The Status And Perception Of Women

The Status And Perception Of Women
Literature Review Draft 2
For centuries, the status and perception of women has been a disputed and controversial subject. Due to precarious political or social standings, even
women in power were subject to the judgement and power of men. When considering the portrayal of exceptional women throughout history, rarely has
a woman been able to fully embrace the stage without reservations. An analysis of research texts and journal articles reveals and connects the way that
a queen of ancient times and one of the English Renaissance controlled their image, were affected by societal views of women, and were ultimately
depicted. Scholarship on Cleopatra and Queen Elizabeth I relays the idea that society and patriarchy led to their respective authorities and depictions.
Mary Hamer, author of Signs of Cleopatra, a historical research text, investigates Cleopatra's cultural significance from her earliest representations in
her own time to her status as a symbol in modern times. In the chapter, "Cleopatra: housewife," she discusses Cleopatra's image between the fourteenth
and seventeenth centuries, a time that spans the invention of the printing press and the proliferance of Elizabethan playwright, William Shakespeare.
Hamer uses the work of Petrarch, Boccaccio, and Jan de Bray, which was spread rapidly due to the printing press, as a lens to view Cleopatra's image.
In regards to this image, she notes the changing attitude towards women, a result of the Reformation creating an
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The Economic Status Of Older Women
The Economic Status Of Older Women In Canada
Studies have shown economic disparities between married women, unmarried women, and those who are divorced or separated later in life. Each of
these women will experience a different standard of living and financial well–being based on the circumstances of their life course (Davies & Denton,
2002). In 2008 women living alone had the highest rate of low income with an after–tax poverty rate of 17%, while men had a 12% after–tax poverty
rate (Milan & Vezina, 2011, as cited in Novak, Campbell, & Northcott, 2014, p. 193). Studies show that separated and divorced women are the poorest
of all older unattached women in Canada and the group that should be the focus of public concern. In this paper I ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Not all unattached women are the same when it comes to their economic well–being at older ages. Older women who were never married tend to better
off financially because of their commitment to the labour force throughout their adult years. With a greater number of years working they are able to
collect higher Canadian/Quebec Pension payments (Davies & Denton, 2002). Widows tend to be worse off financially than those who were never
married, but better off than those who were separated or divorced in mid and later years. This difference is because a widow can benefit from the
assets left behind by their husband, as well as receives C/QPP payments (Davies & Denton, 2002).
Going through a separation or divorce in mid and later life increases the likelihood of an elderly woman living in poverty. According to Davies &
Denton (2002), a woman who is married may rely on her husband's financial resources for security later in life. As such, she may not do any retirement
planning of her own. A woman who divorces later in life is left with a very short and unrealistic amount of time to build up her own savings before
turning 65. Davies & Denton (2002) found that retired divorcees are least likely of all women to rate their income as adequate to meet their needs.
Gender Inequalities In The Family
Pension calculations are based on years of contribution and

Women 's Role And Status Of Women
Women in Pakistan
Women in Pakistan are more likely to face system subordination, where patriarchal values are embedded in local traditions and culture. Due to the
interconnection of gender with other forms of exclusion in the society, the role and status of women cannot be considered homogenous. There is a
great deal of diversity in the status of women across regions, classes, the rural/urban divide caused by the lack of socio–economic development and the
impact of feudal, tribal, and capitalist social formations in women's lives.
Pakistan is a society which is predominantly patriarchal. Men and women have been forced to live into two separate worlds. For a woman, the home
is supposed to be the legitimate ideological and physical space for her. Men on the other hand are expected to dominate outside the house. This false
ideological demarcation between public and private, inside and outside world has been maintained with the notion of honor and the use of 'purdah' in
Pakistan. The honor of the family is usually linked with the women's sexual behavior, meaning that their sexuality is considered a potential threat.
Therefore, for reason such as these, women' mobility is strictly restricted and controlled through the use of 'purdah', gender segregation, and the use of
violence against them.
In the social context, women in Pakistan lack social status and value because of negation of their roles as providers and producers in the society. In a
country like Pakistan, there is

Women 's Status Of Women
INTRODUCTION
Throughout history and civilization women seem to have been in a constant state of evolution either towards a submissive role or a strong role but
nonetheless, changing. This paper will discuss women from the lower and middle ranks in history and their status in the various civilizations.
This paper argues that the status of lower and middle class women deteriorated over time and only the Paleolithic period seemed to comprise of a
gender–neutral society.
THE STATUS OF WOMEN OVER TIME
In the Paleolithic society, women seemed to have an equal contributing hand towards the survival of the community. Men traveled and hunted while
women gathered fruits from areas within the vicinity of their residence. Although hunted meat brought home by the men was important, the vegetables
and fruits gathered by the women were equally as important for survival especially when men failed at their hunt. The interdependence of the sexes
ensured that one sex is not dominant over another. (Bentley and Ziegler, pg.10).
The Venus Figurines (named after the Roman goddess of love) of early homo sapiens were small structures of women that depicted prominent sexual
features focusing greatly on fertility and new life. These figurines are believed to also play a role in rituals to increase fertility. (Bentley and Ziegler,
pg.14) This shows that women were always subjected to their physical appearance and the fact that they were seen as baby carriers.
From the Neolithic era, women are

Women 's Status Of Inferiority
In pre–Islamic societies, women were held in high regards as matriarchal communities widely existed. Their biology, with its ability to reproduce,
enabled women to be worshipped for they were the principle of creating life; this fact opposed androcentric theories that state how the "nature" of
women dictated a status of inferiority (Ahmed 11). However, as many scholars and theorists have noted, "the decline" of women's status in pre–Islamic
societies was likely from urbanization. As warfare increased from city–states expanding their territories, warrior culture generated male dominance, and
the reproductive capacity of women were looked to for providing labor power, making them be seen as "property" (Ahmed 12). In many instances, the
rise of urban societies negatively affected women as Leila Ahmed stated in "Women and Gender in Islam" and as demonstrated in late Sumerian,
Babylonian, and Assyrian cultures. The complexities of these civilizations produced military competitiveness, escalating the aspects of male dominance
and classes that further demeaned women (Ahmed 12). However, the rise of Islam rectified the unjust social constructs as women were given more
independence, being considered equals and companions to men. In 5000 to 3000 BC, the first city–states developed in southern Mesopotamia by the
Sumerian people. This area was near the Tigris and Euphrates rivers, both being water sources and factors that helped build civilization. As the
Sumerians ascended in the

Status of Women in India
To understand the actual status of women It is very essential to study the historical background thoroughly. The status of women has gone through the
different stages from liberation to subjugation and from subjugation to empowerment. It is not easy to find answers to questions like when did women
start losing their status or who was responsible for this situation. To understand the status we need to divide the pre independence period in different
segments Ancient, Medieval, British and Contemporary Period. Ancient Period––It cannot be clearly stated whether men and women got equal rights
during the Vedic period. But available sources show that liberal attitudes and practices towards women did exist. Women were actively involved in
religious and social activities. They had freedom to choose their partner in marriage and a widow was permitted to remarry.
In ancient India, respect was given to women as mother 's image, a symbol of life, strength and purity, with immense capacity for patience, sacrifice
and sufferings. In the Vedic and Upanishad period women enjoyed significant freedom so far as political, social and educational activities were
concerned and consequently enjoyed a status and prestige in society. In homes, women were given a greater position to that of men. As they were
treated as the personification of the goddess of wealth, strength and wisdom– Woman was depicted as 'Shakti ', and it was an accepted belief that where
a woman is

Status Of Women In Victorian England Essay
We certainly can't pick our families, though I am sure many of us have had thoughts of what life would be like if we were born into a different
lifestyle. While your ascribed status is the status you were born into, your achieved status is what you achieve during your life. Oftentimes people will
let their circumstances dictate what they become, but those striving to attain a higher status will usually find a way to change their circumstances if
possible. One great example would be of women in Victorian England. Women during this era were given no legal status whatsoever. Typically women
born within a higher class would have a better chance of marriage and lifestyle. They would still have no rights, but may live in comfort. Women born

The Status Of Women In The Code Of Hammurabi
In Ancient Mesopotamia, one of the earliest civilizations in history, the status of women was much lower than that of men. They did not have as many
rights and privileges as men did. They were expected to be submissive to their male guardian, whether it be a father or husband, and carry out their
specific duties. According to the textbook, "Awoman's place was in the home, and failure to fulfill her expected duties was grounds for divorce..."
(Duiker and Spielvogel 14). During this time, Hammurabi, who came into power and ruled most of Mesopotamia in 1792 B.C.E., developed a code of
law known as the "The Code of Hammurabi" that described Hammurabi's strict system of justice. Under the code, men had the ultimate authority over
their families and society in general. The punishments for women who neglected their household duties and the law were severe compared to those
for men who broke the law. "The Code of Hammurabi" states, "If she is not innocent, but leaves her husband, and ruins her house, neglecting her
husband, this woman shall be cast into the water" (143). This law is one of the several laws of the code regarding family, especially the relationship
between a man and his wife. In the law, it says, "If a man's wife be surprised...with another man, both shall be tied and thrown into water..." (129).
Women were expected to stay faithful to their husbands since they were under their authority. This is also because the family unit was a key element to
the development and growth

A Comparative Study Of The Status Of Women
The declaring of 1975–85 decade as the International Women's decade also gave impetus to women's movements for removing the notion of
inferiority of women and giving them a sense of identity. The Central Social Welfare Board (CSWB) established by the Government of India in
1953, also promotes and strengthens volunteer efforts for the welfare of women. The Ministry of Welfare, Government of India, too, gives grants to
voluntary organizations for activities like construction/expansion of hostels for working women in cities.The analysis of six types of movements
suggests that movements are generally initiated and spread by charismatic leaders or by political parties and religious organizations. In the former
case, the ideologies are transmitted downwards while in the latter case, these are transmitted upwards. Once any movement based on certain ideology
changes, it is not necessary that it will spread in the course of time, it can gain in strength and it can also lose its vitality either because it is
considered irrelevant or because it is suppressed by the government. Comparative Study of the status of Women in the Period of Pre and post
Independence:– If we will examine the status of women and distinguish the position of women in the post independence period with the pre
independence period, we must be in a confuse state of mind that we are moving towards the development or declining the opposition of women. If we
will critically examine the status of women, the impact and

Status Of Women In Prison Essay
Throughout history men have been the main perpetrators of crime. However, as of 2012 there are more than a million women under correctional
supervision in the United States (CITE). A large percentage of these women are mothers. *go back and get exact percentage. The rise of women
placed under correctional supervision has been on the rise since the 1980's. The number of women in prison alone has increased by 646% between
1980 and 2010, rising from 1,118 to 112,797 (CITE). The rise of women in prison and other correctional facilities can be explained for a variety of
reasons including the decline in chivalrous attitudes toward women, which increases pressure to administer law in neutral way, increase awareness of
female criminality, improvements in recoding practices, changes in sanctioning ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Throughout history women have been the primary caretakers of children. According to sociologist Parsons, women are natural caregivers and the
ones who take care of the kids and are often more likely to be a single parent than a man (Cite source on this). Therefore this becomes a problem if
women go to prison. With more women going to prison more children are going to be at loss of a primary caregiver, leading them to seek attention
and affection in other places. Children are already at a disadvantage with one parent in prison, however having a mother in prison is more
disadvantageous (Pollock, 2014, p. 27). According to Pollock, it has been reported that adult children of mothers who have ever been incarcerated
are 2.5 times as likely to be incarcerated themselves, compared to the children who had fathers incarcerated (2012, P. 271). Children with mothers in
prison are at a great risk of engaging in a criminal lifestyles, therefore the way that a woman mothers her child while incarcerated can greatly affect the
lifestyle her child or children have in the

The Role And Status Of Women In Ancient India
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1.Hypothesis and aim
2.Introduction
3.Status of women in ancient India
4.Status of women during British rule
5.Status of women in independent India
6.Education and economic development
7.Laws that have empowered women
8.Women's safety and rights
INTRODUCTION
Traditionally, an Indian woman had only four roles and those were; Her role as a daughter, wife, sister, and lastly, a mother. The women in today's
time however are experiencing far reaching changes and are entering into new fields that were unknown to them. They are actively participating in
social, economic and political activities. Unlike the older times, women today have received higher education. Rig Vedic women inIndia enjoyed high
status in society and their condition was good. They were provided opportunities to attain ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Women today participate fully in activities such as education, sports, politics, media, art and culture, service sectors, science and technology, etc.
This timeline shows some of the cases that helped women achieve a better position in society and break the stereotypes of just sitting at home and
working.
In the 1970's feminist activism gained momentum in India. One of the first national issues that brought women's groups together was the Mathura rape
case. Since alcoholism is often associated with violence against women in India a lot of women groups launched anti–liquor groups in Andhra Pradesh,
Himachal Pradesh, Haryana, Odisha, and Madhya Pradesh.
In the 1990's foreign donor agencies enabled the formation of new women–oriented NGO's. Self help groups such as Self Employed Women's
Empowerment (SEWA) have played a major role in the advancement of women's rights in India. Many women such as Medha Patkar of the Narmada
Bachao Andolan have emerged as the leaders of local

c.STATUS OF WOMEN IN BANGLADESH IN TERM OF SOCIAL JUSTICE
Status of women in the society derives from different sources in Bangladesh. Unlike the western society Bangladeshi women hardly demand the
absolute equality–equal share in parental property, full freedom and liberation as individuals. Rather they love to see their roles within social contexts
and would prefer gender equity within the traditional framework. The status of women in our society can be explained from the social attitude and
from the legal aspect which is the last resort of this deprived section. There has been steady improvement in the social and political empowerment
scenario of women in Bangladesh. The Government of Bangladesh is committed to attain the objectives of the Convention on the Elimination of All
Forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW) and MDGs in conformity with the fundamental rights enshrined in the Bangladesh Constitution.
Constitutional and Legal Status
In Bangladesh, the proliferation of statutory mandates and the state constitutional provisions against sexual discrimination are both catalyst and
consequence of changing attitudes towards the status of women is becoming tangible.
The legal system of Bangladesh has its legacy from British India and Pakistan and it has a dual system consisting of general and personal laws. The
general law is formally based on egalitarian principles of sexual equality, but the personal and family law is based on religion and culture with

Status of Women in Indian Society... a Study
Status of women in society
A project report
Present scenario of the status of women in Indian society
According to India's constitution, women are legal citizens of the country and have equal rights with men (Indian Parliament). Because of lack of
acceptance from the male dominant society, Indian women suffer immensely. Women are responsible for bearing children, yet they are malnourished
and in poor health. Women are also overworked in the fields and complete all of the domestic work. Most Indian women are uneducated. Although the
country's constitution says women have equal status as of men, women are powerless and are mistreated inside and outside the home.
India is a society where the male is greatly revered. Therefore women, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Educated/literate women will be better able to manage their families, so that their children become good citizens of the country.
Mothers create the foundation stone on which children can build their careers and grow to become respectable citizens.
The family is the foundation for building & sustaining any nation and women is an important aspect of a family.
Family participation should not be limited to their children only but must also include children of relatives, neighbors and the less privileged. Since
people do not live in isolation, we must encourage mothers to participate in the parenting of people in and outside of their own families.
Young and even older children must also participate in supporting the family activities on a regular basis. Through family participation, values can be
instilled that will build and sustain a great nation.
My views
A woman is an architect of society. She establishes the institution of family life, builds the home, brings up the children and makes them good citizens.
Her strength in totality contributes in the making of an ideal family, ideal society and an ideal state.
The question is how secure a woman is in her family and society and what is her socio–economic and political status. The position of women in any
society is the indicator of health of the state.
Women contribute to society in many, many ways! There are very, very few professions that

The Status Of Women : Ancient China
When it comes to discussing the manners and customs that dominated in China in the past century, numerous topics appear. Thanks to the numerous
written testimonies, we can almost reconstruct the life and experiences of people in ancient China. Of course, many of the practices described are not
only interesting, but surprising. In this paper I am going to take a closer look at the status of women in ancient Chinese family.
Relevance of the topic is that today the interest in the culture of Asian countries, including China grows and so does the number of works related to the
history and way of lifestyle of the Chinese people throughout time. Moreover, we should take into account the fact that patterns of traditions affected
the lives of modern Chinese women 's behaviour. When we analyze the situation status of modern Chinese women, you can see a lot of similarities with
the behaviour of women in ancient China, which can help to explain the phenomena of modern life of Chinese women, looking into the past.
Before analyzing the status of girls and women in ancient China, we need to understand the fundamental principles of morality that dominated in the
society in that time period.
Confucius created the doctrine that 300 years after his death became a permanent impulse of social life in China, established rules of behaviour not
only in the state, but also the family as a social unit.1
Confucian worshiping of ancestors and norms "Xiao" stimulated the blooming of the family and clan

The Status Of Women In Homer's The Odyssey
How much love, will you spend your whole life waiting. Life is short, if someone would spend and love the same person all the time. Then that
person should be the luckiest and happiness in the world. One of theme of The Odyssey is love, Penelope waited for her husband Odyssey to come
back home for twenty years. She loved her husband the whole time. The poet is trying to portray a female image. She not only looks beautiful, but
also has a beautiful mind. She is smart, virtuous, and loyal. She is a woman with a Penelope faith. She never gave up and waited for her husband.
Penelope was always looking forward to having her husband back home, for a whole family reunion. In this modern society, sub–division is a very
common thing. This is a funny

The Status Of Women In Algonquian Society
The status of women is directly tied to the culture in which they live in. Mary Jenison lived in both english colonies and with indians, she analyzed
both societies and women's role in both. John Winthrop documented the 1600's view on women through his journal. The status of women in
Algonquian and Iroquoian society. The Europeans viewed the structure of Native American society lacking the complexity of their own community.
Their drawings and accounts of the Indian people reveal that the tribe's division of labor and gender roles were actually very advanced, especially
where the status of women was concerned. Since married women in Europe held few rights to their property, family wealth, or even children, women
of the tribes had greater independence and discretion over their produce, conditions of labor, and property. Native women even served as representatives
in the tribal councils, and held rights over the land they worked. This demonstrates that although "women's work" was belittled in European cultures,
Native women's daily contributions were recognized by Native men and the tribe as a whole as vital to the prosperity of the community and worthy of
respect. Analyzing the condition of women in America, a woman's status in their community was directly related to the social hierarchy, religious
culture, and natural environment in which they lived, and that the combination of those ingredients varied vastly across the continent. In the english
colonies,

The Status Of Women In Society
The status of women in a society is a significant reflection of the level of social justice in that society. In the literature, women's status is commonly
described in terms of their education, income, employment, health, fertility, etc. somewhere it has shown thattheir roles within family, community and
society also. But if we are talking about tribal communities, the role playing by women is crucial and substantial. According to the Oxford
dictionary "a tribe is a group of people in a primitive or barbarous stage of development acknowledging the authority of a chief and usually regarding
themselves as having a common ancestor". Tribalare assumed the original dwellers of this subcontinents and residing since unrecorded time. India is
the second largest country in the world in terms of high concentration of indigenous Tribal population which is just after the African continent. Women
play a crucial role in this communitybut yet their conditions are pitiable. Empowerment is an active process enabling women to realize their full
identity and power in all spheres of life (Gnanadhas&Mahalekshmi, 2011). Empowerment is a process that takes a person from a position of
powerless inaction to responsible action. The process moves through several stages from a) participation to b) decision making to c) action and,
ultimately to d) the capacity to take responsibility for those actions. Empowerment is a complex concept and it is interpreted in many ways. It comes
from the term

The Stereotypes: The Status Of Women
Throughout history, women have been unsure about where they stand in history. However, women may have had a stronger role than what they
realize. Many people could tell you important Greeks, Romans or even early English folks; however, a great majority of these people were men.
Although men have taken credit throughout history, women have been holding together our society without the fame, praises or glory. In 2015, it is
evident that all people should be equal in a society because women and men are both equally intelligent, morals now indicate that women are equal
and should be treated with respect, and they are obviously needed within a population. Obviously males are physically superior to humans it is not
bias, rather fact. However, the success of a population is not measured by the girth of your biceps, rather by how it is controlled. Women are just as
intelligent as men, in fact one could argue that the majority of women contain psychological traits that only a minority of men possess. For example,
in the Wife's Lament the wife was quoted in lines two and three saying, "I am able to tell / all the hardships I've suffered since I grew up". Through
this quote one can understand that men aren't the only ones with the ability to persevere, women have... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
All people should be treated equal. No one should be forced to live under a tree, in a cave, like the wife (lines 27,28). Also, it is morally wrong to
"put down" females because they live with the same laws and, a great majority of, rules that men also live with. We both pay the same taxes, follow
the same basic laws, and currently have the same political rights, at least in the United States. Morality, however, is not displayed in statistics and
graphs, rather thoughts and beliefs. The thoughts and beliefs in modernized societies reflect the ideal that women are treated as close to equal as

Status of Women in India
in india"When one boy is educated, one person will be wise. When one girl is educated entire family will be wise." This is famous quote by girl
education pioneer Mahatma Phule. This underlines the importance women in society. From the time of independence our constitution concentrated to
give enough right for women. But the problem is that women are facing many problems in this modern age of gender equality.
The structure of Indian society is different and unique than any other. Indian society believes in epics like Ramayana and Mahabharata more than
anything else. Society wants that a woman should be like Sita the ideal Indian woman, who surrendered all her desires and followed Rama to the
forest. Girls are brought up to follow the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Instead, estimates show only 496 million women in the population today. This implies that there are some 32 million "missing" women in India. Some
are never born, and the rest die because they do not have the opportunity to survive. Sex–ratio (number of female per 1,000 male) is an important
indicator of women 's status in the society. In 1901 there were 972 females per 1,000 males, while by 1971; the ratio has come down to 930 females
per 1,000 males. In 1981 there has been only a nominal increase in the female sex ratio within 934 females to 1,000 males. There were only 926
females per 1000 males in India according to 1991 census. |
The 2001 census indicate that the trend has been slightly arrested with the sex ratio at 933 females per 1000 males, with Kerala at 1058 females. The
sex ratio of the 0–6 age group has declined sharply from 945 in 1991 to 927 in 2001. According to UNFPA State of world population 2005, Punjab
(793), Haryana (820), Delhi (865), Gujarat (878) and Himachal Pradesh (897) have worst child sex ratio.
Facing this problem is not easy at all. We have to make families aware about the importance of girl child for the balance of society.
2) Harassment:
Harassment is the common in country like India. Probably it is for the reason of Dowry. Police records for the country as a whole show that a woman
is molested every 26 minutes. A rape occurs every 34 minutes. Every 42 minutes,

Status of Women Entrepreneurs in India
Status of Women Entrepreneurs in India
Miss Pooja, Lecturer Mr. Surinder Bhatia, Lecturer
SSIMT, Dinanagar SSIMT, Dinanagar
____________________________________________________________
______________________
Executive Summary
One primary objective of this paper is to find out the status of women entrepreneurs in India. In Hindu scriptures, woman has been described as the
embodiment of shakti. But in real life she is treated as Abla.. This paper includes rationale behind the women entrepreneurship. Another main objective
of this paper was to analyse policies of Indian government for women and also to analyse that are ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
These women own textile mills, trucking firms, highway and construction firms, beauty parlours, drycleaning shops, photographic studios and dozens
of other businesses.
In India, women entrepreneurs constitute a negligible proportion of the total entrepreneurs. " the typical enterprises are the extension of kitchen
activities i.e. the 3 P's: Pickle, Powder, Papped or traditional cottage industries of basket making etc. in India women have contributed mainly in
household industries due to less technical know how required and little competition from men in these industries.
In recent survey of business women in Delhi and surrounding areas it was estimated that 40% of these entrepreneurs have ventured into non–traditional
areas such as electronics, engineering, consultancy etc.
The state of Kerla where the literacy among women is highest in India provides a good example of women entrepreneurship. As on march 1984, there
were 782 women's industrial units in Kerla, of these 592 were Proprietary concerns, 43 partnership concerns, 42 charitable institutions, 3 joint stock
companies and 102 cooperative societies.
According to a research study conducted in Tamil Nadu following are the businesses pursued by women entrepreneurs:–
Nature of Business

Status Of Women In Buddhism Essay
disappeared together with the bhikkhu sangha, with the invasion of Turkish Muslim through Indian land in that period. The status of women in
Buddhist monasticism is varied. Patriarchal societies and gender values took their toll on women's institutions. Though according to mainstream
doctrine women can be enlightened, in the canonical versions of Buddhist monastic literature women are often cast in unflattering roles. The number of
vows nuns must keep is larger than that for men, and there are specific rules that establish the subordinate status of nuns. There are some early literary
collections, the Therigatha hymns, and later writings, but there were few women writers. Women most often did not have access to monastic
education. In many countries, moreover, women's ordination lineages did not survive. In modern Tibet and in parts of Southeast Asia, for example,
there are no unbroken lineages of full ordination from nun to... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In Tibet, for example, where there was no lineage for full ordination, there were nonetheless many nunneries. Women did not have the educational
opportunities that were available for men, but they were able to engage in Buddhist meditations and rituals in celibate monastic institutions. In Tibet
there were traditions of women pilgrims, ascetics, and even community leaders and teachers who were recognized by the community at large. Thus,
whereas women's monasticism was not preserved in Tibet according to ancient Indian models, there were still vibrant women's communities throughout
Tibetan history. Educational standards and facilities were not as developed as in men's monasteries, but women built and maintained strong traditions
of meditation, ritual, and community solidarity. Indeed, in twentieth–century Amdo, Northeast Tibet (modern Gansu province), the greater Labrang
Monastery community supported women's monasteries even without full

The Subordinate Status Of Women
The subordinate status of women in America began with the premise of English common law within Colonial America; these English social constructs
within Colonial America were adopted into the American legal status, thus playing a vital role in intimate partner violence against women in America
due to the implementation of the English doctrine that husbands are legally able to physically discipline their wives and children if deemed necessary
(Garcia, 2010; Gelles, 1997). Among the many constructs of the English law, the separate women's sphere ideology, which designated a woman's
place within her family as a private sphere (i.e. home and family), while a man protected and provided for her through the public sphere (i.e. work and
politics) (Garcia, 2010). Although wife battering laws have been passed since the Revolutionary War, they have been loosely upheld and indifferently
enforced due to the idea that wife discipline was a private affair and did not require the authorities (Straus and Gelles, 1989). During the Victorian Era
(1837 – 1901), a new image of womanhood was founded and designated women as moral figures that were too delicate and frail to engage in hard
labor that most women (i.e. the lower and middle class) were familiar with. Pascale and Schenome (as cited in Garcia, 2010) state that this social
construct would later be known as "the cult of true womanhood", and could only be accomplished by the upper class men who could afford for the
women in their

The Indian History And The Status Of Women
The Indian History and the Status of Women :
Women's security is closely connected to global security still they suffer simply because they differ in gender. According to the UN Commission on
Human Security, 'the security of one person, one community, one nation rests on the decisions of many others, sometimes fortuitously, sometimes
precariously''. However, in the interrelated world everyone is influenced either positively or negatively by the decisions of individuals or states
(UNIFEM
2003). To understand the status of the Indian women it is important to understand the history gender discrimination in the country.
In 1947, the Indian history of violence against women was perceivable in the violent nature of the nation's partition. The women were raped,
abducted and their bodies were used as a medium of men's evil expression as Indian Hindus and the Pakistani Muslims battled for power to defend
their countries. This tactic of humiliating the opponent by using women's bodies as a tool of power dominance is still being practiced in the Indian
society and is visible in the cases of Devi and Sori (Dobhal 2011: 598).
Mother India, commonly termed as Bharat Mata in Sanskrit is the national personification of
India as a mother goddess which is widely depicted as a woman clad in a saffron sari holding the national flag. The position of women was high in
India and some might argue that degrading positioning of women in the society is influenced by the impact of colonialism.

Status of women in ISLAM
```STATUS OF WOMAN IN ISLAM
Outline
Woman–as vital to life as man himself
Islam gives woman rights and privileges, never grated before
Quran addresses men and women jointly
Modern woman seeks rights by force
Woman has equal share in every aspect of life
She is equal in responsibilities
She is equal in pursuit in knowledge
She is entitled to equal freedom of expression
Islam determines her share in inheritance
A misconception regarding this share & her witness to civil contact
Some advantages woman enjoys more than the man
Veil–not a hindrance rather a blessing for woman
Conclusion
The status of woman in Islam constitutes no problem. The attitude of the Qur'an and the early Muslims bear witness to the fact ... Show more content on
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The saying of the Holy Prophet Muhammad (PBUH), in this regard, is following: "Whosoever has a daughter and he does not bury her alive, does not
insult her, and does not favour his son over her, God will enter him into Paradise".
The Holy Quran provides us a clear–cut proof that woman is equal in all respects with man before Almighty God in terms of her rights and
responsibilities. The Holy Quran states: "Every soul will be (held) in pledge for its deeds" (Quran 74:38)
In terms of religious obligations, such as offering daily prayers, fasting and pilgrimage, woman is no different from man. In some cases indeed,
woman has certain advantages over man. For example woman can and did go into the mosque during the days of the Holy Prophet (PBUH) and
thereafter attending the Friday prayers is optional for them while it is mandatory for men. This is clearly a tender touch of the Islamic teachings
because of the fact that a woman may be nursing her baby and thus may be unable to offer prayers in mosque. They also take into account the
physiological and psychological changes associated with her natural female functions. The right of females to seek knowledge is not different from that

of males. When Islam enjoins the seeking of knowledge upon Muslims, it makes no distinction between man and woman. The Holy Prophet
Muhammad (PBUH), said: "Seeking knowledge is

The Declination of the Status of Women
Since the beginning of time, society has considered women inferior to men. Men, especially in time of war, subjugate women and this form of
expression, whether in times of war or not, should not be accepted as the norm or be considered as acceptable. Women are equals to men and
provide a valuable resource; therefore, they should not be inferior to men. In Afghanistan, before the Taliban, women were "70% of
schoolteachers, 50% of government workers and university students, and 40% of doctors in Kabul" (Bureau of Democracy). Also before the
Taliban, women were free to do as they chose, men and women were both free to dress as they liked and they could move freely about. The Taliban
"cruelly reduced women and girls to poverty, worsened their health, and deprived them of their right to an education" with the false pretense of
protecting women (Bureau of Democracy). Much like the Taliban, the theocratic Republic of Gilead also repressed their women during a time of
war, a time of religious war. The clothing they wear, the "white wings too are prescribed issue; they are to keep us [them] from seeing, but also from
being seen" demonstrate their subordination to men (Atwood 8). While men in the time of the Taliban and the theocratic Republic of Gilead can
easily be educated, "the Taliban closed the women's university and forced nearly all women to quit their jobs...The Taliban ended, for all practical
purposes, education for girls" (Bureau of Democracy). As a parallel, the Republic

The Status Of The World 's Women
The status of the world's women is not only a matter of morality and justice. It is also a political, economic, and social imperative. The evidence is
irrefutable: when women are free to develop their talents and contribute fully to their societies, everyone benefits.
– Hillary Clinton, 5/12/2010
Women are a large portion of the populace, almost 60% possess professional degrees, make up 47% of the workforce and represent 53% of voters.
Despite the fact that they have broken every barrier many times over, women occupy only 18% of the top management positions across the world.
While the representation of women in noteworthy positions of political and business sectors has enhanced in some cases, (20 states have female
Senators) the leadership pool is still male–dominated. The U.S. places 80th in the world when it comes to female representation in authoritative
positions, just ahead of countries that are openly criticized for their treatment of women, like Iraq and Afghanistan. As of 2014, only 4.2% of CEO
positions and under 17% of board seats are held by ladies among Fortune 500 organizations.
Evidence across the region has shown that having more women in senior authority promotes brilliance in areas of performance. Research demonstrates
that organizations with more women in power within governing bodies are more gainful and have higher profits for value. Having more women with
political authority brings about better choice and strategy making. Well–taught women and

The 1930's through the 1960's, which was a part of the twentieth century, was a period where women's subordinate status in the workplace shifted. This
subordinate status that women had in the workplace could not have shifted without the federal government's view and attitude on women's subordinate
status in the workplace shifting overtime as well, which is exactly what happened between the 1930's and the 1960's. During this time the federal
government played a very dominant role when it came to women's status in the workplace. By the late 1900's, women had better status in the work
field than women did in the early 1900's due to the federal government's view on women's subordinate status changing overtime and them being very
dominant with those changes. In the early 1930's the federal government believed that women basically did not have any status within the workplace.
They saw women's status in the workplace as being low and not important. At this time two acts were passed that tried to keep women out of the
workplace as much as possible. Once World War 2 broke out in 194, the same government that tried to keep women out of the workplace were now
encouraging them to enter the workplace. However even though the government was encouraging women during the war to enter the workplace, their
belief about women's subordinate status in the workplace did not change. Once World War 2 ended around 1945 the federal government stopped
pushing for women to enter the workplace. By the

Status Of Women In The 1800s
Throughout the twentieth century the status of women has been on a slow, but steady upward slope. The women of this time worked extremely hard
to earn the rights and status we hold today. The improvements in the status of women were subtle in the beginning. In time though, it became well
known the overall status of women and how they once were viewed was to be changed for the better in the eyes of society. The change in women's
status included but was not limited to: improvement in their every day work atmosphere, voting rights were given, and the ability to be noticed for
their hard work was achieved. Solely the women themselves did not achieve the noticeable improvement in the status of women; the federal
government played a large role in the improvement as well. The federal governments involvement included but was not limited to: maximum laws...
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By the early 1900's the percentage of women who worked out side the home worked in factories. Factories were unclean, held no proper safety
regulations, and required the women to work long hour shifts. The average shift for a women working in the factories at this time was excessively
long. Because the women were working these long hours they felt they needed to be heard when it came to the complaints they had. The 25 percent of
women that made up the work force were a crucial factor in the ever–growing U.S economy. In their ability to provide the U.S with essential economic
power the women gained so called "public visibility." The ability for women to be in the work force signified the beginning of "true modernity in
female roles." The newfound visibility and forcefulness of women in the work force would lead to their later well–earned rights. Meanwhile, the men
who worked in the factories faced the same harsh conditions as the women and were subject to working long shifts as

Status Of Women In The 1920s Essay
The 1920's was the green light for expression and liberation for women. As a result of wartime effort and women filling up needed jobs that usually
go for men, a societal change began to flourish. On June 4th, 1919, the 19th amendment was passed and ratified on August 18th,1920, the Women's
Suffrage Clause, which gave women the right to vote. After this, things definitely speeded up in a normal household. Women began to stray away
from the title of cooking, cleaning, and watching kids. While the typical married woman would be at home on Saturday night, a woman of the 1920s
was partying, wearing makeup and dressing in a way that would've screamed inappropriate had it been an earlier time under different circumstances.
They had traded in their traditional long skirts and corsets, for something that showed a little more skin and expressed their newfound carefree... Show
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She was financially dependant on her husband, since she did not have a job and dependant on people in general. It was socially acceptable for her
to live in East Egg because of "old money" but also because she married into money, once she met Tom Buchanan. A chauvinistic, conceited, man
who she was madly in love with him, whom treated her not like a human but like a possession and she continued to keep a positive attitude, with her
fake oblivion towards her husband's affair. Like Daisy had said earlier in the novel, "that's the best thing a girl can be in this world–– a beautiful little
fool." She chose to ignore the infidelity and be one of those "beautiful little fools." When introduced to Daisy in the first chapter, she's presented as the
typical dream girl of the 1920s. The enigmatic personality and charisma that seeps off of her, her character is most associated with purity and
innocence, hence the white dresses being a symbol of her

Improved Status for Women
CAN CITIES BE SEEN AS ENIGINES OF IMPROVED STATUS AND LIVELIHOODS FOR WOMEN?
INTRODUCTION
In the past women were seen as nothing more than child–bearers and housekeepers, only worthy of being their husband's servants, unable to be
financially independent. However, due to factors such as the progression of time and the urbanisation of cities it is no longer the case. Cities are
"relatively large, dense and permanent human settlements", they "also referred to as towns, urban agglomerations or urban settlements "(Beall &
Fox, 2009: 7). Urbanisation can most simply be defined as the process of becoming more modernised or urbanised. Because cities are more
modernised than rural areas, cities are then seen as great points for accessing opportunities that will lead to a more improved standard of living.
Within this essay the question of whether cities enable the status and livelihoods of women to be improved will be answered, as well as the factors that
come with urbanisation (being: poverty and vulnerability) will be highlighted (from Cities and Development prescribed book–Chapter 4).
STATUS OF WOMEN
"Status is a phenomenon that emerges from school organisation, through the processes of differentiation and evaluation, rather than as an outgrowth of
intrinsic or natural characteristics of persons" (Bradley & Khor, 1993: 384). Unfortunately with that said, the institutions that exist within society tend
to evaluate and differentiate on the basis of sex which then constructs a sense

Women And Women 's Political Status
Traditionally, politics has been a gendered occupation. Men and women have been socially constructed to believe only men are capable of political
representation. The problem lies within an institutional bias, where unnatural distinctions have been put in place from a young age. In New Zealand,
the presence and contribution of women have been pivotal to the make up of contemporary party politics. Achieving parliamentary recognition and
political representation peaked during the 1970s when the country was experiencing large changes in its economic and social environment. Through
activism and pressure groups, women were able to seek recognition in New Zealand's political domain. The change to Mixed Member Proportional
(MMP) eased the access of different political groups to parliament, improving the representation of minority groups such as women that have been
under–represented in politics. Proportional representation offered new opportunities in terms of policy change through women's political participation.
It has, however, been argued that the structure of proportional representation has been a hindrance toward a significant step forward for women's
political participation. This essay will discuss to what extent the contribution of women through time, coupled with the shift to a new electoral system
in a changing social environment, has been a step forward for women's political participation in New Zealand party politics.
Kate Sheppard and other suffrage campaigners

The Status Of Women And Girls
After reading the report The Status of Women and Girls in Colorado I was in a numbing type of shock. There were things that I subconsciously
knew like men will receive more than women in their lifetime but after reading facts that solidify this it was surprising. One of the findings that
surprised me the most was with Social Security benefits that Men once 65 years or older will receive around $1,334 while women the same age are
only going to receive $986. Many of the facts such as these were shocking sometime syou know things and you see them in your world but after
reading facts that prove and solidify what a person has seen it 's an eerie feeling. Especially since it is not just one thing that can be attributed to the
why women are... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This fact is notable because when the argument about single mothers are not doing anything to take care of themselves and children and just
decide to live off the state it makes sense they live off of the state. These single mothers have to they do not make enough money that only make
31% of what it takes. They are not making enough because of the gender wage gap that keeps them behind. They can't work as many hours due to
taking care of these children or other family issues and the fact that childcare is continuously rising and is very expensive. Women are set back by
many things and need the public or private assistance. Equally important is the Employment and Earnings section. In this section the piece of
information I thought was significant was learning that women even though they make up half of the work force, only 29% of businesses are owned
by women. This has actually gone down since 1992 when women owned 38% of businesses and of the businesses they do own they are most likely to
be businesses in sectors with lower revenues. Women seem to be more than not put into employment positions where they are receiving lower wages.
The businesses that women are owning are mostly in health care and social assistance. I thought this was important to note because instead of growth
and expansion for women this number has fallen women own less businesses now than they did twenty three years ago. This shows that in some
aspects even though many people would like to believe

Status of Women in Colonial Society
Mariama Bessane Professor Perine James American History 1151– Essay #1 Jan 7th,2016 Status of Women in Colonial Society Women were always
considered inferior to men since day one. That belief had been existing until the eighteen century. During that period, English Colonists brought to
America their ideologies with them. Women did not have the same rights as men did during that time. Women were tied in a leash, kept in the dark,
and controlled by society. Life wasn't easy for them. They were not allowed to express their opinions, and if they did, they would be called wicked
or evil and be negatively judged by society. During the colonial era, women played an important, if restricted role in work and religious life. During the
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Working in farmlands was not an easy task to do, but tobacco became the king of the lands and every hand was useful in order to cultivate it.
Women were needed to work the lands no matter how fatiguing it was, and the only way they were able to make the journey through the colonies was
to be in a contract as indentured servants. "The name derived from the indenture, or contract, by which a person promised to work for a fixed number
of years in return for transportation to America" (America 75.) Working the land in the sizzling sun caused many servants to die from disease. Those
who survived and completed their indentured contract could marry and even have lands with their husbands. Despite the restrictions put on women, the
insufficiency of work created opportunities. Women in the city were able to have different lives from those living in farms. In the city, women could
socialize with other women. Outside their home, and family, they were allowed to associate themselves with other women, and have their own "women
time" without being bothered by husbands or children. For example, in the city, women could work outside their home as "tavern hostesses, and
shopkeepers and sometimes also worked as nurses, painters, printers, upholsterers, silversmiths, and tanners."(America 71) Generally speaking, women
in the city had a better life than those who lived on the farms. Women were not only active in working lands and taking care of

The Sexualization Of Women 's Status
Sexualization of women in the media, be it as a marketing front for products or props in movies and music videos, serves to diminish women's status
in society. Though women are universally exploited by the media, in North America women are depicted differently based on race. However, these
depictions are polarized between women of colour, to be precise black women, and white women. When juxtaposed, white women appear as demure
and black women as sexually aggressive. Mass media's portrayal of black women is not a unique phenomenon. In fact, from the time of slavery black
women's bodies entice white men's darkest fantasies. This is clearly seen in the legacy of Saartijie Baartman. Baartman was a spectacle for the white
woman and man's gaze. She was violently objectified, fetishized, and commodified during the 1600's. Her legacy is important to African Diasporic
women because society still misuses the black female body. Black women are still hypersexualized in society because they are viewed to have bigger
butts, hips, breast, and lips that are not only condemned as abnormal like Saartijie Baartman but seen as uncontrollable and animalistic. Therefore,
black women's bodies have been conditioned to represent a sexual deviance. The sexual representations of black women in the media dehumanizes
them, which, in turn, reduces their worth and normalizes the objectification of black women. Black women are vilified in the media through the black
jezebel stereotype, which entails being

Status of Women in Society
Status of women in society
As a woman I have no country. As a woman I want no country. As a woman, my country is the whole world." Virginia Woolf
God has created every thing in pair. He has blessed man with physical erudite and women with the spirutal power. Which make women more
emotionally strong caring loving and whizz full person. One must not forget that every legend is once a student of mother as Napoleon said
"Give me strong mothers and I will give you unbeatable army".
All over the world, women have played significant roles in their countries' development. They have contributed to the economic growth of ... Show
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At the same time, middle– and upper–class women were increasingly confined to the home with little to do except to take care of their children. Their
husbands no longer worked inside the house, but were absent during most of the day. These idle women often played the role of frail, sensitive
creatures who had "the vapours" and fainted in any "indelicate" situation. On the other hand, many of them also became critical of their position in
society. They found time to devote themselves to various religious and moral causes and even to become interested in abolition and the women's rights
movement. Eventually, both working–class and bourgeois women insisted on change and contributed to the success of feminism. This success still is
not total, and, as we all know, even in the industrialized countries women continue to fight for equal rights. Today, however, in addition to economic
issues, problems of sexual self–determination have come to the foreground.
It must be remembered, of course, that the relatively liberated and affluent women of Europe and North America are only a small minority of women
in the world today. Women in many non–Western countries, and especially in the so–called Third World generally live in a state of subjection and
misery. Most of their energy is consumed by a hard and unrelenting struggle for sheer survival. Thus, for them, any talk about "sexual liberation" in the
Western sense

Status Of Women In Victorian Society
Chapter TwoVictorian Women and Society
Chapter Two
Victorian Women and Society
2.1 Introduction
The second chapter discusses the various pictures that reflect woman in the 19th century which states the status of women in Victorian society, the
ideal lady during the era, female body in religion and society.
2.2 Women's Status in Victorian Society
Victorian society emerged after the Industrial Revolution in which it was the time of transformation from rural to urban life. This period was
significant on the grounds that England saw many changes in the economy, society, and politics. Thus, even the image of women has changed during
the Victorian Age. Society before was not as today, women's freedom in the present day such as working... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Almost, Victorian novels were based on women's situation in their writings and they criticised the society that pushed women to be a fallen. The
fiction could not tell us the true reality but at least we can understand the culture and the situation at that time. There is no choice for women in the
early Victorian era whether to be a domestic angel who follows morals and values or became fallen women who reject the rules and risk to lose its
position within society. This ambiguity gave birth to a new category of women that helped to change the image of

The Current Status Of Women
6.1 Scope of the chapter
This chapter provides a review and summarises the research findings, as well as draws conclusions with regards to the research aim and objectives. The
limitations of the study are then outlined, followed by recommendations for the industry for improvement, before recommendations are made for future
research in order to development the subject.
6.2 Revising of Research Objectives and Evaluation of Hypothesis The following research objectives, aimed to achieve in this research, as listed below:
1.To analyse the current status of women in construction and identify barriers leading to the under representation of women in sector.
2.To test top five important barriers and identify potential solutions to any recognised barriers.
3.To examine and evaluate the role of current policies introduced by the construction industry and government in changing the current practices.
4.To propose changes and make recommendations to support recruitment, retention and career development of women in construction.
The following sections present a list of findings and significations in accordance with each objective set above.
6.2.1 Objective 1: To analyse the current status of women in construction and identify barriers leading to the under representation of women in sector.
This objective has been accomplished in Chapter 3 Policy and Practice on Gender differentiation in Construction sector. The literature review suggested
that women are still underrepresented

The Status And Perception Of Women

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