Japan Baseball History

Japan Baseball History
The sport of baseball was not established until the late 1800's. The sport was not played at the
collegiate or even pro level until the early 1900's. Whenever the first colleges started playing
baseball, there were two colleges that aided in the help to form the Tokyo Big Six University
League: Keio and Waseda. There was also a high school championship that occurred in Osaka,
which helped spark the love of baseball across the nation. The country of Japan didn't have a
professional team at this time, but there was one thing that caused them to change their minds. The
United States' team was touring from country to country which eventually led them to stop in Japan.
They were showing their baseball skills, and the Japanese people realized that ... Show more content
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This team also toured the United States, and later went on to be named the Tokyo Giants. This team,
along with seven other teams made up what was then called: The Japanese Baseball League. Around
1950, the Nippon Professional Baseball League (NPB), was divided into two different leagues: the
Pacific League and the Central League. Each of these leagues were made up of six teams that played
each other up until the Japan Series, as well as the All–Star game. Despite the many athletes that
Japan has, not very many of them went on to play in the Major League. One major factor that kept
Japanese players from playing in the Major League during this time was World War II. The Japanese
players felt that they shouldn't leave their country during that time of turmoil, so many of them
turned down contracts to play in the majors. Another reason many of them stayed to play in Japan
was the contracts that many of them had with the NPB. Around 2000, the NPB and MLB worked
out the differences, in order for Japanese players to play in the MLB without there being
consequences because of their NPB
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The Impact of Japanese Mlb Players
In the 1870's, Japanese baseball began, but at that time, baseball players played wearing kimonos
and bare feet. Nowadays, most American baseball enthusiasts know Japanese top level players, such
as Daisuke Matsuzaka, Hideki Matsui, and Ichiro Suzuki because they have many accomplishments
in the highest level baseball league MLB [Major League Baseball]. Many Japanese professional
baseball players are trying to move to America, as a result by 2009 16 Japanese players belonged to
MLB teams (48 players born in Japan). Although there are not many players from Japan playing in
America, the ones playing have had a great impact on Japanese baseball. Moreover, many of the
Japanese MLB players have accomplished a lot with their teams. Many of them ... Show more
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On November 4th, 2009, Hideki Matsui, who is a New York Yankees outfielder, became the first
Japanese–born player to win the World Series MVP. He lead the Yankees to the World
Championship, he hit .615 with three home runs, and eight RBI's. In addition, in Game 6, he batted
in six runs, which is a Series game RBI record (Ben Walker). Therefore, Murakami, Nomo, Ichiro
and Matsui's activities affect a lot of Japanese baseball players, and many have started to have hope
of going to America, and their activities will become a gateway of Japanese baseball players in
America. Impact for Japanese People Japanese MLB players have a huge impact for Japanese
because they give courage, hope and a challenging spirit, so they became the heroes of many
Japanese. During the 1940's to 1980's, only a few Japanese baseball players challenged to be Major
Leaguers, even Sadaharu Oh didn't try MLB. In the U.S. there are some national heroes like Lou
Gehrig, Babe Ruth, Hank Aaron, and Whitey Ford. In Japan, they have players like Sadaharu Oh,
who played as an infielder for the Yomiuri Giants. During his 22–year career, Sadaharu Oh hit a
total of 868 home runs, surpassing Hank Aaron's Major League record 755 home runs. According to
Baseball Reference.com, forty–eight MLB players were born in Japan, a dramatic increase since
1995 because of the impact of Nomo. After Hideo Nomo moved to America, forty–five players
joined the MLB because Nomo was successful, but it was

Jean King Research Paper
Turn on ESPN, and there are many female sports reporters, and many reports on female athletes.
Flip through Sports Illustrated, and female athletes are dotted throughout the magazine. Female
athletes star in commercials. Female athletes are on the cover of newspapers. Millions of books have
been sold about hundreds of female athletes. However, this has not always been the case. The
number of females playing sports nowadays compared to even twenty years ago is staggering, and
the number just keeps rising. All the women athletes of today have people and events from past
generations that inspired them like Babe Didrikson Zaharias, the All–American Professional Girls
Baseball League, Billie Jean King, and the 1999 United States Women's World Cup ... Show more
King was one of the best tennis players ever, male or female. One of the biggest matches King
played in was the "Battle of the Sexes" against Bobby Riggs. This match was played on September
20, 1973. "The "Battle of the Sexes" turned King into arguably the first superstar female athlete in
the United States' ("Billie"). She was known around the world after this match, "30,492 fans
squeezed into the Houston Astrodome to witness the so–called "Battle of the Sexes," while an
estimated 90 million people worldwide watched on television" ("Billie"). Bobby Riggs was a great
tennis player who often made sexist comments about women. He said, "women belong in the
bedroom and kitchen, in that order", and he declared, "women play about 25 percent as good as
men, so they should get about 25 percent of the money men get" ("Billie"). Before the "Battle of the
Sexes", "Riggs hyped the contest with a slew of misogynistic comments, including that "the best
way to handle women is to keep them pregnant and barefoot," and said King could not win because
women did not have "the emotional stability" to play (Gittings). The first time Riggs asked to play,
King declined him. When King agreed to play him, she beat him 6–4, 6–3, 6–3 (Gittings). After
winning the "Battle of the Sexes," King used her platform to fight for "equal rights and opportunities
for boys and girls, men and women...That's the way I want the world to look: men and women
working together, championing each other, helping each other, promoting each other –– we're all in
this world together" (Gittings). She knew that if she was ever #1 in tennis she would use it to fight
for equal rights even from a young age. She used her power to help others that lived in her time and
the future generations. In the same year Kings defeated Riggs, she

Analysis Of The Locker Room By Bob Goldman, Patricia Bush,...
Many athletes are particularly trusting with regards to performance enhancers because many of them
are eager to be the best in their respective sport. At the professional level, where athletes are
expected to perform at high levels, many who are desperate to keep their jobs will do whatever they
can to match the standard. In their book Death in the Locker Room, authors Bob Goldman, Patricia
Bush, and Ronald Klatz discuss this immense pressure athletes feel to use PEDs. The authors
explain how players often place this pressure on themselves because of an overwhelming desire to
become famous, adored athletes. To investigate this urge, Goldman and his colleagues performed a
study on 198 elite athletes, where the authors asked the athletes if they would take a drug that would
give them unlimited athletic success for the next five years, but would kill them five years after that
time. Shockingly, over half of the athletes admitted that they would. Goldman and his team's
findings showed that these athletes feel a practically overwhelming desire for success to the point
that they would face an early death in order to secure their becoming glorious heroes. If the MLB
were to allow athletes such as these access to any drug that were available, the consequences would
be detrimental. Many professional baseball players, maybe as many as half, would take any and
every drug despite all of the health risks and warnings just for short–lived fame. Goldman and his
colleagues also

The American Girls Softball League
In the year 1943, Philip K. Wrigley founded the All–American Girls Softball League. He formed the
league to entertain baseball fans while many of the men were away fighting WWII. What began as a
softball league transformed to baseball league that eventually became known as the All–American
Girls Professional Baseball League (AAGPBL). The league was designed with fifteen teams made
up of twenty to twenty–five women spread out across America. The league existed for twelve years,
from 1943 to 1954. This was a period of time when women were not supposed to have professional
careers outside of the home, much less careers that involved professional athletics. Girls were
expected to grow up to be wives and mothers, not baseball players. The women of the AAGPBL
were athletic pioneers who pursued and captured their dreams of playing professional baseball in
much the same way as men had for decades. World War Two opened the door for the women of the
AAGPBL to take a huge role in the American public. On December 7th, 1941, the Japanese attacked
Pearl Harbor, Hawaii, becoming the largest attack on American soil until the events of 9/11. The
United States went to war almost immediately, sending out military grade men between the ages of
18 and 39 to fight in the war between the German and Japanese forces. With the war requiring so
many men who would usually be populating the workforce, a sudden unexpected labor shortage
emerged. This was only amplified when the need for machines of

The Jackie Robinson
The mens baseball league was in trouble when World War II started. The fans of baseball and
citizens of the U.S. Did not like the idea of men getting paid to play baseball while loved ones sent
to war so a certain Philip Wrigley owner of wrigleys gum and the Chicago cubs didn't think baseball
would last. Shortly after Pearl Harbor got bombed by the Japanese and most of the male players
went off to serve our country. The league owner wanted to end baseball but president Franklin
Delano Roosevelt wrote a letter called the green light letter which stated that baseball was a great
cheap family recreation that took about 2 and a half hours. This letter also stated that baseball was
good for the economy giving people jobs and fun. The final item in the letter asked the judge to
extend night games so day shift workers could watch too. Philip Wrigley and three other men
Branch Rickey owner and president of the Brooklyn dodgers, Paul V. Harper Chicago attorney, and
Ken Sells the President of the league decided that if they wanted baseball to continue the women
would have to come play hard ball, but softball was already easily available so these four men set
out to find a way to convince girls to play baseball, so Wrigley and the other men decided to
combine the ideas of softball and baseball, they also decided to name the league the All–American
Girls Baseball League (AAGBBL) but later changed it to the ALL–American Girls Professional
Baseball League (AAGPBL)

Movie Analysis: A League Of Their Own
Movie Analysis
"There's no crying in baseball!" Jimmy Dugan yells at one of his players in the iconic movie A
League of Their Own (Columbia TriStar Home Video, Marshall, Hanks, Davis, & Madonna, 1997).
A washed up major leaguer, Dugan played by Tom Hanks was maliciously addressing one of his
players over a botched play. These types of situations reflect the aspirations, realities, and
possibilities of our culture through competition. A League of their Own chronicles the beginnings of
the Rockford Peaches All–American Girls Baseball league, which existed for three years during
World War II when men's professional baseball was discontinued. The movie follows two sisters
from Willamette, Oregon: Dottie Henson played by Geena Davis, and Dottie's ... Show more content
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Constantly these women were seen as scabs for the men who were off at war rather than a respected
league. Role Acceptance (Weinberg & Gould, 2014) stresses the importance of inclusion for well–
being and predicts that rejection from important social groups is hurtful. Thus, having little role
ambiguity is necessary for positive self–confidence and cohesion of a team (Weinberg & Gould,
2014). This process of ambiguity began in the recruiting process for every female player. To
illustrate, at the beginning of the movie, the scouts stopped right outside of Chicago to recruit a
woman named Marla. She was a phenomenal hitter that can bat both right and left handed. Yet, once
recruiter gets a close up view of Marla, he instantly shutters in terror since she was an 'unattractive,
overweight girl'. After a few additional grimace toward the girl, the recruiter walks away saying
"Uh, we'll let you know". While muttering under his breath, "I can't use her" (Columbia TriStar
Home Video, Marshall, Hanks, Davis, & Madonna 1997). These women had to adhere to the
standards of what society held to be the 'ideal' woman. The progression for the equality for women
gained was the amount the men were willing to grant. If there was equality in both man and women,
then their would still be a women's

Argumentative Essay On Masahiro Kaufman
Whether you win or lose, do it without fear. People who can face impossible odds, and never back
down are some of the most terrifying people on the planet. People who can beat any challenge you
put in front of them are equally terrifying. Masahiro Tanaka is a pitcher for the New York Yankees is
brave, and determined.
Masahiro Tanaka is a brave man. He pitches against some of the best baseball players in America.
He first played in the NPL (Nippon Professional Baseball League) in high school, where Masahiro
was picked in five consecutive all–star games("FamousBirthdays.com"). Masahiro also has to play
while tens of millions of Americans, and some others, watch him. Do you think the pressure gets to
him? Nope! He plays at his best just about

Cat In The Hat Movie And Book Comparison Essay
Throughout my years as a scholar I never quite enjoyed the process of summer work, especially the
summer reading aspect of it. There are multiple reasons on why I perhaps dread the work. For one, I
like to enjoy my summer without thoughts of school (though this was nearly impossible being a
rising senior), and I go through the process of forgetting school, by ignoring my summer work up
till the night before the first day of classes. However, this year I made an active decision to start my
summer reading early, and I'm glad I did so. As I was scrolling through falconview in its last
functional days I was pleasantly surprised to find the book MoneyBall as one of the options. Being
an avid Baseball fan, having seen the movie adaptation, and the ... Show more content on
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MoneyBall, explored the Oakland A's franchise under the management of Billy Beane, an ex–
baseball prospect. This book displayed to the reader the misgrievances many pro scouts make when
recruiting players, including; the exclusion of certain players when building teams, the wrong
analysis of stats, and the use of conventional wisdom. This book explains how a poor baseball team
went from a winning percentage under .500 to almost beating the richest team in baseball. The book
is most accurately depicted by what the back of the cover articulates, MoneyBall is "The most
influential book on sports ever written". To begin, when I first opened the novel I had already had
high expectations for the book as I and many others had already enjoyed the movie adaptation of the
novel (though the book came out first), so it's no surprise that I immensely enjoyed the book.
However, one thing I didn't know going into the reading is how much I would learn and question
from having read it. Having a rich baseball background from having played the sport since I was
four years old I thought I

Essay about Japanese Baseball: Nippon Professional Baseball
Baseball has homegrown roots here in America. Starting in 1839 it instantly became a phenomenon
that still captures American hearts and attention spans today. The Japanese created their own league
called the Nippon Professional Baseball in 1920. Though they borrowed the idea and sport, there are
key differences in how the game is played on the tiny island nation. In true Japanese fashion, they
took an idea making innovations and improvements to create something resembling the past but yet
having differences to stand on its own. The Nippon league and the Major League Baseball (MLB)
possess similarities in regard to rules. Both countries along with countless other nations wear
uniforms that all parallel one another. The physical game is ... Show more content on
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It gives American players more experience and a shot to play for a major league organization. Often
paid more than minor league players but less than major leaguers, American players come to play on
the island to gain more experience and a longer career than a U.S. player would. But once they come
to play here American players get culture shock. Besides the obvious differences, American players
are given different values to uphold than back in America. American players are often overshadowed
by Japanese players even if their stats are better. The Japanese managers do want to win and have
American players do well but they would rather a Japanese player hit home runs and help the team
over Americans. This steams from Japanese culture which has remained unchanged for many
centuries. Japanese culture is centralized around harmony and balance. Japanese teams do not want
American players to outshine others. If a player hits multiple home runs an umpire will expand or
shrink the strike zone for American players so they don't hit as many home runs to balance them
with the other players and team. No singular team wants to "crush" another. This is why playing for
a tie is important in Japan because through ties honor is neither gained nor lost. For championships a
team will win only a few games over another, whereas American teams, will often win ten or more
games more overall than their opponent.

Professional Sports and Contracts Entered into by Minors:...
While the realm of professional sports is comprised primarily of adults playing a child's game under
the strict oversight of governing bodies, which again are the home of a wholly adult population, the
fact remains that most sporting organisations around the world enter into contractual agreements
with minors in some facet or another. Often these arrangements are tenuous at best because of the
long standing legal precedent which holds that minors, typically those persons under the age of 18,
lack the capacity to enter into any legally binding contract and can void the terms of pact at any time
until the age of legal majority is attained. Nonetheless, worldwide sporting organisations governing
all variety of sports, including tennis (the Association of Tennis Professionals), baseball (Major
League Baseball and Nippon Professional Baseball), and basketball (Chinese Basketball
Association), continue to sign the most promising prospects available ever earlier in their lives. In
2000 international football powerhouse F.C. Barcelona, under the auspices of the FÃ©dÃ©ration
Internationale de Football Association (FIFA), famously signed Argentinean sensation Lionel Messi
to a contract when the youth was only 13 years of age. The astounding success enjoyed by both
Messi and F.C. Barcelona since his childhood contract demonstrates that sporting organizations with
the wherewithal to enter into contracts with minors can do so effectively, provided both parties act in
good faith.

America 's Most Important Pastime
America's Most Important Pastime
Today men and women live equal lives. They have the same opportunities when it comes to jobs,
voting, education, and practically any other entitlement that comes to mind. According to the
Constitution, equality for women came about in 1920. That was the year women received the right
to vote, and in their eyes received the right to be seen as an equal instead of a lesser person.
However, to the dismay of many women, that idea was not entirely true. Women were still viewed
differently than men by the public. This difference in perception can be seen by focusing on the job
opportunities for a woman through the 1920s and up until World War II. Before World War II
women were not supposed to work in the factories, instead they were supposed to work at home.
During World War II however, many workingmen were drafted into the army, thus creating the
necessity for women to step in and work in the factories and other higher–class jobs. Thrusting
women into the working class emphatically changed the ideology that men and women were not
equal, however, I argue that the greatest change of mind was not created by the women working in
the factories, but by the women who were elected to substitute in to keep the game of baseball
afloat. The female athletes who played baseball during World War II were brought in as a last resort
to save baseball, forced to fulfill stereotypes, and taught how to act, but were still persevered
through all of those strikes

Essay on Japanese Baseball
Japanese Baseball Japanese Baseball has existed in Japan since 1873. It first appeared amid the
social, cultural and technological spasms Japan endured on the heels of the Meiji restoration. The
game began as a club sport; Japan's first team was the Shinbashi Athletic Club Athletics (composed
mostly of people associated with Japan's first railroad which ran from Shinbashi, in Tokyo, to
Yokohama). For a relatively good treatment of Japan's early baseball history see Robert Whiting's
"You've Gotta Have Wa,"
The sport became popular with schoolboys and eventually won recognition from the government.
Amateur baseball was the only game in Japan until the Shibaura Club was organized in the early
1920s. The Shibaura Club was founded in ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Each team played at least 84 games in 1941. In 1942, the war in China spread to the rest of the
Pacific. In spite of the continuing escalation of the war, the 1942 schedule went back to 104 games.
In 1943, the schedule reverted to 84 games. In 1944, the schedule was drastically reduced to 35
games and only six teams. The 1945 season was never played. Within nine months of the beginning
of the Allied occupation, Japan's pro leagues were back in business with eight teams playing 105
games each.
General Information About Japanese Baseball
Amateur Baseball
Japan is, arguably, the word–wide center of amateur baseball, in the sense that so many people play
baseball here. Softball is played in Japan but it far less popular among men than baseball. The total
number of softball and baseball players in Japan is probably about even however, since there
appears to be many more womens' softball teams than baseball teams.
The most popular form of baseball is "nanshiki" which uses a light rubber ball with dimples so that
it resembles a large golf ball with the traditional raised seams of a baseball. The ball is a little harder
to catch (because it is so light, it has a tendency to pop out of the glove). It is very popular with town
and city leagues as well as with many youth and company leagues.
The focus of amateur baseball is on industrial league, college, and especially high school ball.
High School Baseball
Every year there are national high

Process Essay: Why I Want To Play Softball
Have you ever wanted to play softball? If you have here are the important things about it. The three
important parts of softball are hitting the ball, catching, and throwing. You have to be able to hit the
ball. If you can't hit the ball you are never going to be able to play which is the fun part, and if you
can't hit the coach will never put you in. She will just put you in the outfield.If you want to be able
to play softball you have to be able to hit the ball. You have to be able to catch the ball. If you can't
catch the ball then your team will be out in the outfield forever for the whole game and if a ball
comes in the air at you and you can't catch it then you won't get an out and the team will be mad at
you and so will

Gender Inequality In The Film 'A League Of Their Own'
Gender Inequality To this day, gender inequality still exists across the world. While it squeezes itself
into our society, four mainly focus on the true aspects on what it is like to experience such
inequality. For example, women in the work force, the family life, the state, and sexes can lead to all
forms of discrimination. Did the screenwriters correctly portray what women back then suffered
from? Director, Penny Marshall's, A League of Their Own, demonstrates a taste of what women
during the 1940's we're told on how to act and live. The movie portrays unfairness between the
character's looks based on gender, and differences within their family. Marshall also shows when
and why this discrimination was occurring. Such as including scenes that displayed the time period
and the importance of continuing on America's favorite activities after men left for war. Adding on,
including the time frame of a book or movie is crucial, because if provides information and gives the
audience background information. The time period A League of Their Own takes place is in the
forties, meaning half of the men were fighting in World War II. Thus, there had to be common
people at home to fill in many of those positions of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Before war, it was unheard of to have women participate in big companies with successful men.
However, after their husbands left, it was time for women to take over the house work and other
jobs to keep the economy running. Finally, "American women entered the workforce in
unprecedented numbers during the World War II, as well widespread male enlistment left gaping
holes in the industrial labor force" (History.com Staff). However, even though women were taking
on the same roles as men, that doesn't mean they received the same amount of respect. There still
remains mistreatment, forced subservience, and even the devaluation of females, as well as an
exploitation of their

A League Of Their Own Narrative Analysis
This section employs narrative analysis to the story A League of Their Own in order to highlight the
moral of the film that women have a choice over their future and do not have to be stay–at–home
mothers. Once again, "a story needs a plot with a beginning, middle, and end" (Sellnow, 2014, p.
60). Dottie and Kit's story begins in the small farm town where they work at the dairy and play ball
for fun. During a game, a recruiter takes notice of Dottie, then from there, Dottie and Kit's baseball
career takes off. Their upward progression proves that anything is possible. Tensions run high
between sisters Dottie and Kit. Kit hates how good Dottie is at baseball and does not believe that
Dottie wants to even be on the team. All the while, Dottie does not understand Kit's frustration.
Dottie tells Mr. Lowenstein she is leaving if she is not put on another team. Instead, Kit gets put on
another team.
The climax of the story is reached, Dottie and Kit have a critical conversation where they share their
true feelings with one another. It is at this moment that Dottie realizes she really does not know why
she is still in the league. In relevance to the moral, Kit is expressive about her love for baseball,
while Dottie seems to detach herself. She knows that when her husband comes back from the Army,
she must go back to him because, sticking to the bandwagon, Dottie believes she should remain a
housewife. Meanwhile, Kit does trust this outlook on life and she accepts the view that she can
choose a different course for her life. During this confrontation, the audience is able to see the split
of ideals of what one's life should reflect. They can see that Dottie is stuck in the mindset of staying
home and raising children, while Kit is up–to–date with modern society by understanding that there
is so much more to her life than what society says she should be.
In examination of the text, one of the first steps is to describe the setting (Sellnow, 2014, p. 55). The
story takes place in a small farm town in Oregon where no one really makes anything of themselves.
Dottie and Kit leave this setting to demonstrate that taking chances and following one's dreams can
make their life great. Dottie and Kit go against the norm of

Ethical Companies
2011 World's Most Ethical Companies
The Ethisphere Institute, a leading international think–tank dedicated to the creation, advancement
and sharing of best practices in business ethics, corporate social responsibility, anti–corruption and
sustainability, announced the official unveiling of the 2011 World's Most Ethical Companies. This
year's honorees have gone above and beyond to prove business ethics are paramount to the success
of a company's brand and bottom line. In its fifth year, the World's Most Ethical Companies
recognizes organizations that promote ethical business standards and practices by exceeding legal
minimums for compliance, introducing innovative ideas that benefit the public and forcing their
competitors to follow suit. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Internet
Zappos
Media, Publishing and Entertainment
Thomson Reuters
Medical Devices
Becton Dickinson
Royal Phillips
Metals
Umicore
Real Estate
British Land plc
Jones Lang LaSalle
Unibail–Rodamco
Restaurants and Cafes
Starbucks Coffee Company
Specialty Pharma
Medicis
Specialty Retail
Best Buy Co.
Hennes & Mauritz
Sonae
Target
Ten Thousand Villages
Staffing
Manpower
Telecom Hardware

Avaya Inc.
Cisco Systems
Juniper Networks
Telecom Services
Singapore Telecom
Swisscom
T–Mobile USA
Transportation and Logistics

When America entered into World War II, several major...
When America entered into World War II, several major league baseball executives started a new
professional league with women players. They created a new league in order to maintain baseball in
the public eye while the majority of men were away. The All–American Girls Professional Baseball
League was founded by Philip K. Wrigley which existed from 1943 to 1954. During the league's
history, over 600 women played ball. AAGPBL players were recruited from all over the country and
Canada through the Cubs' scouting network (Fidler, 2006). Players' hitting, catching, fielding,
throwing, and running skills were thoroughly evaluated before players were invited to regional
tryouts or to sign a contract. Forty–four percent of the players were ... Show more content on
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The female apologetic suggests that female athletic involvement is tolerable as long as traditional
notions of femininity are present (Pierman, 2005; Roth & Basow,2004). The AAGPBL had to
present femininity to the public by wearing feminine uniforms, having charm, and code of conduct.
The overall look of the uniform was intended to remind fans that they were not only watching real
baseball, but real girls (Draeger, 1997). Players were issued an 11–page "Guide for All–American
Girls: How to Look Better, Feel Better, Be More Popular" along with a beauty kit (Charm School).
They were given instructions in putting on makeup, how to get in and out of a car gracefully, how to
speak correctly, and how to make proper conversations in social settings (Fincher, 1989). Clothing
guidelines were issued, as well as a 10–step suggested beauty routine for after the games. Many
females were denied from being able to join the AAGPBL if they looked masculine. Back then,
being labeled masculine as a female meant they did not meet the expectations of beauty. This raised
the question of, whether or not the exclusion of the masculine looking athletes compromised the
power statistics of the league. The answer to this question still remains unknown because it is
controversial. Joining the All–American Girls Professional Baseball League brought a new
opportunity for females. Many females were filling in masculine jobs

Tigers Short Story
Come on Tigers, I thought to myself. I was nervous, I did not want to have to deal with the
disappointment of the Tigers losing and I was hoping it would go perfectly with them coming back
to win the game. Then It was the bottom of the ninth bases loaded down by 2, with 2 outs. Everyone
was on their feet as Ian Kinsler walked up to bat. Nerves were high Indians fans wanting him out
Tigers fans wanting him to knock it out of the park. There was a 50% chance this came would end
perfectly and 50% that it wouldn't. On the first pitch he swung and.......... Finally we climbed
quickly out of our yellow Hummer H2,after I being stiff from the long car ride to Detroit. I was
excited to get going to the Tigers game but, we were about 2 hours early. It ... Show more content on
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Finally we arrived at Comerica and I was astonished how amazing it looked. We played a dice game
they had outside and my mom won a tigers cap. Then we decided to go into their memorabilia shop.
There was not much good memorabilia because it was quite overpriced so we began to walk to our
seats, which were in the upper bowl. When we arrived at our seats I realized there was a lot of
Cleveland Indian fans by us, and that kind of annoyed me. I was looking for my favorite player
Miguel Cabrera but he could not be found. I was confused because I thought he was supposed to be
playing. Finally, they announced the starting lineups and I found out he was NOT playing. I was
incredibly disappointed and quite upset. I exclaimed to my family "I can't believe MIGGY isn't
playing!!!!!!!!" Parker responded to me "WHAT!!!!!!!!????!?!?!?!!?! MIGGY isn't
playing!?!?!?!!!!!!?!?" "This is ridiculous why are they not using their star player Miguel
Cabrera!?!" I asked. After that I turned and disappointedly watched the Tigers warmup. Already
what I thought was a perfect night took a turn for the worse. Quite a bit of time passed and the game
finally started. I was hoping we could get some hits off Kluber, the Indians star pitcher. My hopes
crumpled like paper though, with the Indians scoring 4 runs already. The game got really boring and
I gave up on watching it. As it got darker and darker, and I was getting bored of playing candy crush
on my moms phone The

The Importance Of Baseball In The United States
According to Forbes.com, the MLB brought in around nine billion dollars last year. It has become
evident that these numbers aren't new for the league. This revenue amongst other things has made
the United States into what appears to be the zenith of baseball; but Japan's national baseball league,
the Nippon Baseball League is alive and well. According to WorldBaseballClassic.com, Japan's
national team is ranked as the third best baseball team in the world, trailing only the powerhouses of
the United States and Cuba. The team made the semi–finals in the last World Baseball Classic. Even
as many people see baseball as only truly catching on in the United States, baseball in Japan has
created a very different, but equally legitimate league, especially ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Hanshin is a large electrical railway system. Teams in Japan are generally used as vehicles of
advertisement for a company. This is seen in the MLB, but not to the same degree.
Japanese baseball can be seen as a foreign game being shaped and molded by their own culture. The
league has been highly successful and is gaining steam. The MLB plays a yearly series against the
Nippon Baseball League, and recently the tides have been turning. The Japanese have been topping
the MLB more and more often. This is a testament to the quality players that the league produces.
Even though it might appear as if baseball has only become a major sport in the United States,
baseball has been molded and diversified by the Japanese league in many ways. This molding
creates an altered and valid

Baseball Accomplishments
Baseball is worldwide known as one of the most famous and passionate sport, this game has a huge
reception among the fanatics from some regions, such as USA, Asia, and Latin America. The most
important league in the world is the Major League Baseball of the US, and there are more leagues
all over the world that played during an entire year; for example, the Nippon Professional League,
the Winter Leagues in the Caribbean, and the Italian Baseball League. Among those league, the
Winter League is the only one that can compete against the Major League Baseball.
The Major League Baseball is the most famous league in the world, since its foundation in 1903, has
happened so many important things and thousands of players that have done historical
accomplishments.

Examples Of Segregation In Sports
Segregation in Sports
Back in 1947 racism was apparent through our country's various laws oppressing different minority
groups. Jackie Robinson witnessed this oppression during his amazing battle with segregation while
being the first African American to play professional baseball. He was called derogatory names, fans
threw things at him, and he had to deal with a world against him. He battled the oppression that he
faced and managed to become one of baseballs greatest players and most storied heroes. He is seen
as an icon of the civil rights era, and in the sporting world he is a symbol of triumph and tolerance.
He was one of the first successful minorities in sports. With Jackie Robinson, people saw the
beginning of the end of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
During my five years of lacrosse I broke my arm, thumb and dislocated a knee (which required
surgery). It is obvious that this sport is expensive and requires a wealthy family in order to play. In
order to practice for the varsity team I had to buy a goal that I could shoot on, and a rebounder that
bounced balls back to me (each were around two hundred dollars). This sport along with other
country club sports, are extremely hard for minorities and poorer families that live in inner cities. If
I did not have wealthy parents that appreciated sports, I would not have been able to play lacrosse in
high school.
Along with lacrosse, golf is another country club sport that is dominated by whites. "The United
States itself, of course, is a white settler state on territory" (mills 28). Like most people know, whites
are the majority in the United States. The majority of the golf population is white. Every part of golf
costs money. Practicing on the driving range, playing eighteen holes, buying golf clubs, renting a
golf cart, even buying extra balls when you loose some. Golf is a country club sport that requires
copious amounts of money. Other privileges mills state include " And the purpose of this state, by
contrast with the neutral a state of classic contractions, is, inter alia, specifically to maintain and
reproduce the racial order securing the privileges and advantages of the full white criticize." (Mills
14). Again, Mills talks about the advantages that white people

Women in Baseball
Baseball, some would argue, is America's favorite past time. Many can recall their experiences as
they enjoyed the game as a child and then continue to share it with their children. The sport has
brought us many great moments such as when Jackie Robinson broke racial barriers as the first
African American to play in the major leagues. When one thinks of professional baseball, many
times, names of greats such as Hank Aaron, Babe Ruth, and Willie Mays come to mind. What many
fans over look about America's favorite past time is the period when fewer men were available to
continue their participation in the sport, as many were drafted to serve in World War II. Not wanting
the game to come to an end, the league brought in women hoping the spirit of the game would
continue to thrive. Even though these female leagues were formed, the sport was not truly the same
as the women athletes were held to different standards and not given the same opportunity as the
men who had played the game.
In today's society most people view softball as the female equivalent to baseball but is it really? Due
to social norms it is widely accepted as true. Girls who may have started off by playing baseball
with their local neighborhood friends usually have become fully adapted and successful in a softball
career by high school. Because of social conditioning most parents and children do not realize that it
is acceptable for girls to play on boys baseball teams if there is not an all girls baseball team

Baseball Is The Worst Deal Ever
"Baseball is like church," Leo Durocher once said, "many attend, few understand." Nearly everyone
agrees that baseball is America's pastime but not nearly everyone understands it or it's intricate parts;
the same can be said for negotiation. The art of negotiation transcends any one topic or area. From
our very beginnings as a country when we scored what went down as one of the greatest deals in
history, the Louisiana Purchase, and later what may be known as the worst deal ever, the Boston Red
Sox trading Babe Ruth to the New York Yankees. Contract negotiation has evolved immensely since
the sport's inception in 1839.
Like most professional sports, Major League Baseball has a plethora of negotiation systems, both
formal and informal, that rule how they conduct business. For example, in 1935 Congress passed the
National Labor Relations Act (NLRA), which was given the authority to produce, amend, and
rescind rules and regulations therein. This Act by Congress empowers employees outside of the
government in what is commonly referred to as the private sector, to unionize and use the tools of
collective bargaining to improve a number of issues in their work place. Specifically, Major League
Baseball and the Players Union negotiate after the end of every contractual agreement for things
such as minimum player salaries, player safety, fan safety, and even things such as league expansion.
In fact, Major League Baseball was the first professional sports organization to come to

Tommy John's Surgery
The surgery was frist performed in 1974 by orthopedic surgen Dr. Frank Jobe, was named after the
first baseball player to undergo this surgery; Tommy John was the major league pitcher whose
record of 288 career victories ranks seventh all time. This procedure is made to help a person with
UCL also known as ulnar collateral ligament also known as the elbow. The procedure is common
among collegiate and professional athletes in several sport, but most in baesball. The procedure goes
as follow, the patient's arm is open up aroung the elbow. Holes to accommodate a new tendon are
drilled in the ulna and humerus ones of the elbow. The doctor then gets a tendon such as the
palmaris tendon from the forearm of the same or opposite elbow, the patellar tendon, or a cadeveric
tendon. Which are ten woven in a figure eight pattern through the holes and anchored. The ulnar
nevre is usually moved to prevent pain as scar tissue can appy pressure to the nerve. At the time of
the first operation, Jobe put John's odds at returning to pitch 1 in 100. After his 1974 surgery, John
spent 18 months rehabilitating his arm, returning for the 1976 season. He would go on to pitch in the
major leagues until 1989 at age 46. The chances of a complete recovery after the modern surgery are
estimated at 85 to 90 percent. Rehabilitation takes around 12 to 15 months for pitchers and ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
However, many doctors including Dr. Jobee believe that any post– surgical increases in performance
are mostlikely due to the increased stablity of the elbow joint and pitches' increased attention to their
fitness and condition. Doctor Jobe believed that, rather than allowing pitchers to gain velocity, the
surgery and rehab protocols merely allow pitchers to return to their pre–injury levels of
performance. (WebMD editors ,

The Green Recreation Sports Teams And The Rise Of...
The Green Recreation in Sports: Professional sport teams and the rise of environment conscious
Outline 1. Introduction. 2. what is 'go green' and 'green sports'? 3. The importance of sports facility
designs on environment 4. How professional sport teams in the U.S and Japan have taken care of
environmental issues 5. Conclusion 1. Introduction Comprehensive report on the economics of
climate change says that policy proposals exist to make the stock of greenhouse stable. Also, there
are varieties of environmental problems, such as, transboundary air pollution, shared freshwater
resources in the world in this era. However, because of the Stern Review, not many countries are
taking actions for the environmental problems. On the other hand, ... Show more content on
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However, sports industry have been using a lot of natural resources to improve the number of
spectators or participations. There are a lot of examples of this problem. One of them is that the
1998 Nagano Olympic Committee infringed on environmentally sensitive place to expand the men's
downhill skill because of pressure from the International Olympic Committees and Federation
International de Ski. Many of these kinds of problems made some sport organization realize that
they have to implement environmental activities ( Casper, Pfahl, McCullough, 2017). Second of all,
I will discuss about what go green mean. It is important for us to understand why go green can be
effective for environment. There are 3 meanings of go green. The first is reducing influence on the
environment with your everyday choice. You are using a lot of natural resources from the earth by
driving a car, taking shower, buying a bottle of water that have a bad influence in the earth. All
natural resources for using these things are taken from the earth to live. However, these processes
have damage on the environment, and you want to think how you can use small amount of yours as
possible you can. Therefore, this is one of the important aspect within going green. Addition to
using less, there is another aspect of going green, which is staying locally. Staying local basically
means to shop locally especially food. It is because industry faming has bad impacts on the

Hurdle And Gerrit Cole In Major League Baseball
Imagine it is the final game of the Major League Baseball (MLB) season in the seventh inning of an
interleague game between the National League (NL) Pittsburgh Pirates and the American League
(AL) Toronto Blue Jays. Gerrit Cole is pitching for the hometown Pirates and is having an
exceptional game, allowing only one unearned run. The Jays lead 1–0 and Gerrit Cole is up next to
bat. The question then for General Manager, Clint Hurdle, is whether to pinch–hit for him in
exchange for a better hitter, or to leave him in the game so he can continue to pitch. If only there
was a way to keep Cole in the game, while having someone like Pedro Alvarez; a non–everyday
starter who can hit the ball, pinch–hit and give their team the best chance to win ... Show more
What it comes down to is the difference between the need to do something and the option to do
something. None other than Bill James, a widely known baseball writer, noted that the perceived
"strategy" is actually very "trite, predictable, and actually nonstrategic." Instead of manager's
deciding on what substitution, or lack thereof, can give their team an advantage, they are forced with
situations in which they must bunt, must pinch hit, and must double switch. As James notes, "the
American League game allows a true option, and thus true strategy." This means that whatever AL
managers decide to do when it comes to offensive batting substitutions, they do so to benefit their
team, not because they are forced to do so (Meehan, 2013). These substitutions, including the
commonly used "double switch" – where a pinch–hitter is substituted for the pitcher and the next
inning is substituted again for a relief pitcher, take up time in the game. It is significantly a problem
in the MLB where the longevity and the slow pace of the game has caused many fans to get bored
sitting through a full nine innings. Especially with the addition of instant replay, the game continues
to get longer and it has become a challenge for many fans to watch an entire game. Brian Costa,
sports reporter for the Wall Street Journal, wrote an article about the reasons for the length and slow
pace of the game. He mentions that it has become normal for fans to complain about hitters stepping
out of the batter's box, pitchers pacing around the mound and pitching changes. Red Sox Chief
Operating Officer Sam Kennedy even states that this problem is one of the most critical issues
facing baseball as we move forward into the next three, five, seven years (Costa, 2014). Joe Sheehan
also wrote an article about the increasing

Anthropology : The First Day Of Class
What is Anthropology? When this question was asked on the first day of class. I immediately
thought to myself that it was the study of nonindustrial peoples but it was much more. According to
the American Anthropology Association, Anthropology is the study of humans, past and present. I
realized that many social science focus on one single society such as the United States. While,
anthropology offers a unique cross–cultural perspective, constantly comparing the customs of one
society with those of others (pg. 1). In class, we watched a movie called "A League of Their Own",
and got to be ethnography anthropologist. As a short term anthropologist well be uncovering the
different aspects of the movie as well as background research. Today's society, we observe
differences in not only male and female sexes, but importantly, their gender. Throughout the A
League of Their Own their was gender role behaviors and attitudes. The males in the film were
displayed aggression, especially toward females. Aggression was shown in many ways such as
sarcasm and yelling. Jimmy Dugan, a main character in the film as the Rockford Peaches' coach, is
rude with his remarks. In one scene, Evelyn performs a wrong play, which Jimmy starts yelling at
her as she is walking towards the dugout. Evelyn begins to cry as Jimmy is yelling at her and
responses with his famous line "There's no crying in baseball!". In the world, we see different types
of families whether its blend, nuclear, extended, single

The Worth Of Sport Event Sponsorship A
Journal of Management and Marketing Research
The worth of sport event sponsorship: an event study
Jin–Woo Kim
The University of Texas at Arlington
Abstract
The authors investigate the relationship between sports–related event sponsorship and stock market
valuation and identify factors that influence the financial rewards of sponsorship using World Cup
and PGA tour sponsorship data. In particular, relationship between sports sponsorship with financial
performance is examined in terms of sponsorship fit, event characteristics, and brand equity. Event
study results show that sponsorship for World Cup and
PGA is positively related to abnormal stock returns for sponsors but not every sponsor enjoys
significantly positive cumulative abnormal ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Sports sponsorship makes it possible to link the aspiration and passion of a target audience to
specific sports (Arun, 2004). In general, sponsorship holds a unique position in the marketing mix
because it is effective in building brand awareness, providing differentiated marketing platforms,
facilitating direct business benefits and providing valuable networking and hospitality opportunities
(ADREVIEW). The number of companies sponsoring events has increased over the past decade.
However, it is somewhat unclear how the effectiveness of event marketing activities can be
measured. As mentioned earlier, approach to sports sponsorship can be divided into two
The worth of sport, Page 2
Journal of Management and Marketing Research research stream (see Table 1). One is the
consumer psychology approach which incorporates effect of sports sponsorship in terms of
consumers' awareness, recognition, and behavioral intentions. The other approach focuses on
grasping the potential contribution of sports sponsorship to positive or negative changes in stock
price. The effect of sponsorship on firm value in the stock market can be investigated in financial
perspective.
Approach
Consumer
psychologic al approach
Table 1. Literature Review on Sponsorship Effects

Researchers
Contents
Speed and
Conceptual framework about the effect of
Thompson,
sponsor–event fit, perceived sincerity of the
2000
sponsor,

Essay on The All American Girls Professional Baseball League
The All American Girls Professional Baseball League
Before we told our daughters that they could be anyone, or anything they wanted to be, we told them
that they could only be what was acceptable for women to be, and that they could only do things that
were considered "ladylike." It was at this time, when the nation was frenzied with the business of
war, that the women of the All–American Girls Professional Baseball League decided that they
could do and be whatever it was that they chose. These women broke free of the limitations that
their family and society had set for them, and publicly broke into what had been an exclusively male
sport up until that time. To understand the significance of the league (which will ... Show more
Suddenly women were being called from their kitchens to work in the factories, being told that it
was their patriotic duty. The famous "Rosie the Riveter" image arose from this movement. Rosie
became a new image for women, being portrayed as strong, tough, and attractive. It was from this
very image that the idea for the league was born. The league was the brainchild of Philip K. Wrigley,
president of the Wrigley chewing gum company, and owner of the Chicago Cubs National League
baseball team. Wrigley was concerned with the future of baseball. The major leagues had already
lost more than half of their players to the military. The minor leagues were even harder hit. By the
start of the 1943 season, more than 3,000 minor leaguers had joined the service or the war effort.
Only nine of the nations 26 minor leagues had enough men left to play. Aside from this reason, there
was concern over the continuation of baseball by several public figures, including President
Roosevelt. It was thought that because of the long hours and demanding work of the war effort that
it was important for the American people to have a way to blow off steam. In the fall of 1942,
Wrigley assigned a three–man team from the Cubs organization to look into developing a
professional baseball league for women. His theory

Stereotypes Of Women In Sports
Though being athletic and masculine have been a man's physical description, women have fought to
prove those gender stereotypes wrong. Women have been defeating the odds of athleticism and
masculinity that men realized, but wanted to hide and not appreciate their work. Through time men
and women have made an effort to come together to bring attention to the downgrading of women in
sports to earn acknowledgement and respect. With this, history has described men and women's
sports as not equal but as history continues, women defeat the odds yet again. Women participating
in athletic activities and sports date back millennia. Stories of women playing ball dates back to 800
BC in Homer's works of The Iliad. Until the 1870's, women never had the luxury of sports classified
for women specifically. Multitasking was a high concern. People thought that each person had a set
amount of energy and multitasking would deplete this energy rapidly that could cause harm to that
individual. Women were highly encouraged to limit their activity so they would not fatigue their
selves so quickly to avoid harm to their body. Doctors of this time believed this over–exertion could
damage reproductive organs, decrease fertility rate, excessive stimulate emotions to the extent of a
nervous breakdown, and even bizarre as decrease in a woman's sexual inhibition if she excessively
indulged in sports (Cahn par. 4). There were fashionable activities such as horseback riding for
women in the early 1800's

My Passion Is Softball
Imagine a warm September night under bright field lights. The light summer breeze brushing against
your face. A rush of adrenaline through your veins. There's a swell of cheering coming from in the
stands and the dugout. You can feel the most overwhelming sense of joy. That is my passion.
According to the Merriam Webster English Dictionary, passion means "a strong liking or desire for,
or devotion to some activity, object, or concept," but that is stiff and set, with no hint of emotion as
all definitions are. To me it means a feeling in your chest when you think about something, because
you love that one thing so much. Everyone has different passions, but for me one thing strikes a
chord. My passion is softball, and it includes so many amazing things even past it's pretty obvious
physical benefits. I love softball, because it has allowed me to be healthier, learn many life lessons,
and make great friends. It benefits my community by allowing primarily young girls to develop
leadership skills, how to deal with controversy, teachability, and gives them an opportunity to make
friendships that will last them their whole lives, as well. To understand how softball benefits people,
it would be easier if we knew a little history. You probably think it's simple: "Softball is just
women's baseball." That, however, is not entirely the case. In fact, softball was actually created as
the product of a football game. In November of 1887, a group of friends sat at the Farragut Boat
Club in

Baseball Rules Change Analysis
Baseball rule changes: Annotated Bibliography Adam, Felder "Baseball's Fancy New Instant–
Replay System Is Useless." Theatlantic.com. Culture article. 31 Mar. 2014 11 Oct. 2015.
This article was found on the atlantic.com in the culture of baseball section.
Adam Felder is the associate director of digital analytics also a baseball writer. The article
concentrates on how baseball replay has been useless for some teams. Some people say they need to
fix Instant replay. Basically instant replay needs to make sure the play is more right rather than
wrong. The circumstance we face is replay not being helpful, which is the reason why this article is
prompted because replay has been useless for baseball at this time. The article is persuasive to tell ...
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Imber Gil is a baseball journalist, he is also has a sports writer profile and went to UC Irvine. Some
of the important detail in this article is that, replay needed to be reviewed and had to be used in more
pressure situations in the game. Also the face that replay itself was taking too long to review when
make a decision on the call, this is something that will need to review. Also a new rule being added
now mangers have 2 challenges instead of one during the previously season they only could
challenge one time. The circumstance that prompted this article is the instant replay rule needing to
evaluated and needing to be quicker on decision with the call on the field. The purpose this article is
trying to inform is, rules needing to be reviewed and changed. Also technology is helping baseball
get the call right and making the game exciting. The author is trying to target baseball fans that want
to see changes to the game, also wanting the replay to be reviewed and challenges to be made
quicker on the call on the field. "As a matter of strategy, managers would be wise to challenge or
request an–otherwise benign review when on defense, during stressful

What My Grandmother Mean To Me Research Paper
"I'd walk through hell in a gasoline suit to play baseball." – Pete Rose, one of the greatest players to
ever step foot on a baseball field, couldn't have said it better. I would do anything to play baseball
because to me it's just the most important thing in life.
One of the most influential people in my life is my Grandma. She is always telling me how great of
a young man I am and how she always has faith in what i'm doing. She has also taught me many
lessons about being a better person. This made me realize the importance of having a good work
ethic, and how having a good work ethic will get you very far in life. Helping her in the garden
planting all the fresh veggies that we would most likely be eating in a future meal, or helping her ...
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Definitely not kids though, i hate little kids. They drive me crazy and dont have the patience to deal
with them. But even in 10 years i still want to remain very close with my friends from High School.
We are together so much it's crazy to think one day we won't see each other everyday. There is
rarely a weekend where we don't either stay overnight or go longboarding for 4–5 hours.
I want to continue riding longboards as long as possible especially with friends because its so fun.
But if the MLB path does not work out i want to continue playing baseball also as it is one of my
passions in life.
In order to be able to play in the MLB I would have to go to a pretty good baseball school. My
dream school would be USC, they have a very good baseball program and if I played well would
definitely have a shot of making it in the MLB. But another good baseball school would be UW–
Whitewater, they have won 2 national championships in the last 8 years.
Most professional baseball players make around $4.4 million, while still getting $100 a day for
meals. This would be a very good wage while still having the entire winter off from doing anything
other than workouts. Pete Rose, 4,256 hits later, always hustling no matter what. As long as he was
playing baseball he was happy. That's just what it's like for me, as long as there is baseball i'll be

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