Climate Change Policy In Canada Essay

Climate Change Policy In Canada Essay
Climate policy in Canada is primarily implemented through information, persuasion and voluntary
action programs. Canadian policymakers have generally been reluctant to use instruments that put
an explicit price on emissions (i.e. tax). This type of attitude towards climate policy stems from the
fear of having a negative impact on their overall economic performance and competitiveness of the
Canadian industry (Bohringer and Rutherford, 2010). However simply using soft measures such as
voluntary programs does not prevent increases of GHG emissions. All in all, the Harper government
had been very clear that it had no intention of imposing the types of policies required by the Kyoto
Protocol, which officially lead to Canada withdrawing from the agreement.
Climate Change Policies under Harper Government This section will examine the Harper
government's approach to climate change, and later contrast it to the current Trudeau government's
approach. Despite the fact that the current Trudeau government has only been in power for a short
amount of time, we can still identify various differences in their approach to tackling the climate
change issue. This comparison will essentially demonstrate the fact that a political change in
government can sometimes result in a policy issue to be placed on ... Show more content on
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It has been clear to many that Prime Minister Stephen Harper possessed a hostile perspective
towards climate change issues, in contrast to previous Conservative Prime Ministers (i.e. Brian
Mulroney). Mulroney made the environment a high priority within his cabinet and on the policy
agenda (Healy, 2008). His government developed a first ever Green Plan, and Canada was the first
industrialized country to ratify the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change
(UNFCC), under which the Kyoto Protocol was developed (Healy,
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Climate Change Is A Multi Dimensional Phenomena Essay
In the current globalized world, where new technologies are being invented every day to make
people's lives easier, there's one thing that people tend to forget about: climate change. While many
people perceive climate change as simply a "global" issue, a lot of countries ignore their
responsibilities to tackle this fatal crisis. There are quite a number of factors working directly and
indirectly behind the ways various countries have different policies in facing this issue, as climate
change is a multi–dimensional phenomena. This paper will briefly analyze the political economic
reasons of why different nations adopt different policies regarding this matter.
Introduction
What is climate change? The term climate refers to the average weather pattern of a planet or region
over time (Downie, Brash and Vaughan 2009, pp 1). Climate change refers to any significant change
in the measures of climate lasting for an extended period of time. A lot of factors are concerned in
this process, including changes in temperature, wind patterns andrainfall, especially the increase in
the temperature of the earth 's atmosphere that is caused by the increase of particular gases,
especially carbon dioxide.Although there is much dissent about the causes of climate change, most
people agree that humans are the main reason of this global trouble. Resolving this problem is not an
easy task, and is almost impossible to do so without integrated global cooperation. Yet governments
around the world

A Brief Note On The United States And Agriculture
Security The essential element needed for crops is water; used in agricultural development to flood
the land and prep the soil. Water usage is an ongoing process for the United States Department of
Agriculture Services and the future adaptation in climate change. As it is integrated with security by
keeping America 's farmers and ranchers in business, as they face the uncertainties of weather and
markets. This equilibrium of safety and risk must be maintained, in order to provide stability and
strength for the agricultural economy. 12 Unstable populations can often fall prey to food shortages
and water scarcity. These events then become a primary concern for the U.S. on mitigating against
possible outbreaks of water and turmoil.
Droughts, being one of many weather problems, are a frequent killer to unstable economies. UN
officials rely on the scientific evidence to shed light on the potential conflicts that breed in areas of
drought, floods, desertification, and other climate activity. Climate impacts migration, economic
suppression, and a governments' ability to govern as well as the accessibility to land rights and
freedom. 13 This is an important topic for the United Nations when considering climate change and
what to do about water scarcity; as the mediators to the global unrest the UN is responsible for
peacekeeping and providing humanitarian aid. While climate change is a focal point on how conflict
can easily be a factor in global events. The security policy

Trump Presidency Issues
The Trump Presidency has lead to major changes in foreign policy, but none sparked as much shock
and outcry as the removal of the United States from the Paris Climate Accord. Perhaps the
underlying problem is that the accord, which trump described as "draconian", was seen as a step in
the right direction for so many others. At its core, the accord put restrictions on companies all over
the world to help decrease the effect of global warming and climate change. More than anything
else, it was a symbol of our country's commitment towards protecting the environment, along with it
the lifestyle of generations to come. This change in policy shifts America away from international
environmental cooperation, and signals Trump's alignment with American freedom above all else. ...
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I believe the underlying issue is that societies fundamental understanding of morality is utilitarian in
nature, meaning a moral action must increase the most amount of good for the most amount of
people. Of course, removing the United States from the accord seems like a choice that benefits only
business owners. To make it worse, the choice is going to harm the average American citizen in
several ways. For one, with US businesses not complying to environmental standards, it is America's
future generations that will suffer. Beyond that, this choice harms US relations with other countries.
In fact, there are only 3 countries that are not part of the paris climate accord; Syria, Nicaragua, and
the United States. The global frustration with America on this issue and the Trump presidency is
making foreign relations colder, even our closest allies. Overall, choices like these are isolating
America from the rest of the world, which can only harm the average

The Implications For Policy Development And Climate Change
High income, well educated and environmental aware individuals also tend to have high transport
CO2 emission lifestyles. Critically discuss, including the implications for policy development and
climate change itself.
Introduction
"An enthusiastic green is likely to be well educated, with high levels of household income... They
are likely to take more flights [and] have a... car with a... larger engine. They... recycle more... use
energy–saving light bulbs – but... have a relatively high carbon footprint", director of marketing at
CACI, a company that carries out surveys on income and environmental attitudes, (Jowit 2008).
Whilst agreeing with the hypothesis, the essay will also argue it is an over–simplification and that
other socio ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
For hypothesis
Studies by both Brand and Preston (2009) and Aamaas et al (2013) found high earners to produce
the most CO2 from their travel, with the latter concluding "high income people travel... more and
have a... higher climate impact than low income people". More specifically this study shows the
highest earners to have an impact on climate 250% greater than that of the lowest. The reason being
individuals with large disposable incomes are more able to afford flights, drive more and generally
travel further.
With specific reference to flying and driving, both studies also found high earners to be the largest
emitters of CO2. Brand and Preston (2009) highlight data from the CAA (2005) that shows average
household incomes of people using Stanstead airport to be much higher than the national average.
Further analysis might show this is exacerbated by the types of vehicle wealthier individuals might
drive. For example cars in tax band M (UK's highest emitting / 250g per km +) are almost all luxury
vehicles, with prices ranging from >32K + (Lane, 2014), well beyond the reach of lower income
earners.
With regards to education Lynn and Longhi (2011) found people with "...degree–level qualifications
are more likely... to... buy recycled... products, [and] not purchase... over–packaged items...
However, they are less likely to... switch off lights... [and] use public transport rather than travel by
car." This study also finds highly educated

Climate Change Policy Memo
Discussion Section: 9 TA: Jose Emilio Lopez Word Count: 800 Addressed to the honorable Senators
John McCain and Joseph Lieberman. Objective To ensure the passage of the Climate Stewardship
Act, S. 139, in the US Senate before the November 2004 presidential election. Strategy The recent
passage of the energy bill has opened an opportunity for the passage of the Climate Change
Stewardship Act. Furthermore, the results of the voting of the amendment presented by Senator
Lieberman in October, 2003, show that there is already considerable support. We need to keep
building momentum around this issue, and propose some of the following actions. Knowing which
states have voted against the Act, it will be important to map out the ... Show more content on
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Traditionally poor and marginal states, will face the harshest conditions as their economic activities
depend largely on the yield of crops. Hurricanes and changes in the rain patterns can have severe
impact in the already vulnerable economies of these states. When looking at the map of states that
voted against this we should devide them into those which are vulnerable to climate effects and
voted against to convince them on increasing economic pressures derived from inaction in their own
states and neighboring states (peer pressure). Then, with those that depend primarily in fossil fuel
exploitation (coal mines, oil fields) we should work on the benefits of increase research and
development of low carbon technologies within the fossil fuel industry, investment in research and
development of cleaner fuels and more efficient processes can be accompanied by technology
transfer tax breaks. Emphasis should be made on the fact that this newer industry will create an
increasing amount of green jobs the young population could benefit from. It means shifting
maintenance investment in the oil and gas industry to the development of a whole new industry that
will yield high paying specialized jobs. The research and development community is a key ally in
trying to convince state governments in secure resources funds for R&D of low carbon technologies.
Try to capture talent within states. A new green economy brings opportunity for all and a great
chance for stagnating and

Impact Of Public Policy On Global Energy And Climate Change
Aidan Johnson
BBE2201
25 April 2016
The Impact of Public Policy on Global Energy And Climate Change As a political science major
with a focus on international politics, energy and the environment are not just a means to an end but
instead they are the focus of the work itself. Rather than studying business and needing energy to
run things effectively, the study of international relationships is in the business of dealing with these
large topics in energy reduction especially as they relate to reducing carbon emissions. The deeper
one dives into the real core of worldwide energy production the more complicated and hopelessly
confusing it may seem. With thousands of government policies dictating energy production, and
hundreds of governments acting around the world to come to agreements concerning emission and
environmental protection, the concern of global climate change as a result of carbon emissions has
been seen by many as beyond hope. However, despite overwhelming odds, in December 2015 a
landmark agreement was reached by 195 countries to decrease global fossil fuel emissions and
attempt to mitigate the effects of global warming. Just a few months later in April of 2016 it was
signed into effect by all of them, and while it still needs to be ratified in many countries this is a
historic step towards protecting the environment from the harmful effects of global warming. Ahead
a brief outline of our domestic energy policy will be examined, followed by an overview of

International Policies And Laws For The Effective Working
Every government has its own saying on how its economy needs to be run. Thus these political
powers cannot be forced to take measures in favor of climate change so there is a need to make
national and international policies and laws for the effective working on targets irrespective of will,
to bring about emergency measures. Goal 13 ensures proper disbursement of resources through
proper funding from various sources not only channeling the funds in the right path but also
spreading the word to other countries about the need to take part in this sincere effort through
awareness by education. This investment is measurable by the fact that funds collected from various
sources can be calculated and tallied. Transparency into implementation will be particularly
important since different countries have different production patterns and consumptions (data taken
from surveys) thus strategies obtained from promotion of climate change planning will ensure
proper disposal of funds and thus progress of targets can be monitored keeping in view the rapid
urbanization and providing policy recommendations on the investment. Teaching young children
about the growing need for the adaptive measures will surely bring future leaders who would give
significance to such environmental issues.
ARE THE TARGETS CURRENTLY MEASURED?
Previously, efforts have been made into taking measures into preventing climate degradation caused
by deforestation. REDD was suggested as climate change mitigation

Uncertainties in Energy Policies Essay
Energy policy and plans are laid out with two kinds of objectives viz. Means objectives and Final
objectives. The final objectives are ultimate goals of reducing the negative impacts of climate
change and creating a sustainable human environment that is progressive. The means objectives are
intermediate steps laid out to achieve the final objective. There are three means objectives laid out
by MacKay that are commonly accepted viz. Environment/Safety (human dimension), Energy
security and Economic development. The Environment/Safety involves factors such as Green House
Gases (GHG's), NOx, SOx, ash, Hg, volatile organic compounds (VOC's), Particulate matter
(PM2.5, PM10), Thermal shock, radioactive waste, land use, etc. Energy security ... Show more
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Any such modeling in whole or part requires caution and humility, and the results are specific to the
model and its assumptions. They should not be endowed with a precision and certainty that is
simply impossible to achieve. The chief uncertainties with the impacts of climate change are
ignorance of time factor, technological advances, economics, policy, planning and society. These
include the difficulties of estimating the costs of technologies several decades into the future, as well
as the way in which fossil–fuel prices evolve in the future. It is also hard to know how people will
respond to price changes.
Majority of current data uses time factors of different definitions that make such data hard to relate
from a reference line. For example is it possible to define the pre industrial era levels for health and
longevity of human life compared to current with respect to air pollution levels. Most data uses
probabilistic models to speculate for the variation in time. However, such models involve many
assumptions that inherently have uncertainties.
Technological advancements are hard to predict. The potential for, and costs of, technologies and
measures to cut emissions across different sectors is studied to weigh the impacts. Consider the case
nuclear fusion which is being researched extensively since past 30 years or so but is still elusive at

Climate Change Argument Analysis
The argument about man's role in climate change and the role of government, the role of industry
and the role of citizens is a significant challenge that crosses all levels of government, crosses all
geopolitical boundaries and crosses all sectors of business. National governments across the globe
are dealing with the issue in different ways, but one overarching aspect of control and mitigation can
be seen in the oversight and regulation of the electric energy industry. One significant challenge
facing each nation is the cost to lower carbon emissions and the question of who will pay the
additional cost for compliance. Though the cost issue is significant, a much more difficult question
is whether any decision on lowering emissions can make ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
The difference dwells in the space that any single leader has a limited sphere of influence and a
global issue such as climate change leaves leaders able to control only limited aspects of the issue.
Great leaders will work across boundaries (Caruso, Rogers & Bazerman) to alleviate problems.
However, this is not always successful due to various aspects, but in the case of Climate Change, it
is simple to point towards inadequate negotiations and global plans. As pointed out in the article it is
hard to overcome "poor strategies used by members of different organization(s) when they negotiate
with one another." When this happens, a leader must regroup and focus on those things that they can
control. This is where climate change is really making a difference. Each different loci of control
can decide to deal with changing climate or attempt to influence climate change. With various
different options available and various leaders making changes in the best interest of their
constituency the problem – though still large – becomes manageable by leaders at all levels of
government and

Politics Is Blame For A Changing Climate
Politics is to Blame for a Changing Climate In the 1980's, scientists discovered three important
pieces of information that would shape American politics and the environment for years to come.
The Earth was getting warmer, the warming was caused by human pollution to the air and sea, and
future generations would suffer (Hansen). Few believed these environmentalists at first, but as
science progressed, the signs that climate change was a real threat became more and more apparent.
Today, the debate on climate change is a popular topic, especially in national politics. Although one
may assume the first step to fixing these environmental problems is to talk about it, evidence shows
that political debate over the issue actually masks it ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This fact should spark a disturbance with many citizens because it shows how congressional votes
depend on the use of a carbon dioxide emitting fossil fuel to make decisions. Some argue that the
decisions politicians make will not truly affect Americans; however, this is not a sound argument.
Perhaps these people do not see the full effect of a politician's stance on the environment right away.
That all changes when certain politicians, especially conservatives, are voted into office. When a
certain group has control over the government and governmental policies, areas such as the food
industry can be manipulated to follow this economy–over–environment pattern. For instance, in
Elizabeth Grossman's article "Banned in Europe, Safe in the U.S.," Grossman describes "the process
for restricting chemical use under the TSCA can also take years; in fact, only a handful of chemicals
have ever been barred under TSCA" (Grossman 5). This quote clearly illustrates that getting rid of
unsafe or potentially unsafe chemicals is almost impossible. If it does occur, people will still be
exposed to the chemical for years to come. Why would the government want to use such harsh
chemicals? The chemical is working to better the economy, whether it is being sold in grocery stores
or used to create a product produced by thousands of workers to stimulate job growth. The
government does not want to risk the economy over dangerous environmental impacts. The

Climate Justice Research Paper
Justice on global climate change is nearly impossible. The most impoverished states, contributing
relatively little to the problem of climate change, are facing the most dire consequences of
environmental change. Historically, developed countries have contributed 60–80% towards global
temperature increases, ocean warming, and sea–ice melting. This trend continues to hold today as
the United States, Europe, and China make up for nearly 60% of the worlds fossil fuel emissions.
Future issues due to climate change will be felt by all but will inflict the most damage on poverty–
stricken regions of Sub–Saharan Africa, South Asia, and Latin America. Between these regions,
there will be approximately 143 million internal climate migrants because of ... Show more content
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An issue in achieving equity in reducing emissions is the objections of developed countries to this
idea. Industrialized countries have dismissed the idea of having long–term goals of countries be
attempting to emit at an equal per capita standard. This would be a climate justice solution to the
problem of countries polluting at very disproportionate levels, but leaders of developed countries
believe this will place an unfair burden on their economies. Wealthier countries will push the cost of
adjustment onto other countries, as done historically, and will urge these other countries to lower
emissions. This lowering the chance of wealthier states investing heavily in green energy for poorer
countries, which have already been

Climate Change And Global Warming
Climate change is one of the most serious issues that the world is facing today. The purpose of this
essay is to discuss the processes that lead to climate change and strategies that can be used to
address this issue. In order to comprehend how human activities contribute towards climate change
and global warming, we have to truly understand the science behind this phenomenon. First of all
we need to clarify what anthropogenic climate change means. This refers to the change in the
amount of greenhouse gases and aerosols in the atmosphere as a result of unsustainable human
activity. Greenhouse gases and aerosols change incoming and out–going solar radiation, thereby
affecting the earth's climate. The major human activity that contributes to climate change is the
burning of fossil fuels.
The IPCC report made conclusions that the earth is warming and that humans are the major
contributor to this problem. "The balance of evidence suggests that there is a discernible human
influence on global climate." The evidence suggests that since the beginning of the industrial era in
the mid 18th century, human activity has had a warming influence that exceeds that of natural
processes such as volcanoes. In 2001 IPCC also shed more light in its report about new findings on
how human activity was affecting the climate, "There is new and stronger evidence that most of the
warming observed over the last fifty years is attributable to human activities." Industrial activities
that produce a

Current Policies in Global Climate Change
A current ongoing debate is whether the topic of how some areas are hotter than they used to be and
some colder than they use to be should be referred to as "global warming" or "global climate
change". I agree with the term "global climate change" since it seems that the earth is not only
getting warmer, but also colder in some places (Schimel, David Steven et al). Global climate change
is threatening life on earth, and needs to be stopped in its tracks before it escalates. CO2 emissions
are the main greenhouse gases that are of concern (Singh). Since there are many greenhouse gases,
this is the most abundant in the atmosphere after water vapor, and is the main focus of all global
climate change debates since it is the gas that ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
No doubt there is overwhelming evidence that global climate change due to carbon dioxide
emissions exists. (Source: Tapio Schneider, Skeptic Magazine: The Reading Room, How We Know
Global Warming is Real, Mar. 2008, Web, Table 1.) Table one above shows the current carbon
dioxide level at 370 parts per million, which is higher than it has ever been in the past 400,000
years. Carbon dioxide levels are measured by the carbon levels that are frozen in ice in Antarctica.
Layer by layer, the ice cap formed, and while it formed, it trapped carbon dioxide, which is what
scientists measured for Table 1. Therefore, the further down the scientists dig, the earlier in the
earth's carbon dioxide history they go (Schneider). Many who claim global climate change is a hoax
use the argument that it is the earths way of regulating carbon dioxide, and it is not caused by
humans (Schneider). Looking at Table 1, one can see that, indeed, the earth's carbon dioxide does
drop low and rise every 100,000 years. Yet, as the Industrial Revolution which started in 1850,
carbon levels have skyrocketed, as shown above. In 1850, if the Industrial Revolution had not taken
place, the carbon levels should have decreased since they reached a high point. Instead, the graph
shoots straight up, showing that the earth is no longer in its normal carbon cycle. Since 1850, the
carbon levels have increased and they show no sign of stopping. What

The Impact Of Climate Change On Human Lives
As the impact of the climate change on human lives has become more and more significant, the
climate change issue has been included in the SDGs as Goal 13. Measuring the targets in SDGs'
each goal is important to guarantee its effectiveness. The target 13.1 can be measured by comparing
the data of the increasing rate of resilience and adaptive capacity to climate–related hazards and
natural disasters between applicable countries. However, an agreement in the global scale system is
required to get the right data set. The target 13.2, which deals with nations' policies, strategies and
planning, emphasizes each nation's approaches to solve the climate change issues through its
policies. It can be measured by calculating the number of relevant policies and looking into
regression analysis models which would identify how these policies actually contributed to solving
those problems. 13.3 focuses on early education and climate change empowerment in order to
minimize the impact of the climate change. This target is measurable by examining each country's
education programs and people's general awareness in global climate change issues. The target 13.a,
which deals with the actions of the developed countries, can be measured by looking into the
amount of money that will have been collected by 2020 and whether the fund has been implemented
properly and transparently. The target 13.b which focuses on the least developed countries or small
developing states can be measured by

The Problem Of Climate Policy Essay
Dana: Everything is off the record, but if we ever wanted to quote you for any reason, you would
receive an email with a request and the actual quote in it. So, it is off the record, even though we are
recording.
Alex: Okay, that works.
Joe: So the recorder is now on. Just by way of introduction, can you guys give us a little about your
background with Nevada Climate and Energy Policy?
Alex: Before we jump in, can you give us a little bit more context of what the end goal of the project
is and what the big pitcher here is?
Dana: Sure, I can do that. Basically the idea is that we publish a number of people looking at climate
policy in the United States, particularly mapping out planet ploy network. One of the papers was
published in Nature Climate Change on what we call echo chambers and American Climate Policies
that Joe worked with me on. What we are planning on doing is updating that work, but also looking
at network at the State level around energy politics.
Particularly looking at clean energy networks there. The end goals will hopefully be some papers
that we submit for peer review, where all the information provided is off the record. If we wanted to
quote you, we would ask you for your permission, but then we are also going to be writing out some
white papers that will summarize the finding that will be made publicly available to people. A
general overview of what we are finding with regards to these networks. We would be happy to
share and we will post it on

The Causes Of Climate Change
Over the years, it has been evident through the reported news that the weather in many parts of the
world is unpredictable. Climate change is a large–scale, long–term shift in the planet's weather
patterns or average temperatures (Met Office, 2015). Climate Change has not always been political
until it has gained the attention of many politicians across the world to advocate a change in
countering climate change during the late 1970s. There are issues such as climate migration and
strain relationships between countries have resulted from global warming. Since then, politicians,
scientists, and world leaders have come together to find feasible solutions to try mending the
damages done. This essay will look at how improving relations between countries, implementation
of improved policies and educating societies may be feasible solutions to face climate change.
Firstly, climate migration may affect the world's political geography and thus, the involvement of
nations is needed. According to Leighton and Byrne (2017), climate immigration happens when
there is a large–scale displacement of people due to environmental factors. An illustration of it will
be the re–occurring storms, floods, and droughts happening in Bangladesh, about 12.17 million
Bangladeshis moved to India for financial stability and security. Another example is the devastating
drought during 2006 to 2001 in Syria which have resulted in an over–flowing number of refugees
into neighbouring countries. In a way, it

Persuasive Essay On Climate Change
Climate change is a huge problem in this world today. The effects it has on the environment are
long–lasting, widespread, and detrimental to the planet's health. It affects various life forms all over
the planet, and the effects are starting to show today. However, efforts to stop or control climate
change's effects have been expensive, making efforts to solve the problems associated with climate
change hard to justify. The debate over whether or not the protection of the environment is worth the
potential destruction of developed economies still continues on to this day. One of the biggest
effects that climate change has created are the effects that it has had on the environment. Some of
the signs that climate change is happening include ocean acidification, glacier melts, sea level rise,
and altered animal populations. Another effect that is already taking place are occurrences of
extreme weather. According to National Geographic's article Climate Change, extreme weather is
starting to become more common: "The extraordinary heat wave that killed some 70,000 people in
Europe in 2003 should have been a once–in–500–years event; at the current level of global
warming, it has become a once–in–40–years event, according to a study published last year." The
increase of extreme weather patterns can affect ecosystems and damage infrastructure, which has a
tremendous negative impact on all of the people and wildlife that have to deal with extreme weather
events. Climate Change also explains the potential effects of climate change on wildlife in various
climate areas: "47% of 976 species in a 2016 survey had vanished from areas they'd previously
occupied on the warm edge of their range....1 in 6 species risks global extinction if the climate
warms by nearly 8° F. That could happen by 2100 if we don't cut emissions, according to a 2015
study." (National Geographic 3). This shows that climate change can be a moral issue by saying that
a noticeable percentage of all life on Earth faces extinction if humanity does nothing is done to stop
the effects from happening. The changes in the environment are one of the biggest signs that climate
change is taking place.
These effects can have a huge and often complicated impact on

Climate Change and Public Policy Essay examples
It is becoming increasingly certain that climate change will have severe adverse effects on the
environment in years to come. Addressing this issue poses a serious challenge for policy makers.
How we choose to respond to the threat of global warming is not simply a political issue. It is also
an economic issue and an ethical one. Responsible, effective climate change policy requires
consideration of a number of complex factors, including weighing the costs of implementing climate
change policies against the benefits of more environmentally sustainable practices. Furthermore, this
analysis must take place amidst serious gaps in the existing research and technology concerning the
developing climatic condition. For these reasons, global ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
However, even for those who are less motivated by such moralistic calls to action, the fact remains
that conservation is as much an economic issue as an ethical one. While economic considerations
are a problematic feature of climate change policy, under the proper analysis, they also serve as an
important motivator. Economic analysis that weighs all costs and benefits of a particular model must
include environmental considerations. That is to say, the potential for short–term economic losses
caused by conservation in the present, should be measured against the dividends that conservation
will pay in the future (Nordhaus, 2007). If the earth is truly our most valuable commodity, then
analysis under these conditions should recognize that if a "dollar value" were placed on
environmental sustainability, more often than not it would outweigh any initial monetary loss
resultant of the implementation of more sustainable practices. Indeed, if we accept the danger of
global warming to be a real and present one, then the question of how to address it must be given
serious consideration. Research conducted from as early as the 1950s through the present has
afforded us a solid understanding of its causes. In the most basic sense, the problem lies in the
burning of carbon–based fossil fuels such as carbon and oil which leads to the emission of carbon
dioxide (CO2). Gases such as CO2 are referred to as greenhouse gases (GHGs) which accumulate in
the atmosphere. GHGs can

How Public Health-Related Policies Are Affected By Climate...
In these three articles, it is said that the "The introduction of public health–related policies may be a
few years off, as most efforts are currently focused on research, planning, and communication
between federal and state agencies" (The Baffling Nexus of Climate Change and Health). This
shows that we need to take into account that things are changing and we may not have any control
over but we need to look out for the well–being of people in today's society. For example, infectious
diseases, waterborne and foodborne pathogens are all public health concerns and can be affected by
climate change. We can do anything about climate change it's essentially out of our hands and
nevertheless, it is something that we need to focus on because it is causing detrimental results to all
of us globally. The West Nile virus is a good example because it refers to a particular region in
Uganda and is now ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It makes it difficult to attain plans of action because for the most part we essentially don't know
what the results are since every disease is different we just need to be more aware of the world
around us. Climate change is expected to increase nonetheless public health officials are integrating
information about climate change into disaster relief and response tactics. Another challenge is
linking the connection of weather patterns to health effects. For example, Hurricane Sandy had more
than sixty billion dollars in damages in New York and New Jersey alone and this number doesn't
include health care costs which were another fourteen billion dollars. All in all, health and climate
change are needed to be more closely linked together and are in a shift towards that direction. This is
because public health officials are taking climate change into consideration when response

Climate Change Is Real And Denial Is No More A Policy !
Climate change is real and denial is no more a policy!
Abstract: For last 37 years as a world we have spent lot of time in studying climate change and
fixing a blame. First World Climate Conference was held on 12–23 February 1979 in Geneva.
(wikipedia) It was one of the first major international meetings on climate change. We are studying
climate change, it's impact, causes and how to fix mess created by us. But now it 's high time for us
to move forward and act on controlling Human contribution to Greenhouse Gases(GHG) which is
major contributing factor to climate change.This way we are giving back to society and future
generations.
News: (See reference page for the link). Most of Greenland ice melted to bedrock in recent geologic
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
So we need to look for Electrical Vehicle (EV) and renewable energy.
With current level of awareness for climate change people are changing their attitude toward mother
earth and nature. They are increasingly looking toward less polluting vehicles and renewable energy
(like solar / wind energy) for their day to day energy needs. Also different government across worlds
are promoting development and use of EV automobiles and renewable energy. Government are
giving incentives like congestion pricing, highway tolls, carpooling lanes, tax rebates on green
vehicle (environmentally preferable vehicles).
This change is society is forcing different organisation to develop green technology. Better Place
and few other companies like Tesla, Renault–Nissan, Indian REVA, Fortwo is working toward this
goal of new world where we human will be using green technology and not harming climate. This is
change is leading toward all major automobiles working on electrical or alternative fuel cars like
Hydrogen fuel cell vehicles (HFCV).
Recommendation:
Along with current incentives government should promote infrastructure development for mass
rapid transportation system. This will reduce per capita energy use.
Different organisation is coming with their own innovation and lot of those innovation is happening
in developed countries. These countries should promote transfer of technology to developing
countries. This way majority of world population

Strategic Plan For New And Renewable Energy
Current Prime Minister Modi has called for the development of renewable and nuclear energy along
with gas and coal. He believes that increased use of renewable energy will help the environment
while also providing electricity to rural areas. Future policies show that India's primary focus is the
economy. India is open to setting a peak emission year in the future but refuses to do so until its
emissions match China's emissions. This is projected to be sometime between 2030 and 2050. India
has several other policies that are currently being discussed. The Super–Efficient Equipment
Program encourages the production of equipment that is 30–50% more efficient than current energy
efficient products. The Strategic Plan for the New and Renewable ... Show more content on
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Mitigation policies are generally funded by general government revenues, but this alone will not be
enough. It is expected that public and private funds will be necessary to obtaining enough money to
pursue the NAPCC. One possible way to raise the money is to increase the tax currently placed on
coal. Increasing this tax from its current rate of 50 rupees per ton, 0.01 US dollar, would be
extremely valuable to securing the proper financing. To increase private funding of climate change
mitigation regulatory reforms that reduce risk of investment and provide long–term certainty must
be developed. An increase in the current coal tax and better security for private investors will help
India to allocate enough money to accomplish their goals.
A solution to India's issues with federal structure is to ensure that states place a high priority on
climate change policy. Requiring states to draft their own state action plan allows each state to focus
on climate change as it affects them. For example, states with cities located on the coast may wish to
implement policies that target improved infrastructure that protects against future flooding caused
by global warming. Other states that receive a great deal of sunlight like Karnataka may choose to
focus on solar power. In addition to making climate change a priority at the state level, the states
must not rely on central funds. States must take

Climate Change Has Become A Significant Policy Issue...
Climate change has become a significant policy issue debated by the entire global community.
Through out earth's existence, climate change has been a part of the evolutionary process. Earth's
climate goes through a sequence of glacier and inter–glacier periods. These are periods where the
earth heats up and global warming takes over the land. Then, there will be a period of an ice age,
where snow and ice encompass most of the land. Recent studies provide evidence to this theory and
additionally show that the world is in a current warming period. Dealing with a warming period, a
school of thought argues that humans are the primary factor of the rising sea levels. An opposing
argument tries to prove that the current situation of sea level changes is as the result of a natural
cycle of warming and cooling. Regardless of the perspective on this issue, all parties have a
common understanding that the ocean level is in fact rising. Around the world, evidence supports
the fact that the world is going through a warming period. From the melting glaciers to the lack of
snowfall, the warming period is upon us and the largest effect is the coastal lines around the world.
As far back as records hold, the ocean level has been on a slow but steady ride. But towards recent
history, for either side of the climate argument, the steady increase has grown rapidly even
shockingly. It has already impacted major cities around the world. Scientist at National Geographic
have found some

Gallop Argument Analysis
Temperatures are rising year after year, ice glaciers are melting causing sea levels to rise, and air
pollution causing health problems for some of us, for the next years to come. This seems like the
end of the world. Planet Earth is in great danger. Our only biggest concern is global warming and
climate change. We need to act now, since Earth is the only planet that is home to us. The future of
planet Earth depends on us, right now. If we act now, we will have a future for all of us. Future
means acting now, so we have a future. We need to be well educated on the topic of global warming
and climate change. Since, there are many misconceptions of global warming and climate change.
Also, policies on climate change and global warming can impact ... Show more content on
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They deny any type of perdition of climate change. People do not want any news related about why
they need to change their habits. Gallop (2012) found that people felt anger toward changing their
personal habits. The reason being that earth created for the human people. They felt betrayed by the
Earth that they have to change their habits.
In Gallop (2012) argument is well supported the premises supported the conclusion. As mentioned
Halpern (2014) is an argument it stronger. This argument has the basic anatomy of an argument. The
basic antonym of an argument has premises that support the conclusion, assumptions, qualifier, and
counterarguments.
Campbell & Kay (2014) found that people deny climate change and global warming, because of
fear. They deny global warming and climate change, because they do not want to deal with the
solving the problem. Despite what scientist mention about global warming and climate change their
views of denial do not change. People fear the solution to the problem. For example, Campbell &
Kay (2014) mention how Republican always doubts the truth about global warming and climate
change. The reason being is that they views on global warming and climate change is a threat to the
economy. They would rather deny it all, instead of solving the problem of global warming and
climate

The Intergovernmental Panel On Climate Change Advice For...
The Intergovernmental panel on Climate Change advice for policy makers is a book with various
statistics and facts about what the scientific community has been noticing about the changing
environment. The hope for the panel when making this booklet is that they could help guide policy
makers towards making more informed decisions about their policies and the effect it is having on
the environment. While some of the evidence is almost indisputable many politicians still argue their
validity due to personal beliefs or because they receive campaign donations from companies who do
not want to see environmental policies change. The booklet is split up into three different parts,
observations of the changes in the environment around us, future risks these changes can have, and
how to manage these risks and build a sustainable planet for everybody. The booklet describes many
various pieces of evidence from what they have seen around the world and have even rated their
certainty on their hypothesizes. The section starts out about how the global temperature has been
increasing rapidly over the past century. They also state that the reason the temperature has been
rising is due to human activity and the rise in the amount of greenhouse gases that we release. The
amount of human death we had so far is unknown due to the wide cause of effects the rising
temperature can have. Nobody knows how much food is lost from climate change or how many
water borne illnesses have killed people

The Abbott Government
Australia's government is a federal system that contains different 'levels' consisted of Federal, State
and Local government that work together to govern the nation (Andrewrobb, 2015). The system is
very difficult to understand, thus gathering low attention by the public. For those who are observes
how the government works can attain a sense of understanding how the system affects the lives of
many people in the nation. Throughout the Abbott government period, it had proposed several plans
that would not only provide benefits to the people of Australia, but also the nation itself. Although,
the Abbott government came to an abrupt end after a near two–year term, it has achieved several
achievements throughout its duration. However, the criticisms ... Show more content on
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The purpose for the implementation of the carbon was to make polluters of carbon to pay
accordingly to the amount of carbon they release in the atmosphere (Pazzano, 2012). However, it
has affected families and unemployed people around Australia, as costs in household such as
electricity and gas increased due to the policy (Robson, 2014). It was until July 2014, when Tony
Abbott abolished the policy after several failed attempts, fulfilling its promise and becoming one of
the best achievements the government has made. According to Griffiths (2014), the removal of the
carbon tax will benefit the majority of households in Australia, saving hundreds of dollars in
electricity and gas costs. However, Abbott's promise has been condemned as only having a minor
effect on household emission costs. This is evident in Thals' (2015) article that Tony Abbott's
guarantee on lower household costs after the carbon tax repeal was an ambitious promise, as
expectation the government had set out were not reached. But, Thals clarified that the Abbott
government still fulfilled its promise, lessening the cost on household emissions (Thals, 2015). After
the carbon tax repeal, Tony Abbott had announced a new climate change policy to replaced the
carbon tax policy (Chang, 2014). The Direct Action policy by Tony Abbott is a carbon reduction

U.s. Policies Towards Climate Change
U.S. policies towards climate change has continued to develop throughout the administrations of
Ronald Reagan, George H.W. Bush, Bill Clinton, and currently Barack Obama. In this paper I will
focus specifically on Clinton. One of the Clinton administration's main goals was to make the
United States the global leader in protecting the environment. Throughout Clinton's administration
from 1993 to 2001, the ambitious goals of environmental protection had many highs and lows. The
United States had to make decisions about how it would go about tackling climate change and what
roles of other countries would play. There was opposition in congress about how the U.S. economy
would fare with many of the ideas the Clinton administration was coming ... Show more content on
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As, arguably, the only global power at the time, the United States spearheaded the dialogue on
climate change. At some points the United States has trouble convincing other nations to come on
board. This can be seen in documents three and four, where Japan is having some trepidations over
industrialized nations involvement in climate change versus developing nations. It can especially be
seen in document three where they clearly have different perspectives on where they see climate
change in the long term. Japan is also skeptical of many of the emission trading 's the United States
takes part in because they are not quite sure how it would work and what position they would play.
The Japanese Ministry of Foreign Affairs was particularly worried about China 's role in this
agreement also, they did not want to carry out strict reductions while China continued to pollute the
air around them. In comparison, document nine also centers around the United States as it tries to
get the most out of the present climate change agreement, by working with Ambassador Raul A
Estrada–Oyuela. Documents three and four are more focused on the beginning of various climate
change treaties the United States was trying to conceive. While document 4 focuses on a climate
agreement after Kyoto that would be in the United States ' best interest.
Furthermore, Document one discusses the United States ' goals in reducing greenhouse emissions. It
lays out how to achieve success in

Environmental Issues Of Climate Change
Climate change refers to any changes in climatic conditions, for example, temperature, precipitation
and wind patterns, which last for at least great amount decades. Before the Industrial Revolution,
which took a place in the mid–18th century, climate change was mostly because of natural reasons
such as changes in the sun's activity and volcanic eruption. nevertheless, recent climate change is
extensively attributed to human activities, since the mid–20th century to change climate change
worse. All of these are putting the lives facing the threaten and need to be dealt with as soon as
possible. Any delay in dealing with today's environmental topics will make the problems even more
difficult take action,That is why environmental protection organization is utmost to concern the
problem. In light of the serious problems, world leader was working closely and more
environmentally–friendly future, by encouraging conservation, developing sources of renewable
energy, formulating environmental policies, looking into the possibility new source energy to
replace nuclear power to solve climate change. Therefore, i disagree with it is too late to alleviate
climate change problem.
The problem of climate change can be alleviated by three different levels, namely the individual
level and the social level. Many people put forward the idea that individuals can do little to tackle
the problem of climate change and consider that the planet is beyond repair. For a matter of fact
academics

A Consensus On International Climate Change Policy
One of the greatest threats to humankind present in the 21st century is climate change. Human
behavior, especially since industrial revolution led "over 600 thousand tons of carbon to be emitted
into the atmosphere from fossil fuels" which thus enhanced greenhouse affects, and alters the natural
cycle of global warming and cooling. The consequence of such alteration has devastating effects
globally as drastic "temperature increases experienced in the recent years are causing widespread
damages" . Effects of climate change not only helps deteriorate the biome as "quarter of all species
could be pushed to extinction by 2050" , but also poses a large threat to "living conditions and
challenges existing patterns of energy use and security" Given that climate change is one of the most
pressing issues experienced in the modern era "there has been little progress in the United Nations
(UN) led climate negotiations" . The reason as to why states cannot come to a consensus on
international climate change policy is because states reside in an anarchic international system in
which states are by nature: conflictual, self–interested and focused on attaining relative gain as
shown through neo–realist theory. In ability for states to negotiate a climate change action plan will
be shown through states' pursuit of relative gains in the Kyoto Protocol, the role of economic growth
in terms of relative gains, and climate change lag/ state's personal agendas, which have led to
numerous

Achieving Sustainable Development Goals At A Un Summit
The United Nations General Assembly has officially adopted the Sustainable Development Goals at
a UN summit in New York City as of September 27, 2015 that are to be globally implemented by
2030. This essay will discuss goal 13 "take urgent action to combat climate change and its impacts",
along with its five targets.
Are the Targets Truly Measurable?
The most concretely measureable target under SDG 13 is 13.a. A deadline for this target is clearly
stated along with the funds and specific parties needed to create a global impact. One will be able to
identify progress, or lack of, by 2020. Target 13.b is unspecified and extremely vague, not indicating
effective strategies for its measurability. LDC's often contribute least to climate change yet are
expected to suffer the greatest, there is no specific source in this target to aid these countries in
raising their planning capacities. Target 13.1 is vague making it difficult to assess if a country
perhaps has not achieved this target, it only focuses on extreme events when developing resilience
and adaptive capacity to gradual shifts in climate change is crucial (ICSU, 2015). The target would
need further specification and a timeframe. Target 13.2 can be measured as one can identify if and
when climate change protocols are implemented into a nations policies and whether or not they are
put into effect, however focus on only the national level is too narrow as mitigation policies can be
used on different scales such as

Population Dynamics and Its Effects on Climate Change Policy
Population dynamics and its effects of climate change policy Population growth and its effects on
climate change have been hotly debated in recent years by scientists and politicians alike. The
Fourth Assessment Report of the IPCC has sparked great interest and concern over climate change
and how it affects countries differently. The concept of environmental justice has focused on climate
change's unbalanced effects on developing countries, whose populations are more vulnerable to
climate change. With rapidly growing populations and inadequate resources and technologies,
developing countries have struggled to develop their economy sustainability. The relationship
between population and climate change is grossly oversimplified by the idea that as population
increase so does its effect on climate change. Realistically, population and climate change affect
each other through economic trends, development patterns, society, institutions and the government.
Population dynamics is not simply the number of people in a given space. Rather, it is the
distribution and continuously changing demographics that make population dynamics a complex but
important factor in climate change policy. In recent climate change and environmental protection
discussions, developed countries have strongly suggested or even imposed environmental policies
upon developing countries. This has caused tension and misunderstandings on both sides as
developing countries strive for the economic success of their

Climate Change: Foriegn Policy
Climate Change
Climate change is one of the most concerning issue in the history foriegn policy. It encompuses not
only the United states but the entire world. Which is why it is hard to create procedures and establish
alliances concerning global climate change because greenhouse admission are not created by the
actions of one nation. Addressing climate change is going to be a massive task. Every nations who
emitts green house gasses must become part of some sort of a global agreement. This agreement will
require new thinking when it comes to foriegn policy. The United States has recently created a Task
force to deal with climate change. The task force recomends creating a treaty between the world's
biggest emitters including China ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The Envorimental protection agency was created in 1970 and since then has been doing it's best to
protect the Enviroment. The Envorimental Protection Agency collects emissions data to find
opportunities to reduce emissions. (EPA 2016). Obama also implimented a clean power plan that
would reduce carbon emission by 30% .(enviormental America 2012). However, Even with these
new programs it's still will not be enough. The United States will also have to become comfortable
with the fact that the entire nation will need to make the switch to solar and wind energy, as well as
create some sort of treaty with other countries that may encompus the entire world to reduce carbon
emissions. If the United States does not act quickly or refuses to act then the entire earth will suffer
and society as we know it will change forever. In less than a hundred years we may lose all of our
coral reefs and the oceans will become acidic "If climate change continues unabated, nearly all coral
reef habitats could be devastated. Under our best–case scenario, half of all tropical coral reefs are
still threatened" (Kieffer 2012) . For the sake of the future generations we must change now. It's like
there is a meteor that's going to hit the earth in 50 years and no one wants to talk about the meteor
even though there are viable ways to stop it. We can not wait any longer. If we don't do something
then the entire world will suffer. It is time to take action. No more arguing about climate change
being a myth. It is a scientific fact that humans are causing the rise in tempature. The world is
literally ending and we're the only ones who can stop

The Effects Of Conventional Agricultural Farms On Agriculture
Anyone can have the globe on their dinner plate. Literally speaking, carbon dioxide (CO2),
greenhouse gases, and fossil fuel emissions play a role in imported food as does climate change.
Conventional agricultural farms are known for being one of the biggest contributors to climate
change. Federal policies and subsidies can aid farmers in the fight against altering the climate.
Subsidies first allowed cheap commodity crops to flourish during Nixon's presidency and while they
allow farmers to grow, use, and sell cheap produce today, the machinery and transport of it has
otherwise been and is destructive to the climate. The amount of fossil fuels and pollution emitted by
crop, meat, and fish farms pose as a climatic risk and can be reduced ... Show more content on
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The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) must consign a farm protocol that requires organic soil
to be used in croplands which will help eliminate problematic soils caused from CO2 emissions
from cultivated farmlands. Everette Burdick, a chemist and former USDA researcher for five years,
studied how climate change affects soil in Coral Gables. Burdick states, "Cultivation of land has
been the main CO2 emission source with plant growth and production being jeopardized by changes
in the distribution of rainfall...this degradation of drylands results in soil exhaustion and erosion. It
diminishes soil productivity, and negatively impacts areas not directly affected by its symptoms, by
causing floods, soil salinization, and silting of rivers, streams and reservoirs" (1). Continental lands,
which include farms, tend to create a buildup in salt production, which is the process of
desertification, if the crop soil is affected by rainfall shortages which are affected by CO2 emissions
on the climate. In this case, it is possible for the crop to undergo cryptobiosis, a form of de–
oxygenation which occurs when soil becomes dehydrated, which then makes the crop 'dead' from
lack of sustenance. Burdick affirms that, "The emission limitation

Review Of Ethiopia 's Climate Resilience Green Economic...
Review of Ethiopia's Climate Resilience Green Economic Policy
The FDRE government intended to build a middle–income economy by 2025. The government
believed that accomplishing such goal without taking global warming and climate change in to
consideration would result in a radical increase in greenhouse gas production. (...........). In order to
overcome the problem of greenhouse gas emission, unsustainable use of natural resource and at the
same time to adopt and increase Ethiopia resilience to the effect of climate change, the FDRE
government drafted Climate Resilience Green Economic Policy, which was integrated into the
country's five year Growth and Transformation Plan, in 2012.
The policy identified these four major areas of intervention as a corner stone of green economic
development:
1. Improving food security by investing in crop and livestock production.
2. Using forest as a carbon stock /diversification of the economic and ecosystem use of the forest
3. An increase in the production of renewable–energy for domestic and international market and
making Ethiopia a hub of renewable energy production in Eastern Africa
4. Advance to energy–efficient technologies in industrial, transport and construction sector.
The policy has three different but interconnected objectives. The first objective of the policy is
fostering economy growth or to keep the momentum of the economic growth that the country has
achieved in the last 10 years by improving the livelihood of Ethiopians.

National Subnational Integration On Energy And Climate...
LITERATURE REVIEW
National–Subnational Integration on Energy and Climate Change Policies
Case: Rajasthan
Guide
Dr. Minal Pathak
SONALI VYAS
PP0009713
M.Plan II yr.
Table of Contents
1 Introduction 2
1.1 Background of the study 2
1.2 Rationale and Justification 3
1.3 Objectives 5
1.4 Research Questions 5
1.5 Scope 5
1.6 Methodology 5
2 Literature Review 6
2.1 Defining policy integration 6
2.2 Governance in India 7
2.3 Policy Instruments in India 8
2.4 Stakeholders in Energy Sector 11
2.5 Global Practices 11
3 Energy Sector in India 14
Reference 16
1 Introduction
1.1 Background of the study
India like all the developing countries is faced with sustaining its rapid economic growth while

dealing with global threat of climate change. A warming trend is projected for all the four regions
under focus by INCCA. It is indicated that the annual mean surface air temperature may rise from
1.7°C to 2°C by 2030's. To counter that reducing emissions and increasing energy efficiency are
recurring themes in India's development philosophy which reflects in our policies, missions/
programmes at national, state and local level.
Rapidly increasing energy demand and growing concern about economic and environmental
consequences call for effective and thorough energy governance in India. (Ahn & Gracyzk, 2012)
To understand the dynamics of the energy policy framework governing India's energy sector, it is
essential to comprehend the policy objectives and context in

Impact Of Climate Change Policy On Employment Essay
Impacts of climate change policy on employment
Temperatures are reaching a new high, snow and rainfall patterns are shifting, and more extreme
climate events, such as drought, flooding, are taking place. It is not a forecast anymore; greenhouse
gases are intensifying the global warming. In 2013, 81.2% of the energy consumption in the world
are produced by fossil fuel (International Energy Agency). Could you imagine how much
greenhouse gases are produced? Ever since 1980s, scientist has found that the emission of the
greenhouse gases is the major factor contributes to the global warming, which intensify the climate
change that the human civilization may collapse one day. In the book This Changes Everything:
Capitalism vs. the Climate, the author Naomi Klein describes that we are headed toward a
catastrophic levels of warming. She suggests that the solution to climate change, in short, is to fight
for a change in the economic model of capitalism and move towards a low–carbon economy.
Making this adjustments will affect every aspects of our life––from how the energy generate, what
we consume, and the technologies we use. "Change of this magnitude creates risks but also
opportunities. There will be both winners and losers as the world moves towards a low–carbon
economy (**)." One of the important aspects which many people care about is the impact of climate
change policy on employment. Does the movement improve the employment? Klein suggests that
climate change policy has a huge

Carbon Dioxide Emissions in Australia and Climate Change
"Market–based policies are a proven way to limit carbon pollution and channel capital and
innovation into clean energy, helping to avert the catastrophic consequences of climate change"
– EDF vice president for international climate, Nathaniel Keohan
Introduction
In a contemporary political setting, it is now broadly recognized that over the 20th century, the
atmospheric concentrations of key greenhouse gases, particularly Carbon Dioxide have been
amplified by human activity. Australia can be held accountable for around 1.5% of global
greenhouse gas emissions. However, Australia is one of the largest carbon polluters per capita,
sitting around 24.4 tonnes per person.
Much policy discussion about climate change suggests that surplus carbon emissions are the result
of failure of the market. Since the ongoing costs of environmental degradation and climate change
are not internalized in pricing fossil fuel; a commonsense (and widely flavored by policy makers in
the international community) economic solution is to internalize the cost of carbon emissions. Cap
and trade emissions trading schemes have proven largely popular in the global policy–making
community, as they enable market flexibility and allow for international targets to be met.
The problem with incentive–based economic mechanisms is that it is optional by nature. Relevant
parties 'opt in' to the free market mechanism, rather than being required to participate in a policy
based mechanism. The latter however,

Australian Regional Planning Issues And Policies
Australian Regional Planning Issues and Policies Guanyu Chen
Introduction
I would like to give a brief idea on the issues regarding to regional planning in Australia, including
the physically define regions the topographic/terrain features–river valley, coastline, mountain
range, wetlands, river estuary; the differences in climates: the dry versus humid, high temperature
versus low temperature; and the dominant plants and the relevant agricultural activities.
Great Barrier Reef, Queensland Source: A. Allan, 2003
Willunga Basin, South Australia Source: A. Alan, 2003
Regions are defined in functional terms by the types of activities or functions found in the area
(Codrington, 2005), such as political boundaries, Ethnic and cultural boundaries, administrative
areas for the delivery of services, areas defined for planning purposes, economic linkages,
telecommunication linkages, transport linkages, urban settlement pattern.
Australian State Boundaries Source: Australian Government, Department of the Environment, 2010
Telecommunication linkage Source: KDDI Group, 2015
Department Of Infrastructure and Transport Source: Department Of Infrastructure and Transport,
2015
Issues that are facing and have faced regional Australia since 1945
After Second World War, Australia launched a massive immigration program (Isaacs, 2007),
believing that Australia must boost the

An Analysis of Policy and Business Solutions to Global...
As scientific research contends, discrepancies in the earth's climate will have a significant impact on
the environment and humans. Human habitation and economic patterns will all have to shift as
entire ecosystems are altered because of these climate trends. As scientists continue to present the
case that climate change is a serious problem that must be addressed through societal efforts,
members of the public and private sector are beginning to recognize their obligation to take action.
Yet, in order to make sound managerial decisions regarding climate change it is important to
understand the nature of the problem. This report will consider the causes of climate change and
evaluate the political response to climate change on an ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Further, research reveals that the levels of greenhouse gases has increased between the base periods
of 1961 and 1990, with a warming of the atmosphere accompanying the increase in carbon dioxide
levels (University Corporation for Atmospheric Research, 2014). These trends will have serious
consequences for humans around the globe.
The reason that climate changes impact human life significantly is that climate interacts
significantly with the ecosystem. The climate system is composed of the atmosphere, the
hydrosphere, the physical Earth, the biosphere, and the cryosphere, a term designating solid forms of
water that are permanent landmarks on the Earth's surface (Lutgens & Tarbuck, 2013). Thus, when a
change to the Earth's atmospheric temperature occurs, it not only impacts the atmosphere, but all
components of the environment are impacted as well. For example, if a drop in temperature takes
place over a series of time, this modifies the features of the Earth's surface, which can make it
uninhabitable for entire species. This also impacts the food and plant sources that humans rely upon
to survive while making different locations less desirable for habitation. Thus, humans are
profoundly affected by global trends in climate.
Causes of Climate Change The causes

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