupling forces
• Figure 4: Colonnades, arcades, rows of
houses and shops with gaps for cross-paths
correspond to fractal surfaces/porouscorrespond to fractal surfaces/porous
membrane filters.
• Perforations or gaps are useful when they
occur on the scales 1metre – 3 metresoccur on the scales 1metre – 3 metres
corresponding to the size and physical
movements of a pedestrian (Urban coherence
on the human scale)
• Figure 3: Urban interfaces tend to be
convoluted; an impermeable building edge
couples by interweaving with its adjoining
space Convolution or folding provides aspace. Convolution or folding provides a
greater contact area, encouraging human
events to take place (filtered pedestrian
movement in the marketplace and humanp
contact and interchange occurring in the folds
of a building’s edge up to the urban folding
that creates a semi-enclosed plaza).

46. Empty regions/modules
• A minimalist design for buildings
prevents urban geometrical
h b th ll tcoherence, because the smallest
scale influences the largest scale;
• Regions that contain nog
information cannot couple among
themselves;
• Empty modules can only couple• Empty modules can only couple
with other elements having internal
geometric properties
• ‘Coupling is achieved by totally
surrounding a void with a
structured boundary on the samey
scale, like putting a substantial
frame on a mirror’ (Alexander,
2002) This happens in Figure 72002). This happens in Figure 7.

47. Coupling at buildings' edgesp g g g
‘Edges and interfaces areg
complex, fractal lines that
make up a living city: theyp g y y
define spaces and built
structures and not the other
way around. A city is made of
interactive edges along whichg g
much of the human interaction
that makes a city “alive”y
actually takes place.’
(Salingaros, 2005)( g )

48. A City’s Composition
• Geometrical continuity:
geometrical coupling ofgeometrical coupling of
structures next to each other
(on the left).(on the left).
• Although here the nodes
(black disks) are depicted as(black disks) are depicted as
buildings, a node can also
be a square a park anbe a square, a park, an
interface or a pattern.
• Here a line between nodes• Here, a line between nodes
represents adjacency (=
continuity)continuity)

49. Some types of connectivitySome types of connectivity
 Geometrical continuity
 Path connectivity among nodes (units)
 Exchange of people Exchange of people
 Exchange of information

50. A city may be decomposed in various
ways, such as:
1 I t b ildi b i it d th i i t ti i1. Into buildings as basic units and their interactions via
paths.
2 As a collection of paths anchored and guided by2. As a collection of paths anchored and guided by
buildings (urban web).
3. As external and internal spaces connected by pathsp y p
and reinforced by buildings (Alexander, 2002)
4. As the edges and interfaces that define spaces and
built structures (Alexander 2002 in Complexity andbuilt structures (Alexander, 2002 in Complexity and
Urban Coherence)
5. Into patterns of human activity and interaction at urban5. Into patterns of human activity and interaction at urban
edges and interfaces (Alexander, 1977 in The
Structure of Pattern Languages)

51. Urban modules and connective forces

52. Urban modules and connective forces

53. U b d l dUrban modules and
geometrical alignment

54. Cities evolve
th itheir own
organic/fractal
form

55. Fractal Cityy
A mathematicala e a ca
fractal:
1 Has str ct re1. Has structure
on all levels
of scale
2. Is self
i ilsimilar.

56. Non-fractal modernist cityy
‘Living cities have a vastly
larger number oflarger number of
connections between
nodes than one expects
from the modernist cityfrom the modernist city.
For such connections to
develop naturally, they
require an enormousrequire an enormous
variety of nodes in close
mixing. Monofunctional
i th i t lzoning – the pivotal
notion of CIAM urban
planning – is thereby
h ( th l ft) tshown (on the left) to
prevent life in a city.’
(Salingaros, 2005)

57. Fractal models of planning
‘The ideal city of Le Corbusier
is a purely large-scale
conception hence nonconception, hence non-
fractal. Its components are
skyscrapers, highways, and
vast paved open spaces Levast paved open spaces. Le
Corbusier drew skyscrapers
sitting in a giant park …
t t ll i j d d h t hitotally misjudged what his
“city of the future” would look
like. His skyscrapers did
i d d l th t diti lindeed replace the traditional
urban fabric, but they don’t
sit in giant parks – urban
f di t t th t thforces dictate that they
instead sit in huge parking
lots.’ (Salingaros, 2005)

58. Fractal models of planning
‘Today, governments lay down
exclusively car cities, or come
in and destroy an existingin and destroy an existing
pedestrian city in order to
transform it into a car
city pieces of the oldcity…pieces of the old
pedestrian city might survive
to provide at least some
t f b lif (if thremnants of urban life (if the
state machine is truly
efficient, nothing will be left).
F thi it i t lFor this reason, it is extremely
difficult to transform a post-
war car city or suburb into a
d t i it h tpedestrian city – one has to
rebuild a new pedestrian
network into a car city.’
(Salingaros, 2005)

59. Connectivity and
the urban web

60. References and Recommended reading
• Salingaros, N. A. Complexity and Urban
C h iCoherence in
http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1
080/713683969
• http://zeta.math.utsa.edu/~yxk833/fractal
coast.pdf
• http://cybergeo.revues.org/3275

61. Recommended readingRecommended reading
Pl d thi t i l ti l i th• Please, read this controversial article in the
Journal of Anthropology (some points may be
referring mostly to pollution); observation onreferring mostly to pollution); observation on
“growth” can be considered and discussed:
Hern, W. M., Urban Malignancy: Similarity in
the Fractal Dimensions of Urban Morphologythe Fractal Dimensions of Urban Morphology
and Malignant Neoplasms in
http://www.drhern.com/pdfs/urbanmalignancy.pdfhttp://www.drhern.com/pdfs/urbanmalignancy.pdf

62. And finally article that came to myy y
attention through my P2P
networking:networking:
Michael Mehaffy and Nikos Salingarosy g
Frontiers of Design Science in
htt // t li / /2011110http://www.metropolismag.com/pov/2011110
1/frontiers-of-design-science#more-21697

63. And finally this latest article thaty
came to my attention through my
P2P networking:P2P networking:
Michael Mehaffy and Nikos Salingarosy g
Frontiers of Design Science in
htt // t li / /2011110http://www.metropolismag.com/pov/2011110
1/frontiers-of-design-science#more-21697

64. Many thanks for yourMany thanks for your
attentionattention
G i l’ tt iG i l’ tt iGrazie per l’attenzioneGrazie per l’attenzione
Any questions?Any questions?y qy q
Qualche domanda ora?Qualche domanda ora?