Battle Of Brunanburh

Battle Of Brunanburh
The Battle of Brunanburh appears in the Anglo–Saxon Chronicle's annal entry for 937. This poem that makes reference to a battle fought in that year
between an English army and a combined army of Scots, Vikings, and Britons. In fact, the battle of Brunanburh was the culmination of the conflict
between King Г†thelstan, Alfred the Great's grandson, and the northern kings.
After his father's (Edward the Elder) death, Г†thelstan obtained Mercia's throne in 925. From that moment on, he began to work on the allegiances of
the Scottish king (Constantine), the Scandinavian king of Northumbria (Sihtric), and the Celtic king of Strathclyde (Owein). These were politically
independent kingdoms, but their monarchs were loyal to the crown of Wessex, and Mercia ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In response, Olaf Guthfrithsson recruited a force of Irish–Norse Vikings, joined by a Norwegian division from Northumbria, the Strathclyde Britons
under Owein, and the Scots under Constantine II. Motivated by their hatred towards Г†thelstan, they invaded England in 937.
The coalition was met by the English army under Г†thelstan and Edmund, his brother, near Brunanburh, a place in the north–west of England whose
actual location still eludes our knowledge. After a confrontation that lasted an entire day, the English forces resulted victorious, and while Olaf and
Constantine escaped, their troops were followed and annihilated.
By 954, after Erik Bloodaxe's death, all England, including Strathclyde, York and Northumbria, was part to the English crown under the house of
Wessex. Thus, the battle of Brunanburh was fundamental in the development of a national consciousness and the unification of England, obtained
through the political supremacy of the kings of Wessex over the ethnically different people within the
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Alfred The Great Accomplishments
Alfred the Great was a man of many talents, who, at the age of twenty–one, became the king of Wessex, an area in southern England. He reigned from
871 to 899, and while he was king he accomplished many extraordinary achievements (The Royal Household). Many people do not recall ever hearing
of Alfred the Great, but he was an important figure in British history. Most people do not realize that he went to extreme measures to protect his
country, both at the time and for the future. He affected the history, the literature, and the people of Wessex, the Anglo
–Saxons. The new king of
Wessex faced challenges early on in his reign. When he came into the kingship, Alfred was faced with the problem of the Vikings, who, at the time,
were quite bellicose. Repeatedly, the Vikings... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
During the Vikings' invasions, they destroyed many of the monasteries that had supplied some of England's literature and several English translations.
Without these key monasteries to provide access to important literature, the future of England was rather nebulous (The Royal Household). To solve
this issue, Alfred volunteered his acquired knowledge of the Latin language to the monasteries and began translating in 887 ("Alfred"). He supervised
the translation of several Latin documents and books into Old English. Alfred realized that most of the Anglo–Saxons did not have an understanding of
Latin, and he saw that the future of England could be compromised if someone did not come to the rescue. The younger generations were losing the art
of learning the Latin language, the language of which many of the important English documents were written. Many of the works that Alfred
supervised or translated were either concerning history or philosophy, which he thought were instrumental in the continuation of England as a country.
Alfred was in charge of the Anglo–Saxon Chronicle, one of his best–known works (The Royal

Justinian Influence
The Early Middle Ages are commonly referred to by historians as the "Dark Ages", due to several factors, including the lack of written documents that
would reveal important details about the lives of people during this time, as well as the state of political unrest and civil uprising that was at play,
because of the recent collapse of the Roman Empire in Western Europe. This was a time during which nations and alliances were constantly forming
and shifting, resulting in many wars and battles. (Averkorn, 2008) The nature of this time period tends to cloak the contributions of women, and their
military and political successes are often overlooked, as this was an age where their roles were dictated by biblical texts that pushed them ... Show more
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She was stubborn, bold, level–headed and strong–minded, making her and ideal consort and Queen. She married King Edward I of England, and was
never content to play the part of a passive queen. She acted as an advisor and confidante to her equally strong–minded husband. (Encyclopedia
Britannica, n.d.) Over the course of her husband's reign Eleanor made decisions that shocked many people, which included accompanying Edward on
crusades, for which she was criticized heavily by those who believed the journey to be "unwomanly" To these critics, she replied "Nothing must part
them whom God has joined, and the way to heaven is as near if not nearer from Syria as from England or my native Spain." (Encyclopedia Britannica,
n.d.) As queen of a hot–tempered king, Eleanor has been credited with calming Edward and with offering sound advice, which he often acted upon.
They were a devoted couple, which was quite rare during the Middle Ages, as most marriages, especially for the nobility, were purely political
transactions. The success that Eleanor and Edward had achieved presents the argument that During their thirty–six years of marriage she bore him
sixteen children. (Medieval Queens, n.d.) When she died, Edward was disconsolate. After her death, he wrote of his wife "whom living we dearly
cherished, and whom dead we cannot cease to love." (Encyclopedia

Religion In Beowulf
Northumbria
The character Aldred who is 20 years old and his cousin Alfred in medieval Anglian kingdom in the seventh century, were Alfred has committed a
crime by killing someone. Alfred and his family will have to pay a huge amount of compensation as a punishment of the crime. Due the punishments
made by the kings no residence of northumbria would think of violating the rules. This punishments helped to reduce the crimes happening in
northumbria. Northumbria was ruled by many kings. Also the people of northumbria did not follow a particular religion. The region of Northumbria
history has continued to revolt against the government for crime and justice, religion, and origin of Northumbria territory and Anglo Saxon.
During the seventh century, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The Anglo Saxon were inherited from Great Britain. The Anglo Saxon came to be known as the nation's pirates. At the beginning the Saxon were very
small in number. The Saxon admired the roman emperor and Saxon considered the Roman Empire as there model. The Roman Empire portrayed
wealth and power. Before Northumbria was formed the Saxon fought many battle and conquered territories. The Saxon helped the Briton to fight a
battle against the northern enemies. As a reward the Saxon were rewarded money and supplies in return. The Saxon fought another battle as on
command of Vortigern. Where they were promised in return the Isle of Thane as there place of

How Did Godwin Rise To Power
Godwin was born in 1001 in Sussex to Wulfnoth, Thegn of Sussex.
Godwin's rise to power was rapid. In 1017, when King Cnut created the English Earldoms, Godwin became the Earl of Wessex. Two years later he
went with Cnut on a visit to Denmark, where Cnut was so impressed by Godwin that he arranged for him to marry Gytha, sister of Ulf.They had
several children: Swegen, Tostig, Harold, Gyrth and Edith. By the time Edward the Confessor became king in 1042 he was the most powerful Earl in
Anglo–Saxon England. King Edward married Edith in order to keep Godwin loyal to him and his sons became Earls (Swegen became the Earl of
Hereford, Gloucester and Oxford and Harold became the Earl of East Anglia). He also had a nephew (Beorn) who was Earl of Hertforshire

Comparing Mercia And Wessex
The history of Northumbria is unique from the other powers of the Anglo–Saxon heptarchy, namely Mercia and Wessex, due to a variety of factors that
forged a kingdom that was a beacon of learning in a world of darkness. The influence of geography in the rise of Northumbrian hegemony cannot be
overstated. Situated in the hilly, mountainous northern portions of England and southern portion of Scotland, the region was far away from the frequent
conflicts in the southern kingdoms. Comprised of the union of the kingdoms of Deira and Bernicia by Ethelfrith around 600, Northumbria was an early
adopter of Christianity under Edwin. The warm support and patronage of the kings and nobles led to the founding of influential monasteries at Jarrow,
Lindisfarne, Wearmouth, and Iona.
While the ecclesiastical Christian tradition of learning was still strong in Northumbria, this was in stark contrast to the southeastern kingdoms where
remnants of paganism were still prevalent under kings such as Penda of Mercia. From this unparalleled renaissance emerged numerous ... Show more
The difference between Alfred and his Anglo–Saxon predecessors was that he took the subsequent years to effectively learn from his mistakes and
figure out how to reform his kingdom to fight his indomitable enemy. Alfred instituted a multitude of reforms that prepared Wessex for the
upcoming war with the Danes. He reorganized his militia, known as a fyrd in Olde English, by dividing his forces into two halves that would serve
at different parts of the year in addition to building a network of garrisons that would permit his troops to respond quicker than before. This not only
guaranteed that the West Saxons would always have an army ready for defense, it also allowed a portion of his forces to remain home to harvest food
for the

Harold Godwinson : A Powerful Anglo Saxon Family
Introduction
Harold Godwinson was born in the 1022s to a powerful Anglo–Saxon family in Wessex, United Kingdom. Throughout his life, he achieved many great
things, including being the last Anglo–Saxon to be crowned King of England and being the Earl of Wessex. He was at the top of the social structure
from the 6th of January 1066 until his death fighting the Norman Invaders on the 14th of October at the Battle of Hastings. The Battle of the Hastings
was a major event during this time period and marked the beginning of the Norman Conquest of England.
Harold Godwinson
[https://www.britroyals.com/kings.asp?id=edward2]
Where did they live?
Harold Godwinson grew up in his birthplace of Wessex, UK. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
(see graph below).
The feudal system pyramid of power
[http://vanderland.weebly.com/the–feudal–system.html]
It starts at the top with the king granting his land to a baron for soldiers all the way down to a peasant getting land to grow crops. Under the feudal
system land is granted to people for service, which means if you stay loyal and remain a good person you were granted with some land as a thank
you. The main and largest society in the feudal system was the peasants or serfs that owned no land and had no power. Most peasants worked on
farms and lived in the countryside in order to supply the upper class with popular crops. Along with this everybody in the society during the
medieval times were expected to attend a Catholic church because everyone lived in fear of being sent to hell. Many prayed for good luck in war,
even though they were happy to die fighting because they believed you were the dying in gods hands. In reward for obeying the rules of church,
which was to attend all rituals and pay taxes, you were believed to be spending your afterlife in heaven and eternity. In contrast, if one was to
commit any sins you were sent to hell as punishment. Purgatory is in between heaven and hell. This was believed to take place when you committed
a sin but God gave you a chance to still go to heaven. There, you would pay for your sins before entering

Medieval Gender Roles In The Middle Ages
By any metric, the middle ages in Europe was not an egalitarian society. Gender roles were heavily ingrained in the culture, with men meant to have
aggressive masculine traits, and women to have fragile feminine traits.The practice of minting coins was perfected by Roman Emperors such as
Augustus, Vespasian, and Diocletian, and as many Roman customs did, it became adopted by medieval kings, particularlyAnglo–Saxons ones. The
minting of coins not only served as a way to facilitate the exchange of goods and services, but they also were political tools utilised by leaders.
Cynethryth, Queen of Mercia and Wife of Offa the Great, was the only Anglo–Saxon Queen we know of who issued her own coinage1. This not only
has implications for the political eptitude of Cynethryth, but also has significance to understanding of medieval gender roles and how women in power
operated and exercised authority.
To properly understand the insignia on the physical coin, it is first important to understand the historical background. From the arrival of the Germanic
peoples collectively known as the Anglo Saxons to the invasion of William of Normandy, the political system in Great Britain was primarily divided
into seven different Kingdoms called the Heptarchy("hept" meaning seven and "archy" meaning rule)2. These Kingdoms were Wessex, East Anglia,
Northumbria, Sussex, Mercia, Kent, and Essex. The Mercian border fluctuated over time, but it was generally in power over the modern day midland
region

Alfred The Great Battle Against The Vikings
Alfred the Great came to power following the death of his brother, King AEthelred, who died five years into his rule. Alfred and AEthelred had been
under joint rule together on account of Alfred's superiority to his brother. Alfred has been known as the Christian king in England who took on the
great threat posed by the Vikings. He has been described as "violent", "victorious in almost all battles", and like a "wild boar".Alfred the Great's'
attempts to defeat the Vikings were both successful and unsuccessful; peace was made but later lost and many casualties occurred on both sides. The
battles between Alfred and the Vikings that demonstrate his responses to the Viking threat are the Battle of Ashdown, Alfred's battles at sea, and the
Battle ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
AEthelred had been in prayer and could not join Alfred until he had finished, so Alfred was forced to fight their enemies himself. It was during this
battle that the Vikings took a few severe hits. "One of the two kings of the Pagans and five of their counts were slain and many thousands on the Pagan
side fell, slaughtered in that place – dispersed over the entire breadth of the flat countryside of Ashdown." Although Alfred had diminished Viking
strength, they still took victory when "another army of Pagans came from lands overseas and joined itself to the [enemy] company." The war between
the Vikings and the Christians carried on as victories did not remain constant. Alfred had been successful when advancing on his enemies, however, the
playing field had not been equal as the Vikings position for battle had been on higher grounds than that of the Christians. In addition, fourteen days
went by during this battle in which the Christians were in control of the Vikings and believed they would win. This confidence surely contributed to
their loss, as the Vikings brought in manpower from overseas. Comprehensively, the Battle of Ashdown was not one of success for Alfred the Great,
nonetheless he did gain victory during some of his battles at

Aethelred The Unready Research Paper
According to Campbell, the decline of the Anglo–Saxon estate followed the death of King Edgar. Aethelred, otherwise known as "Aethelred the
Unready" began his disastrous 37 year long reign in 979 (Campbell,193). The new viking invaders were very different than the last because of their ties
to the Danish royal government and were considered" the most formidable enemy [Aethelred] had encountered" (Campbell,194).The vikings obtained
success over England through rest, shelter, and supplies in Normandy but, Aethelred sought to destroy those advantages through a treaty with the duke
of Normandy in 991. Although at the time the treaty was a good idea it did come with later consequences. In 991 the Battle of Maldon took place in
which the Anglo–Saxons

Meryl Alab Essay
Meryl Alab, an eight–year–old, has an average weight of 50 pounds and an average height at 50 inches (CDC 2010). She is on track for a normal
physical development, avoiding precocious puberty (Gade 2017a). Meryl lost her mother and younger sister to a car accident; her older brother died
at birth. Her dad is a construction worker; he is not home most of the day and had left Meryl under the care of an apathetic babysitter in her first few
years of life. At three years, old, Meryl moved in with her grandma, who became her primary caregiver. Knowing this about to Meryl, we applied
developmental psychology theories to further understand her mental capacity, particularly in regard to her identity, cognition, attachment, and morality.
Then, we tested her to determine her current development stage with respect to Piaget's development theory. We also took the opportunity to propose
methods that can help accelerate Meryl's life. Erik Erikson's theory on human development provides the first insight into Meryl's identity. Erikson's
theory divides the life of a person into eight stages of conflict; the outcome in each determine a trait of the person (Sharkey 1997). In Trust vs.
Mistrust, Meryl did not get appropriate comfort fulfillment from her father or her babysitter; mistrust won and is seen in Meryl's... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
Currently at eight, Meryl has gone through the sensorimotor stage and the preoperational stage (Gade 2017b). In the first stage, Meryl gained object
permanence and a sense of self, allowing her to understand an object's existence while out of sight and to groom herself in the mirror, respectively. In
the preoperational stage, pretended flight with her model planes while decreasing her dialogue with dolls and house plants, overcoming animism. Her
ability to represent the world symbolically vastly expanded was probably concurrent with the period in which Meryl's grandma described as being
pestered by Meryl's

Alfred The Great Personality
King Alfred the Great (reign 871–899) K ing Alfred the Great was born in 849 at Wantage, Berkshire, currently Oxfordshire. He was the fifth son of
Aethelwulf, who was the king of the West Saxons. In 871 Alfred defended England from the Danish invasion, with that he founded the first navy.
Also in 871, he succeeded his Brother Aethelred and became king. King Alfred was married with Ealhswith and they had five children. His son
Edward I succeeded him after Alfred's dead on October 5, 899. Quote: He was superior to all his brothers .. both in wisdom and in all good habits, and
furthermore because he was warlike beyond measure and victorious in almost all battles' – Asser's Life of Alfred, 893 AD King Edward the Elder a.k.a.
Edward I (reign 899–924) E dward the Elder was born in 874 at Wantage, Berkshire. He was the third child of King Alfred the Great and Ealhswith
of Mercia. He became king after his father's dead in 899. Edward was married three times. First with Ecgywn, second with Elfleda and third with
Edgiva. He had 14 children in total. He reconquered land from the Danes in 913. He captures the Southeast of England and the midlands. With some
help of his sister Aethflelda, he could unite Wessex, Essex and Mercia. In 920 he conqueres East Anglia from the Danes, and his
... Show more content
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He was the son of John of Gaunt and Blanche of Lancaster. In 1389 he was banished by Richard II, but he came back in 1399 to claim his throne.
He was crowned in Westminster Abbey. The parliament accepted him as a king. He knew poet Geoffrey Chaucer, who almost finished the
Canterbury Tales which was never finished, because he died before he could finish it. Henry was married two times. First with Mary de Bohun and
second with Joan of Navarre. He has a total of seven children. King Henry got sick in 1405, his son helped him with reigning. In 1413 King Henry
died in the Jerusalem room in Westminster Abbey. He was totally

How Did The Vikings Affect Society
Vikings,also known as Norseman or Northman, were members of the Scandinavian seafaring warriors who raided and colonized wide areas of Europe
from the 9th to the 11th century. And whose disruptive influence profoundly affected European history. These Pagan Danish, Norwegian, and Swedish
warriors were probably forced to undertake their raids by a combination of factors ranging from overpopulation at home to the relative helpless of
victims abroad.
The Vikings were made up of land owning chiefs and clan heads, their retainers, freeman, and young energetic members who sought adventure and
treasures overseas. At home they were independent farmers but at sea they were independent farmers but at sea they were raiders and pillagers.
During the Viking period the Scandinavian countries seem to have possessed a practically inexhaustible surplus of man power, and leaders of ability,
who could organize warriors into conquering bands and armies, were seldom lacking. These bands would negotiate the seas in their long ships and
mount hit–and–run raids of cities and towns along the coasts of Europe. Their burning, plundering, and killing earned them the name Viking which
means "pirate" in early Scandinavian language. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
They conquered ancient kingdoms of east Anglia and Northumbria and reduced Mercia to a fraction of it's former size. But they were unable to
subdue the Wessex of Alfred the great, which caused a truce in 878, which became the basis of a treaty in or after 886. It was soon broken when
fresh armies of Vikings came from 892 to 899, when Alfred was finally victorious over the Vikings, the so little broken Wessex caused Alfred's son
Edward the elder was able to reconquer Danish England. The Viking raids began again in 980 after Edward's death in 924, but it ended and peace was
restored in 1042, and the Viking threat

Research Paper On Beowulf
The Anglo–Saxon period stretched for over six hundred years, 410 to 1066. This period is often referred to as the Dark Ages because the written
documents from this era have become scarce. This period was a time of war, separation of kingdoms, and religious conversions. The Anglo–Saxon's
were a group of people descending from the German regions of Angeln and Saxon. They cultivated Britain after the great fall of the Roman Empire
around AD 410.
`As the Anglo–Saxon's settled in, the Jutes and the Frisians from Denmark were also settling in the British Isles, but the Anglo–Saxon settlers set their
rules and became their own masters in a new land. Throughout the period the Anglo–Saxon's broke off into seven known kingdoms: Kent, Mercia,
Northumbria, East Anglia, Essex, Sussex, and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Around 850 the seven kingdoms consolidated into three kingdoms: Northumbria, Mercia, and Wessex. Many Roman ways in their past culture were set
aside in their new culture; they replaced the Roman stone buildings with their own wooden ones, and spoke their own language, which gave rise to the
modern English spoken today. Although many spoke in different dialects, which over time became known as Old English. Famous literature emerged
in this era: the poem Beowulf and the Anglo–Saxon Chronicle, which both cover events in the early history of England.
The Anglo–Saxon's followed their own religious beliefs until the arrival of Saint Augustine in AD 597, which lead to the conversion of Christianity.
This period was very religious and Christianity flourished throughout the Kingdoms. The social order of the Anglo–Saxon's had four tiers: kings,
thanes, churls, and slaves. The kings ruled over the kingdoms and were always on top. Thanes were very powerful men who reported to the king, and
also had influence on the king. Thanes could also own land. Below the

Edward The Elder Research Paper
Very little is known about Edward the Elder's childhood. His exact birth is unknown, but some say it was around 871 A.D. in Wessex. He was the
son of King Alfred the Great and Ealhswith of Mercia. He was educated at court and his father trained him to be a warrior. Edward the Elder was
married 3 times and had fourteen children.
Edward the Elder became King in 899 A.D. when his father King Alfred died. He was crowned King on June 8, 900 A.D. He reigned as King from
900 A.D. to 924 A.D. After King Alfred's death, a rebellion broke out against Edward the Elder. His cousin Aethelwold did not support Edward as
King and he looked to The Norse Kingdom of York as an ally. Aethelwold and his allies attacked Mercia and Wessex and he was killed at the Battle of
Holme. Edward continued to expand his territory and made peace with the north by 909 A.D. Along with Mercia, his armies raided the northwest the
following year. The West–Saxons and the Mercians defeated the Northern Vikings. Edward the Elder then focused on conquering the Danes. Along
with his sister, Lady Aethelflaed of Mercia, Edward the Elder continued to push the boundaries of Wessex and Mercia northward. They achieved this
with a military strategy using defensive burghs created by their father. After Aethelflaed died in 918 A.D., King... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
He used the Burghal Defense started by his father, to conquer lands and accomplish this. He built new burghs and extended the ones that his father put
in place. When he died, he had the most powerful kingdom in the British Isles. Edward the Elder expanded modern English territory by using his
military strategies to bring Danelaw and South of the Humber River back under English control. After he died, Edward's son Athelstan took control of
Northumbria and continued his father's plan to unite England and expand English territory. Edward the Elder was largely responsible for a unified
modern day

Our Lady's role in the Ballad of the White Horse
1. Our Lady's role in the Ballad of the White Horse as portrayed in books I, II, and VII. King Alfred of Wessex, ruler of southern England in
ninth–century, is the main character in G.K. Chesterton's compelling poem, The Ballad of the White Horse. During a time when the pagan Danes
threaten to destroy the societal values Western Europeans had spent centuries building, Alfred, his chiefs, and his Christian armies receive inspiration
to continue the battle for Christendom from Our Lady. For though Alfred and his armies strive to win the earthly battle with the Danes, they must also
overcome the spiritual battle: abandoning the attitudes of doubt and despair, in order that they might trust in God for the strength Alfred's... Show more
Chesterton, The Ballad of the White Horse, Seton Literary Classics, Front Royal, Virginia. 2011. (I:137–145) all subsequent references will be
parenthesized in the text. reveals herself to him through the nature on the island, which becomes more and more beautiful before his eyes. As she
stands by the river in the tall grass before him, Alfred observes that the "very colors of her coat [are] better than good news," and proceeds to
question her on the outcome of his conflict with the Danes. Our Lady, however, warns Alfred that Christians must not attempt to predict their future
as the pagans do. In contrast, those who are strengthened by the Blood of Christ are to whatever danger lies before them. Furthermore, she gives
him no optimistic view of the future, and, in fact, declares that the "sky shall grow darker yet," and the "sea rise higher." And, although she gives
him no hope of earthly victory, she does remind him that the gates of heaven are open to all; that anyone can look forward to eternal happiness with
God. Henceforth, a newly transformed Alfred adopts a new attitude in place of the sorrow and despair he encountered earlier. Now filled with
unfounded joy and a faith in the absence of hope, he is intent on winning the spiritual battle, even if he never defeats the Danes. Despair and
hopelessness are

The Last Kingdom Character Analysis
The Last Kingdom, written by Bernard Cornwell, is a novel following a young Anglo–Saxon boy named Uhtred through his journey of growing up as a
dane after being taken in a battle. When Uhtred is seven years old Danes come to where he lives,Bebbanburg, and kill his brother. Since he is next in
line to own and rule Bebbanburg, his father takes him into battle against the danes. However, when Uhtred sees the man that killed his brother, he
charges into battle and meets someone that would shape him into being the man he will become. After his father is killed in the battle, the man who
killed his brothers takes him back and raises him as a son due to his courageous behaviors at the battle. The influence the Danish culture had on Uhtred
at such a young age is more than prevalent through his actions and thoughts in the book. Although he was born and Anglo–Saxon, Uhtred displays
traits of a Dane. Throughout the book, it was easy to see Uhtred was exceptionally hardworking. He displayed this characteristic when he was faced
with many difficult tasks. An example of this is, "Rorik and I helped make the pit in the clearing. We axed through tree roots, shoveled out earth, and
still Ragnar wanted it deeper"(59). Even Though Uhtred might not have enjoyed all of the manual labor, he completed the task that was his
responsibility as a dane. Uhtreds unwavering desire to become a fearsome Dane encouraged him to execute whatever was asked of him. Another
instance where Uhtred is hard working

How Did The Vikings Affect Anglo Saxon Society
The early viking raids of the 790s did not have much of an effect on Anglo–Saxon society. It was the arrival of the 'Great Army' in 865 which led to
various economic and linguistic changes to the world of the Anglo–Saxons. Kingship was also altered, as the ancient kingdoms were transformed into
the Danelaw and the Kingdom of Wessex, later England. The extent of the Viking's influence on these changes will be discussed, and the changes the
Anglo–Saxons caused to Viking settlement will also be considered.
The invading Viking forces caused changes to Anglo–Saxon kingship, including the eventual formation of an 'English Kingdom.' The Great Army of
865 was led by Ivarr the Boneless and Halfdan, sons of Ragnar Lothbrok, and landed in East Anglia before turning north to Northumbria. Conquering
York was not enough for these ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The spread of Scandinavian settlement across the North and East of England is evidenced by place names. Those with Scandinavian origin are spread
across the Danelaw, and many are still present today. Arguably, however, the linguistic impact of the Vikings was not transformative, as Old Norse and
Anglo–Saxon were similar languages. Alternatively, this may have proved useful, as traders would have experienced little difficulty in moving across
the border between the Danelaw and the 'English.' The impact of the Vikings on linguistic elements of Anglo–Saxon society is still questionable, as the
term 'Danelaw' was not coined until c.1008, and there is little evidence to suggest any Scandinavian origin. The identity of groups, which is often
collectively seen through language in the modern period, was also not transformed due to the Viking raids. Angles and Saxons, Northumbrians and
Mercians, were still identified within these groups, despite their collective 'English' language, and Vikings who settled south of the Danelaw were not
always identified as

The Viking Age : An Invention Of The Romantic Era
The Scandinavian Vikings – in contemporary sources known as "Northmen," "heathens," or "foreigners" – are imagined as rough, wild and unkempt
men in horned helmets, plundering, pillaging and raping in early medieval Europe (Somerville & McDonald 2014; xv). However, this image of a
wild, barbarian nation which is popular in modern fiction, TV–shows and movies, is far from true. The horned helmets are an invention of the
Romantic era in the nineteenth century and the Vikings were more than raiders and were renowned merchants, seaman, explorers, mercenaries and
poets (Somerville & McDonald 2014; xv–xvi). The Viking Age is considered to have begun in the late eighth century, when the Scandinavian raids in
Western Europe started (Somerville &... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This resulted in a period of unrest.
In Anglo–Saxon England, the kingdom of Mercia rose to power when two kings of stabilized kingdoms were removed and one took the power: King
Offa (Keynes in McKitterick 1995; 28). So we see stabilized kingdoms and the growing power of Mercia as the kings of Wessex and Kent were
removed. In the Carolingian empire, there were definitely periods of political unrest; after the conflict between Louis the Pious and his sons for
example (Middleton 2015; 151). However, this period of political weakness and unrest in the Carolingian empire was not contemporary with the
earliest Viking raids. The first Viking raids started by the end of the eighth century, whenCharlemagne ruled the Carolingian empire and when the king
of Mercia ruled a stabilized kingdom in Anglo–Saxon England: 'The earliest recorded Viking raids were paradoxically contemporary with the existence
of strong hegemonic powers in both Anglo–Saxon England (Offa's Mercia) and continental Europe (Charlemagne's Frankish Empire), (Barret 2008;
678). This shows that the Vikings did not start raiding Anglo–Saxon England and the Carolingian empire to profit from the political unrest and
weaknesses in these regions. In later raids, political unrest may have been a reason for the Vikings to raid, however,

Strengths And Weaknesses Of The Vikings
The strengths of the Vikings surely was the most significant factor in enabling them to be successful in terms of their strategies and tactics. Their
strategies for example included the 'Great Army' which consisted of small forces therefore allowing them to use the element of surprise to their
advantage and so raid completely undetected. They first gathered in East Anglia (866/7) and were skillfully able to live of this land by taking horses
and supplies from the locals. The success of these Great Armies is clearly represented by their ability to destroy 3 kingdoms including Northumbria,
Mercia and East Anglia. The Great Army was certainly key as it was believed to have been able to 'dramatically change the political and demographic...
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Metalwork also provides evidence as traces of Scandinavian style objects found in England. This for example includes jewellery, a snake pendant had
been found in Norfolk which would have been worn by a woman therefore suggesting female Viking presence in England and so supports the success of
the Vikings to even migrate their own people over from Scandinavian lands. This was therefore the most important reason for the success of the Vikings
as such strengths remained continuous and evident throughout their entire raiding and campaigning period.
On the other hand, the weaknesses of the Anglo–Saxons needs to be considered in terms of its contribution towards the success of the Vikings with this
particularly being centred around King AEthelred. This particular alternative factor is noteworthy as AEthelred's reign (978–1013) was characterised
by the return of Viking raids in Britain. His mistakes are particularly significant due to the expectations of him to live up to the reputation of King
Alfred the Great and his success against the Viking threat at the battle of the Edington (878) and through the Treaty of Alfred and Guthrum.
Reference to AEthelred as being "the unready" already allows us to have some idea of his abilities as king. Firstly, one particularly unsuccessful
strategy he took on involved Vikings being employed as mercenaries which started in 994 and also involved a pledge of loyalty in exchange for gifts
(including both land

Alfred Of Alfred The Great
If you have any general knowledge about Alfred the Great, you already know he main accomplishment of bringing peace to his kingdom for many
years. In do so, he has earned the title Alfred the Great but gaining such a title isn't just that easy. In a way maintaining peace isn't really that hard to do
if you have the recourses. You would have to accomplished the near impossible and then some. How didAlfred the Great really show that people that
he was so great? It was enough to be the only Anglo–Saxon king to ever be called the great in the history of England. Also was good enough to
become the ruler of more than just, Wessex. He leadsMercia into his great victory also. In my essay, I will describe many events of Alfred. I will also
show how those events earned him the title the great.
According to historians, they believe that Alfred had suffered from crohns disease. We only know what historians have been able to gather up since
the evidence of Alfred's body remain a mystery today. Even if we could find his remains, crohns would not be detectable in his bones since it does not
get absorbed through ossification. Of course, the only evidence of Alfred the great told through his trusted scribe Asser. Asser documented all of
Alfred's life but it is still a little hazy on how honest his writings were. Still Alfred's accomplishments showed and Assers writings just helped support
the facts archeologist and historians were able to find. King Alfred had three brothers ahead of

The Book Thief Chapter Analysis
Hansel's Eyes Continued It was a cloudy, foggy, damp night when Hansel and Gretel decided to take off. They didn't like it at home and they knew
Hagmom wanted them gone. They also knew she hypnotized their father and now he wanted them gone too. Gretel packed some clothes like
jackets,pants, sweatshirts and shoes in one bag while Hansel packed another bag with water, food, a compass, a map, toothbrushes and toothpaste,
and other necessary things. When Hansel and Gretel got outside, they started leaving they heard someone talking on the other side of the castle. They
knew it was Hagmom, they could tell it was her because they knew the sound of her evil voice. Hansel peaked his head over the side wall and saw
something big appear. He looked... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
She's right behind me," Hansel shouted loudly to the others. No one heard Hansel screaming because once he got back everyone was just
lounging around. They were in their appointed spots, but they weren't paying attention and weren't focused on the main goal; to kill Hagmom.
Hansel didn't want to get hurt so, he grabbed a weapon and took cover. Hagmom swooped in and made a huge ring of fire around everyone. Barely,
anyone seemed to care because they were just sitting back relaxing. " Hey guys, have you noticed you might die," Hansel yelled out. Everyone
looked up and saw the ring of fire. They tried to save themselves, but Hagmom was already there. Gretel ran over to Hansel for help. He pushed her
behind him and ran after Hagmom. The other seven saw what Hansel was doing so they ran behind to help. It was too late, by the time the others
tried to help him Hagmom had already gotten Hansel. She left without causing any more damage, but the damage was already done to the eight left
behind. " None of this would've happened if we were paying attention. We should've had Hansel's back, but we didn't and now he's gone." Gretel said
starting to cry. " I'm really sorry. We should've been paying attention and focused on one thing and we weren't we just goofed off," Dopey

Women In Queen Elizabeth I : The Virgin Queen
When the Roman Legions left Great Britain in the 5th Century CE, they left behind different architectural and sociopolitical legacies, including a rigid
set of barriers to women achieving political power. Regardless of their social status, women were not expected to wield any civic or bureaucratic
authority. Women of nobility did, however, have an important role to play in the maintenance of the political stability and continuation of the state,
primarily though having children. There was a dichotomy of acceptable promiscuity, with women either having one partner to bear children with, or
being completely abstinent (usually with the expectation of a life of religious devotion). It can be argued the obsession with chastity and purity can be
seen even in modern British Culture, as Queen Elizabeth I was often called "The Virgin Queen". A fixation on women remaining within the bounds of
the social order points to a patriarchal social system, which was prevalent not just in Anglo–Saxon Britain, but throughout all of Medieval Europe. It
would, however, be a mistake to ignore the instances of women breaking the social stigma around power, and finding ways to ascend to positions of
political authority. One such instance of this phenomenon would be Cynethryth, Queen of Mercia and Wife of Offa the Great, and her utilization of
minting her own coinage. The practice of minting coins was perfected by Roman Emperors such as Augustus, Vespasian, and Diocletian, and as many
Roman customs

Bernie Sanders Research Paper
Bernard "Bernie" Sanders, a Defender of the People
"The test of our progress is not whether we add more to the abundance of those who have much; it is whether we provide enough for those who have
little." said Franklin D. Roosevelt in his second inaugural address. Today, social inequality is highly apparent and many of theUnited States' political
candidates are unable to do anything to resolve it. Bernard "Bernie" Sanders, a democratic socialist, is the best candidate to resolve social inequality
along with other problems the nation has today. Bernie Sanders has proven himself to be a defender of the people with his stance for social inequality
and his plans on reforming the nation. Undoubtedly Bernie Sanders' stance on social inequality ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In brief, Bernie Sanders' opinion on social equality and his proposals to reform the United States prove that he is a defender of the people. As
Franklin Roosevelt said in his second inaugural address, the government has the responsibility of ensuring that those who have little are supported for
and Sanders is one of the only presidential candidates who knows how important every citizen is to the success of the

Aethelflaed King Alfred The Great
Blood and screams; the heart of the battlefield. The streets are running with blood, blood of the foolish Vikings who thought they could attack the
city of Chester. Who was the mastermind behind this strategic victory? Some may not know who she was, but her name was Aethelflaed, Lady of
the Mercians. She was the daughter of King Alfred the Great and sister to King Edward the Elder. Born in about 869 and married at 16 years to
secure an alliance to the Wessex Kingdom, she rose to a magnanimous position of power. She fought back the foreign invaders with her husband and
later, her brother. Aethelflaed defended her people by building fortifications, conquering opposing armies, and creating alliances with other nations; she
deserves to be remembered. Sequentially after driving back foreign invaders, she would order the building of burhs, much like her father had. In 907,
she and her husband rebuilt the city... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Together with her husband, they took land from the Danes (Johnson, Web). They also destroyed the Norse army which attempted to take the city
of Chester in 905 (East of England Broadband Network, Web). After her husband fell ill and died in 911, she formed an alliance with her brother,
King Edward the Elder (Sawyer 69). The siblings worked together and were said to be of equal status (Malsmebury 123). Thereafter, she raided
Danish East Angelia and brought back the body of St. Oswald (East of England Broadband Network, Web). Over the following years, the alliance
between the brother and sister continued to drive the Danes out of central and southern England. She engaged them in Wales in 916 and 917, after the
murder of an Abbot and his companions. Then, she moved north to Derby and Leicester, successfully sieging the towns. By late 918, Aethelflaed had
reached the River Humber, and had managed to persuade the city of York to form an alliance with her (Johnson,

King Alfred Research Paper
King Alfred of Wessex was probably the best known of all "Anglo–Saxon rulers". And Alfred's reputation still stands high with historians, though few
would now want to follow following, claiming him as 'the most perfect character in history.'
Alfred is someone who has had greatness thrust upon him. How and why did he acquire his glowing reputation, and how does it stand up today? There
can be no doubt that Alfred's reign was significant, both for the direction of the country's development and the fortunes of his descendants. Alfred was
the only surviving Anglo–Saxon province. Alfred nearly succumbed to the Vikings, but kept his nerve and won a decisive victory at the battle of
Edington in 879. He then paved the way for the future unity of England, who conquered the remaining areas held by the Vikings in the east and north,
so that by the mid–tenth century, the England we are familiar with, was ruled as one country for the first time. Alfred studied, and even translated from
Latin into Old English, certain works that were regarded as "most necessary for all men to know". Alfred also tried to put these principles into practice,
for instance, he became convinced that those in authority in church or ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
One could say that Alfred asserted the positive, and ignored those elements of ruthless, dictator–like behavior which any king needed to survive in the
ninth–century. Alfred did what other kings as himself during that time could not risk to do or afford for his own country/nation, which was to be a
fair and just and show kindness to almost everyone in his domain. As a pious king with an interest in promoting the use of English, Alfred was an
ideal figure for emerging English at a Protestant Church. It was from this period that "Alfred" became favoured as a Christian name at all levels of
society in that time

King Alfred the Great as One of the Greatest Rulers of...
King Alfred the Great as One of the Greatest Rulers of English History King Alfred the Great can, in many ways, be considered one of the greatest
rulers of England. His defeat of the Danes, unification of England, many successful reforms and insistence upon the restoration of ecclesiastical
culture are the result of his superior leadership and command. The epithet, "The Great," attached to his name by writers of the sixteenth century and
given to no other English king is another reflection of the kind of ruler he was.1 A twelfth century writer notes the prestige that was given to Alfred
when he wrote, He reigned for twenty and eight years; there are few such men living: for he was wise and a good... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
In 853 he played his first role in politics and diplomacy. At the age of four, Alfred was sent to Rome by his father to represent him at a papal court.
Even at such a young age, Alfred was taking part in the politics of his country. At four years old Alfred took part in a legal ceremony at his father's
court and at age five he was a witness to a series of charters given to churches by his father.4 Alfred took part in many of the political activities in his
father's court. Because of Alfred's active role in the diplomacy of his father's kingdom, he had a different education than one would expect a future king
to have. He spent his youth taking part in his father's court and hunting. Through his hunting, he learned the land of his father's kingdom, which would
become an advantage against the Viking invaders during his reign.5 Alfred did not have a literate education as a young boy. He remained illiterate in
Anglo–Saxon until his teen years and in Latin until much later in his life.6 However, his literacy made no difference in his ability to lead a country
against attack. As the fourth son of a king, it is quite an oddity that Alfred took the throne in 871. However, with the deaths of all of his brothers,
Alfred was able to lead his kingdom to victory over the Vikings. At a battle in 878 against the Viking leader Guthrum Alfred was able to defeat the
Vikings

Nation By Terry Pratchett
Nation, Summer Reading Questions
What are the details that are important from the creation myth? A myth involving creation is often constructed to explain the coming of life, beliefs,
and surroundings. The story, Nation by Terry Pratchett, begins with a creation myth that Mau's people have invested their time in. This tale has been
told for generation after generation. In addition, it has also started the structure for a religion and culture. Certain objects that can be identified in the
introduction, are objects that the islanders are familiar with. This is due to the fact that the inhabitants of the island needed a simple answer for their
existence. The result, was simply to create a being of higher value, named Imo. He was the sound

King Alfred The Great Research Paper
King Alfred of Wessex is one of the few to be known as "great". He was a successful warrior, which eventually brought peace to his people. He
placed emphasis on education and improved laws and the legal system. King Alfred improved the living standard of his people. Alfred's Christian
ideals guided him to be a generous monarch. He believed he was entrusted by God to have a genuine responsibility to his country. (Woodcock)
Alfred was born in 849 in the town of Wantage, in central southernEngland. He was the youngest of King Ethelwulf's 4 sons. He also had a younger
sister. Alfred was a sickly child. At the age of 4, he accompanied his Father to Rome. He spent time with the Pope Leo IV. The Pope awarded him with
a spiritual ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Over the years since the 830s, the Vikings had started attacking England. They continued their persistent attempts to invade and had gained control of
much of the north and east of the country. Alfred led his military in protecting the people and defending his kingdom . Some attacks were lost and
some won. Alfred would sometime pay the Danish armies to leave.
In 878 the Vikings led by King Guthrum, invaded Wessex. King Alfred openly fought with his men and they eventually defeated Guthrum. One of the
terms of the surrender was that Guthrum convert to Christianity. (Alfred the Great) Guthrum was baptized. The country was divided into two regions.
Guthrum settled in the East. With this agreement, there was a time when there was peace.
King Alfred used this time to rebuild. He organized a system of burhs or forts spread across his kingdom. This system made it difficult for Viking
attacks. Alfred also ordered the construction of a small fleet of long ships, twice the size of a Viking warship. (Alfred the Great) He felt having these
ships was a better way to fight the Vikings. He would meet them head on in the water instead of allowing them to reach land. He is credited with being
known as the founder of the Royal

Edward the Confessor as a Failure Essay
Edward the Confessor as a Failure During Edward's the Confessor's reign from 1042–1066, Edward faced many problems. According to Stafford, some
of the problems had no obvious solutions. Some historians argue that Edward was a failure as he was unable to deal with the power of the Godwine,
and was even less successful with the power of Harold and thirdly, he was unable to solve the problem of the succession issue according to Barlow as
he shows that there were no contemporary sources that show Edward dealing with the succession, in the latter part of his reign. Evidence shown from
historians that Edward had an inconsistent policy towards the succession issue. The Norman sources and English sources... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
This shows Edward as a successful as he defended his kingdom from Swein invading. There is also evidence from Barlow that "Edward always
took command whenever possible of an invasion. Edward provides training of his navy and he gave it leadership when danger threatened."
According to Barlow, Edward was able to deal with the foreign policy going worse. Edward was able to stop William from forming an alliance
with Flanders. The reason why he does this was because then that would mean they would share maritime power, meaning that they could help
Swein, Magnus or Harold Hardrada from invading England. Edward forms an alliance with William, meaning that William will not be able to form
an alliance with Flanders. Therefore this shows that Edward was a success as he was defending his kingdom from any external enemies. This view of
Edward is agreed by other historians such as the Vita, ASC and Ailred. Also according to Snorri Sturluson he says that Edward was 'nicknamed
Edward the Good, which describes him wellГўв‚¬В¦By the English he is regarded as a saint." According to Barlow, Edward had no ambition to widen
his empire his policy towards Scotland and Wales, like his Scandinavian policy, was purely defensive. Schama supports this view as he mentions that
Edward was concerned with defending western borders of Mercia and Wessex against expansion of the Welsh princes. Due to all these historians

Personal Narrative Essay On Beowulf
I am Kade of Lindsey and, though I am a peaceful man not often prone to violence, I must go to war today. Under nearly any other circumstances I
would stay home and away from the abomination of Anglo–Saxon battle. The rage of war doesn't very well suit me, however I will gladly fight against
the creatons of Mercia I am not entirely sure why this feud has broken out nor do I care, honestly. I am going to war with Mercia solely because
the true love of my life has left me for a Mercian. For quite some time, I was too heartbroken and depressed to attempt to do anything about this and
now it is seemingly too late. It seems that she has now completely moved on from me and taken my heart and its contents with her. Despite this, I
am now ready to fight just for the chance to spill his blood. I can easily defeat him on the field of battle as I am much larger and a great deal stronger
than he. That is what infuriates me most, I believe. For all my might, intelligence, and prowess, I still cannot win back her heart from this poor scrawny
man. I normally carry... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
I can hear my heart beating through the thick blanket of heaving breaths. I cannot help but wonder if I will hear that sound much longer. For the
first time I consider the thought that I could easily be killed before I even find the one I'm here for. The Mercians have come to face us. We
prepare to charge when the order comes. I say a swift prayer for protection and victory. The call comes, though I barely hear it through the piercing
sound of my own ears ringing. It takes my mind a moment to process that it is time to charge so I am behind at the jump. As I sprint off into battle,
I get boxed in by warriors slower than myself. People are being impaled around me as I weave through stampeding bodies, searching for my target.
Cries of agony and thrill are unceasingly filling the air accompanied by the sounds of metal striking metal and spears forcing their way through weaker

Coming to Vinland
By 879 AD, Guthrum's remaining army left Wessex, some following him to his Kingdom and some leaving to life a more settled life in Northumbria
in York. Some assembled on the Thames to form a new army to return to the European continent to begin new campaigns and take advantage of the
political turmoil in Francia with the death of King Charles the Bald (Charles II) in 877 AD. Although with the treaty in place between King Alfred of
Wessex and King Guthrum of the Danelaw, Alfred was saved any major conflicts but still had to deal with the occasional Viking raid here and there
upon his kingdom. Alfred had reorganized his army, rebuilt and built new defenses around the countryside and a navy. Peace between the Danelaw and
Wessex continued until in 884 AD, when King Guthrum of the Danelaw attacked Wessex. Alfred defeated him and made a peace agreement that was
outlined in the Treaty of Alfred and Guthrum. This peace treaty formally drew the boundaries of the Danelaw and allowed for Danish self–rule in that
region. In November 885 AD, a Viking named Rollo (HrГіlfr, possibly Ganger Hrolf (Hrolf the Walker)) was one of the lesser leaders of the Viking
fleet which besieged Paris under the leadership of Sigfred. The Vikings initially demanded a ransom, but the Count of Paris, Odo denied it to them,
even though he could only muster a few hundred soldiers to defend the city. However, even though the Vikings used a variety siege engines, they failed
to breach the Parisian Walls.

Beowulf Figurative Language Essay
Although the Middle Ages are set to start at around 500 AD, the first written evidence of Old English only dates to C7. It is a collection of religious
hymns by CГ¦dmon VERWEIS Hogg Vol. I S. 463, which was composed in 660/ 670. Other written testimony of the Old English language appears a
century later. These texts are for instance tribal laws of the Jutes, glossaries or official documents. Other works of the time are mostly elegies, (biblical)
poetry, homilies and riddles.
One of the most well–known poems is Beowulf. It is an epic poem, written in alliterative long lines, where the third syllable determines the
alliteration. Each line usually has four stresses, which divides them into two half lines. The fourth syllable does not alliterate on purpose. The epic
poem is full of kennings (a compound of figurative language; a metaphor circumscribing a single word) like the name of the hero himself: Beowulf
probably relates to 'bee wolf', meaning a bear or, in this case, a man of incredible strength. It is curious that Beowulf should be the English national ...
Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The first recorded planned raid was in 793 on the monastery on Lindisfarne in Northumbria. In lC9 a group of Viking leaders tried to conquerEngland.
Since most of the English kingdoms were in a turmoil, the Vikings managed to seize a great portion of the land, stretching from Northumbria to
London, covering half of Mercia. King Alfred of Wessex, however, they could not defeat and were beaten by him at the Battle of Edington in 878. A
treaty was negotiated (the Treaty of Wedmore), that recognized the Viking territory as the so
–called Danelaw. Of course, conflicts did not cease at
once, and Alfred and his successors were eventually able to reclaim

King Alfred the Great Essay
King Alfred the Great
King Alfred the Great was born at Wantage, in 849, on a royal manor of his father's holding, a family estate which long afterward he himself would
leave in legacy to his wife. Alfred was the youngest of five children, four sons and a daughter, born to Ethelwulf by his wife Osburh. When Alfred
was four years old, his father, the king, who by now had long despaired of getting to Rome in the present state of things, decided to send Alfred there,
to at least receive the blessing of the Holy Father. The pope at the time, Leo the IV, gave Alfred the blessing to become king. Alfred's time came in the
year mid–April 871, when King Г†thelred died. Only a king of full age could defend the land, and although Г†thelred ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
However, Alfred was not content with being on the defensive. He also attacked the Danish–held City of London in an attempt to diminish the lands
ruled under Dane law (Bruce 4). No Anglo–Saxon king was ever strong enough to coerce a recalcitrant peasantry. Except Alfred who decided to allow
half the men liable for service to remain at home while the other half was out against the Danes (Stenton 261). In order for Alfred to keep peace and
defeat the Danes, he had to win many major battles. On Easter Sunday 878, when King Alfred withdrew into the Isle of Athelney, there was every
likelihood that before the end of the year Wessex would have been divided out among the members of the Danish army. King Alfred made sure that
Wessex would escape that fate. Although Alfred did lose a major battle against the Danes only four years ago, he overcame them in 878 when he
won the Battle of Edington. Alfred showed strong resistance by constantly engaging Danish raiding parties from his base in Athelney. After nearly
seven weeks of strong battles, Alfred was able to begin defeating the Danes (Stenton 253). Along with Alfred's idea of coercing a recalcitrant
peasantry, he had other ways of defeating the Danes as well. Alfred began building warships in order to develop a navy. The ships in which Alfred
built were twice as long as those which they were intended to meet (Stenton 253). These

Cecil B. Demille's The Sign Of The Cross
Cecil B. DeMille's The Sign of The Cross (1932) is not a film that can be labeled with a pro–Christian or anti–Christian message. DeMille does an great
job of presenting the romans and Christians in a realistic manner for the time that movie is set in. Rather than place Christians and Christianity on a
pedestal of holiness, DeMille's depiction of the early Christians shows the audience how they were persecuted by the Romans under the command of
the Emperor Nero. The film begins with Nero standing over the burning city of Rome yelling, "Burn, Rome, Burn!" Rumor spread that Nero himself
set Rome ablaze for his own amusement. To take the blame off himself, he merely declared that it was the Christians who were responsible for the
destruction that rome was undergoing. The emperor, being the god–like figure that he was, had his subjects convinced that the Christians were
responsible for the Great Fire. This is certainly a contrast to the way Christians appear in films today. Today,Christianity is the model by which society
is structured. For this reason, the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Despite the fact that she has mutual feelings for Marcus, she refuses to reciprocate because he is a Roman, and she a Christian. Marcus had his
suspicions about her being a Christian but that did not stop him from pursuing her. He did not care that she was a Christian, someone he is
supposed to arrest and execute. In contrast, Mercia does care that Marcus is not a Christian. His refusal to over look that fact gives insight to how
important it is to her to be a Christian. She even acknowledges to him that she loves him, but she cannot renounce her faith even if it means she must
die in the arena. He, on the hand will declare that he is a Christian if it means he gets to be with Mercia. And so Marcus dies alongside Mercia in the

The Origins Of Beowulf
Perhaps one of the oldest epic poems reflected upon today, Beowulf is an astounding glimpse into the culture and literature surrounding the
Anglo–Saxon period in Northern Europe. Its lines alone account for over ten percent of the literature that has been preserved from this period, making
it an invaluable asset to anyone wishing to delve inside the mind of a medieval poet. Unfortunately, a rather substantial caveat associated with
examining any work as old as Beowulf is the lack of many definitive pieces of information surrounding its creation. Neither the author, nor the exact
date and location of the story's inception, are known. In fact, even the title, Beowulf, was given much later on by editors of the text, since no original
title was recorded. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The oldest copy of the text, which was nearly destroyed in a fire in 1731, was composed of the same West–Saxon dialect that characterized the
majority of Old English Literature. Structural evidence, however, strongly suggests that this manuscript had been translated from an original dialect of
Mercia. This dialect, which was previously common across the present–day Midlands of England, is an essential clue for the poem's origin.
Additionally, the estimations of the period of Beowulf's actual death, along with the earliest known dates that a manuscript likely existed, contribute to
a better understanding of when the open was written.
These pieces of information, along with the strong presence of Christian themes throughout the text, have led to the belief that the poem, which likely
originated from the present day Midlands in England, was written by a single, Christian poet, sometime between 580 A.D. and 1000

The Last Kingdom By Bernard Cornwell's The Last Kingdom
In the eight hundreds, the Anglo Saxons biggest priority was not fighting. They were more content with their ordinary lifestyle and were not looking
for trouble. As portrayed by Bernard Cornwell in the Last Kingdom, the Anglo Saxons had multiple cultural practices and customs. Of the characters,
Alfred is the strongest embodiment of the Anglo Saxon's motivations behind their societal actions and behaviors. Alfred's intelligence, religious
practices, and power, are results of the cultural values of the Anglo Saxons, while his manipulative task emphasizes the importance of maintaining a
legacy. From the instant that Alfred is introduced into The Last Kingdom it is immediately evident that religion plays a crucial role in his cultural
identity. His decisions throughout the novel are heavily influenced by the Christian religion, including its beliefs, customs, restrictions and
punishments. "God, as he went on, was guiding his choice, but now he must talk with me [Uhtred] to see whether God's advice chimed with his own
intuition." (257 Cornwell) While Alfred had his motivations and ideas, he believed God made the ultimate decision in every situation. He even
showed his religion in claiming his title as king, "but Alfred, to his dying day, insisted that the Pope had conferred the succession on him, and so
justified his usurpation of the thrown." (91 Cornwell). Alfred wasn't ashamed of his God and made an effort to practice Christianity even during
negotiations and war, "Alfred

M16CAB Research Investigation
The application of reinforced soil structures for highway infrastructure M16CAB Research Investigation Beghal Rasool (4096005) 2014/2015 Coventry
University Faculty Of Engineering and Computing Department Of Civil Engineering, Architecture and Building Table of Contents 1.0Introduction1 1.1
Basal reinforcement(Embankment)2 1.2 Retaining wall3 2. Method of construction4 2.1 Method of construction for embankment4 2.2 Consideration
failure zone for embankment4 2.3 Method of construction for Retaining wall4 2.4 Consideration of failure modes for Retaining wall4 3. Comparison
criteria4 3.1Advantages of the types of geosynthytic... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Figure2.4.a: Bearing capacity failure for retaining wall Failure principles for retaining walls are similar to those for embankment when bearing
capacity of the foundation is insufficient to carry the load pf soil block and facing wall failure will occur. Sliding out at the base Sliding failure will
occur when the friction between the reinforced soil and sub grade is low and the retaining wall can simply slid side way. Figure2.4.b: Sliding failure.
Overturning Overturning is the most common failure mode for retaining wall. The horizontal earth pressures behind wall exceed the capacity of
geogrid to restrain. The wall will rotate forward pivoting on its base. Figure2.4.c: Overturning failure. Using anchor in retaining wall will help to
reduce the thickness of reinforcement by introducing the anchor which can provide with a good passive resistance. Figure 2.4.d: Anchor used to
provide passive

Offa Rex Religion
Offa Rex
Offa was King of Mercia, a kingdom of Anglo–Saxon England, from 757 until his death in July 796. Historians between the east the west had always
a conflict in defining whether Offa converted to Islam or no. However many details and evidence proves that he was Muslim.
Firstly, the evidence, which supports Offa's conversion, is a coin which is now on display in the British Museum. It is a copy of a gold dinar by the
Abbasid Caliph Al–Mansur, the original of which is dated to 157 AH (AC 774). Along with the Islamic Arabic inscriptions, there is on one side the
Latin inscription "Offa Rex", (Offa reigns). It has been suggested by Dr. A Zahoor that this is proof that Offa wanted to declare publically hisIslam by
making coins with the

Battle Of Brunanburh

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