Kermode Bear Research Paper

Kermode Bear Research Paper
"Raven made one in every ten black bears white to remind the people of a time when glaciers
covered this land."– Tsimshian Lore
In the northwest coast of British Columbia, nestled away in the lungs of our globe lives the
Kermode Bear (Ursus americanus kermodei). Due to its prevalence in British Columbia's First
Nations oral history, the white–phased black bear is also commonly known as the Spirit Bear
(Hedrick & Ritland, 2012). To the Kitasoo and Tsimshian peoples, the bear is a symbol of spiritual
powers and is of high cultural significance (Spirit Bear Lodge, 2016). To many researchers and
environmentalist, the Kermode bear is a subspecies of the black bear (Ursus americanus) and is the
Canadian icon for our coastal temperate rainforest ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The white phased black bear was said to have traversed barriers of the sea during the last ice age
when glaciers covered most of northwest British Columbia. When temperatures started to rise, and
glaciers started to retreat it is believed that the white bear was then isolated on the islands off the
coast of BC. The white coats would suggest an adaptation to the white snow for hunting, however if
that was the case, the evolutionary trail should have left the recessive gene behind when it was no
longer useful to them in the temperate forests. Most research that is done on the Spirit bear is to try
and understand the polymorphism of this species and how it has come to last among a low
frequency in a minute area. Evidence now suggest that the reason for the white fur is actually a very
important adaptation for the bear and is still very useful even in the array of
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...

The Cultural Wealth Of Western Culture
To many, Northwestern First Nations art appears primitive and simple, however, that understanding
is narrow–minded and incorrect. In fact, First Nations art is powerful, bold, creative, and a tool to
pass on the traditions, customs, legends, and histories of the First Nations people. Art is not just an
abstract idea but is ingrained into their way of life.
From baskets woven so tightly that the stitches look almost invisible, to beautifully crafted carvings
and totem poles, all Northwestern indigenous art shows careful attention to detail, technique, and
innovative ideas. A constant flowing line carries the viewer through contours, animals, the
supernatural, myths, history, and family heritage. Every piece of art is used. Blankets, ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
"Every part of this soil is sacred in the estimation of my people"
–Chief Seattle of the Squamish and Duwamish nations (1853, when asked to sell land to the United
States government.)
Artists in the Northwest were middle class, and usually, art was done for an extra wage. Other
middle–class jobs included craftsmen, hunters and gatherers, and cooks. The upper class was purely
people whose job was to gain money, which was then given away during potlatches. The lower class
were slaves captured when fighting with other nations or tribes.
Indigenous art in the Northwest was comprised of totem poles, large communal houses, masks,
baskets, costume, and cutlery. Art changed from nation to nation, however, there were themes and
motifs within certain regions.
"Their wealth of artistry is impressive: totem poles, large communal houses made of cedar planks,
vivid dramatic masks, expertly made baskets, animal–shapes hats, clothing decorated with abstract
designs, feast dishes, carved spoons, and so much more."
Their art wasn 't just for decoration, it was a part of everyday life. Their art was woven into their
clothing, their dishes, even their very homes.
The architecture of the northwest is extremely distinct with amazing longhouses which are a
trademark of the area. Before European contact, the Haida, Tlingit, Tsimshian and Haisla built
gabled roof houses which were about sixty square feet. The Nuxalk,

Places For Alaska Research Paper
The great state of Alaska is the forty–ninth state in America. There is an array of climates and an
even larger variation of indigenous people groups. The land varies from huge mountains to flat
tundras to thick forests. The jobs are largely determined by the environment. I was very fortunate to
be born and consider it a privilege to share my story with people. Alaska has so many more
wonderful things that many people don't know. It's sort of like the state of many secrets because
people from the continental US assume that all Alaskans live in igloos and have polar bears as pets.
The culture in Alaska is very different from other places in the United States. There are both eleven
recognized cultures and languages. Some of the ethnic groups ... Show more content on
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Ketchikan comes from the native word Katch Kanna, wich means, "spread wings of a thundering
eagle". The small town is known as "The Salmon Capital of the world". It's also called "Alaska's
First City" because it is the first town you encounter going north on the inside passage. There are
about 8,245 people who live in Ketchikan and the only way you can get to the island is by airplane
or boat. There are so many fun things to do in Ketchikan for children and adults. Some of these are
theater, art, dance, and swimming. During the summer it's really fun to fish, going to the beach,
watch for whales, hunt, hike some of the beautiful mountains, or just hang out with family and
friends. In my opinion, Ketchikan is one of the most beautiful and fun places in Alaska.
Overall, Alaska is full of amazing and fun things to do. Everything from hiking mountains to going
to watch one of the many plays that are performed. The animals are amazing to watch and you can
even get really good pictures of them. The amazing thing about Alaska is we saved dying native
cultures and are now teaching more people about them. If you are looking for a fun and beautiful
vacation Alaska is an amazing place to go. Make sure to bring warm clothes if you go in the winter
but in the summer you can wear shorts. And don't forget to stop by Ketchikan and go fishing
because it's the world salmon

The First Nations On The Proposed Windy Energy Project
Introduction
In this report I will outline my recommendation on how to approach the Metlakatla First Nations on
the proposed Windy Energy Project. Through my research I believe a promising opportunity is
present in pursuing business negotiations with this community. With our mutual goals of providing
sustainable project developments I believe the Metlakatla community will make strong business
partners. In order to establish a respectful and welcoming negotiation process, Windy Power must
strongly understand their values, cultural sensitivities and organizational structure.
Background Information
The Metlakatla First Nation is based on the north coast of British Columbia, north of Prince Rupert.
The community is quite small and remote ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
As indicated in appendix A, the Metlakatla territory spans roughly 20,000 square kilometers
including twenty–one reserves, ten of which are Metlakatla only (Leighton, 2012). The Metlakatla
traditional language is Sm'algyax, but due to the close proximity to Prince Rupert and an aging elder
population very few members fluently speak the language (Metlakatla Governing Council, 2015).
Thus there are no significant language barriers that would be of concern when communicating with
the community.
Metlakatla is a signatory to a number of agreements including (Treaty, n.d.): Ongoing: Treaty
Negotiations, Marine use Planning Dec 10, 2009: Reconciliation Protocol: Official recognition of
Metlakatla's Aboriginal Rights and Title
Oct 18, 2007: Protected Area Collaborative Management Agreement
June 07, 2006: Strategic Land Use Planning Agreement
2006: Land and Resource Protocol Agreement
Currently the Metlakatla First Nations are at Stage 4 in negotiating a treaty intended to provide use
and management of land and resources, set out First Nations self–government, and create viable
First Nations economies (Treaty, n.d.). The outcome of the treaty process will strongly influence the
viability of the project and should be followed closely for any changes that should be made in the
assessment process.
Land Management:
The Federal Government currently has

The Arctic Archipelago And The Highest Apical Peak Of Nunavut
and the " Arctic Archipelago" and the highest apical peak of Nunavut is "Barbeau Peak".
This territory has rich plants variety and many different types of animals and has average
temperature of Nunavut in winters is very low, near about "–30C" and in summers, average
temperature is about " 10C " to "5C".
Yukon = It is the other territory of Canada, which contains rough high peaks and is
surrounded by provinces and territories of Canada as "Northwest territory to the east, by
British Columbia to the south and by the US state Alaska to the west", where average
temperature in summer season is about " 35C" whereas in winters is very low "–50C".
The Northwest Territories = The another territory of Canada is the northwest ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
3. What are five historically important industries in British Columbia?
Farming, coal mining, fishing, "sawmills" and "British naval base" are five historically
important industries in British Columbia.
4. Name five cities in British Columbia?
Five cities in British Columbia are Vancouver, Burnaby, Richmond, Langley and Abbotsford.
5. Name the three most important "gold rushes" that affected British Columbia and the
Yukon?
"Fraser River Gold Rush", "The Klondike Gold Rush" and the "Cariboo Gold Rush" are the
three most important gold rushes.

Part (D.) Native History
1. What are "Native Land Claims?"
The native people of Canada were no given equal rights, respect and even importance as that
was given to other people or to the foreigners. The aboriginals of Canada were not liked by
"white settlers" and it was decided to take their land without showering blood or any type's
riots. The target of Canadian government not only native people but also the immigrants
from India were included, as result of which "Frank Oliver" made changes in "Indian Act" in
1991. According to new changes, Indians were removed from their land for constructing
public infrastructure and even some land was taken for making schools for the children.
As a result of this, people protested and demanded for their land back, consequently the
"McKenna–McBride

The Tsimshian Tribe
Tsimshian Tribe
Tsimshian, which means " People inside of the Skeena River", is one of the coastal tribe in the
Pacific Northwest Coast. This tribe distribute in two main areas, which are British Columbia,
Canada and Alaska in the US. According to that, they have a different group name for each location.
For example, Tsimshian indigenous who live surrounded the mouth of the Skeena River and nearly
the sea; the Gitskan who live further up the indigenous people place; the Nishga who stay the basin
of the Nass River. Overall, those locations bring a huge benefit to them like profuse food, natural
resources. However, the climate is temperate with cold and in the winter, it's rainy. The Tsimshian
tribe speaks Penutian language, which is known ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
They have a vast array of baskets such as clam baskets, plaited cedar bark baskets, root baskets, flat
baskets, soft twined basket or berry and cooking baskets. Commonly, it is made of the cedar bark,
roots, grasses and rushes and they knit them together. Besides that, they added the tumplines to the
basket so that they can easily carry on the back or travel in the canoes. Therefore, it's firm and
lightweight to help them move flexibly. For fishing, they use nets, traps and large V–shaped hook,
which is called Halibut hook. They are made of bone, wood, alder and abalone shell. To lure the fish
to swallow the bait, they put the piece of octopus into the hook. In addition, they carved the hook
because they believe that spirit helps them to make the fish to bite the hook and caught the fish. On
the other hand, there are many tools to built the house such as hammer, mallet, hand manual, chisels
and wedges. Hand maul and head of hammer is made from stone such as basalt, jadeite and
vesicular lava whereas the mallet is made from a big leaf maple and red alder. Both hand mauls and
mallets are used for battering and hitting to split the wood. Another supporting tools in splitting the
wood are wedges. It's has different size but commonly it made from elk antler, crabapple wood or
yew. The last one is the chisel, which helps people to carve into woods, bone and design symbol on
the canoes or houses. It's made by the beaver tooth, bone and chipped stone. Brows and arrows is
used for hunting and war and they also used it in fishing. Thus, this tool is their priority choice and
use widely in Native American tribe. Brows is made from wood especially from yew, young cedar,
vine maple and elk antler. Quivers, which is made from wood and fur, is contained the arrows. There
have various arrowheads type for each active. For example, serrated bone and serrated copper are
for fishing; blunt wood and wood spear is for

Charles And Valerie Diker Collection Essay
The "Native American Masterpieces from the Charles and Valerie Diker Collection" exhibition is a
selection of extraordinary Native American works of art that is drawn entirely from the New York's
Charles and Valerie Diker Collection. The collection celebrates the Native North American legacy
and the artist's attainments from culturally diverse indigenous civilizations across the North
American region.
The works are arranged thematically. Certain objects of the same category were placed fairly close
to each other and the works overall in the exhibition were placed in a spherical rotation. The
collection shows the Native North American's legacy well. For instance, Shamans wore protective or
spiritually charged pendants such as the object "unrecorded Tlingit Artist, Shaman's amulet, 1820–
40, Antler, abalone shell". To display their belief in the complex mythology surrounding the energy
of the erratic desert landscape and mainly the life–giving power of rainwater and mountains, the
people of the American Southwest hand built pottery that features imagery reflecting their deep
spirituality, such as ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This work shows Standing Bear's experience of the battle, which was the battle where Sitting Bull
and Crazy Horse, leaders of the Sioux on the Great Plains, fought against U.S. Lieutenant George A.
Custer. The Native American warriors can be identified as the bright colored figures wearing the
feathered war bonnets. The U.S soldiers appear more gray toned and darker. The image shows an
overall chaotic scene full of movement and conveys intensity. It gives an excessive sense of what
the Native Americans were fighting for. To protect and keep their homeland from invaders and from
what the object label says, "the small tipis represent a summer village for hundreds of families",
they were just humans who had families and sought to shield their

Haisla Culture Research Paper
Haisla people have occupied lands for more than 9000 years. In 1918, an influenza pandemic has
reduced the Haisla population and wiped out the Wolf and Frog clans, the Haisla community have
been recovered and continues to evolve. Today, there is are about 1700 Haisla, half which lives in
Kitamaat Village. Haisla culture combines with the traditional heritage of Canadian culture. In 1998,
a Na'Na'Kila Institute was established that helps protect and the development of the Haisla culture,
including language. The Na'Na'Kila helped bring back the Haisla totem pole (Gyp'sgolox) that was
removed in 1929 and was missing for more than 60 years. In 1991, it was discovered in the Museum
of Ethnography in Stockholm. On July 1,2006, the totem pole ... Show more content on
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Haisla names and words can be written in a phonetic alphabet developed to allow the sounds of
Haisla language to be distinguished. The Haisla primary residence is in Kitamaat Village, located off
the Douglas Channel on British Columbia North Coast. The word "Kitamaat" means "People of the
snow" comes from the Tsimshian people, who originate from Prince Rupert and Metlakatla areas.
The Haisla name for Kitamaat Village is "Tsee–Motsa" means Snag Beach. Kitamaat has rich
biodiversity areas, where it is home to many mammals such as bears, wolves, deer, foxes, and
wolverines that live in the forest help feed the Haisla community. To sustain their generations,
provide food, shelter, and livelihood, Haisla people worked hard to harvest food, build their villages
and develop resources to survive. Haisla land is connected to our past, their culture, and now is their
future. Haisla economic opportunities give respect to their water and wildlife that makes the home
of the Haisla. Kitamaat Village is home to 700 of the 1700 Haisla members. The region where
Haisla people lived on is one of the wettest

Essay On Reserve Home Loan
Introduction
The purpose of this report is to introduce the TD On–reserve Home Loan Program to TD Prince
Rupert Branch. This report will examine the suitability for Prince Rupert Branch to provide loans to
the chosen First Nation: Metlakatla First Nation by laying out the fundamental background of First
Nations, an overview of the TD On–reserve Home Loan Program, as well as the benefits and
concerns when implementing this loan program.
In this report, I am not trying to persuade or convince anyone that TD On–reserve Home Loan
Program should be executed. Rather, my intention is to organize the relevant information in a way
that shows the potential outcome from the said program. This report will discuss three major aspects
in details:
1. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
There are two program options that TD offers (I have enclosed a copy of TD On–reserve Home
Loan Program materials for your easy reference). First option involves First Nation members to
directly deal with TD. They apply loans to TD individually and TD approves the loans or credit lines
based on individual qualifications. Second option involves certain First Nation Community to act as
an intermediary between TD and its members. TD will offer an operation line to the First Nation; the
First Nation then assigns loans on behalf of TD to its members. In the second option, the direct
lending relationship is not occurring between TD and First Nation members, but rather between First
Nations and their own members. I personally consider the second option as a more suitable one.
Since First Nations know and understand more about their own members than TD does, they will be
able to issue loans with more flexibility giving such decision power.
One reason that draws TD's attention to introduce this financial program is the fact that housing
conditions of Aboriginal people are alarming. As shown in the Figure 1 below, more than 40% of the
On–reserve First Nation people are living in dwellings that need major repairs (Statistic Canada
2011). Unfortunately, although commonly being

Native American Rattle Analysis
Within the Indian societies of the Northwest Coast, the raven tends to act as a symbol of both
unification and nourishment being that it aids "[clans] by providing them with a variety of useful
things such as the sun, moon, fire, and salmon" ("Raven Rattle"). The utilization of such a symbol
by the Tsimshian tribe in their 'Raven Rattle'; in which was produced during the nineteenth century,
shows the standard to which the raven is held within their culture. For the reason that rattles tend to
be extremely intimate objects in which is only awarded to those who sit high up on social ladder;
such as clan leaders ("Native American Rattles"). Within the Tsimshian tribe specifically, the 'Raven
Rattle' had held the sole purpose of assisting the tribal members in channeling a shaman spirit guide
and also during ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The Animal Kingdom tends to be represented by the container in which is used or the feather
decorations that adorn the surface of the rattle. The Mineral Kingdom is incorporated through the
use of rocks, that act as the instruments sound producer. Lastly, the Plant Kingdom is shown through
the container; specifically if a gourd is utilized, or the wooden handle of the rattle.
When referencing the 'Raven Rattle' of the Tsimshian tribe, it can be noted that the tribe does a
proper job in connecting the instrument back to the environment being that all three kingdoms are
properly depicted within the rattle. The Animal Kingdom is shown through the cedar container in
which the raven and kingfisher are produced from and also through the feathers that is an optional
addition to the piece. The Mineral Kingdom is heard when the instrument is played being that rocks
were utilized as the method of producing music. Finally, the Plant Kingdom is depicted through the
cedar handle of the

The And The Un Declaration On Indigenous Rights
In recent news reports about LNG development in British Columbia, First Nation communities are
only depicted in a position of power when associated with the proposed wealth of the project and
this is used to sway an undecided public. Furthermore, British Columbia is currently in a moment of
transition deciding where they lie on neoliberal development decisions. Neoliberalism is a form of
governance distinguished in its conjunction of particular practices and knowledge production that
emphasize the market and the responsibilities of enterprising subjects alongside the recognition of
collective and socio–economic rights of disadvantaged groups. Through all this reason, we can
argue that stories about First Nation issues and capitalism are particularly significant a site of
knowledge where the public determines the news. I also related my argument to Peter Manus online
reading and the UN Declaration on Indigenous Rights to give us a relationship between the First
Nations and the project. In Dirk Meissner 's article, "B.C LNG Minister says "We 're Not Afraid" of
Federal Environmental Tests" published on January 27th, 2016, the author introduced Rich
Coleman, British Columbia 's minister in charge of liquefied natural gas, will be heading to Ottawa
to talk about the province 's plan for a multibillion dollar LNG industry. Coleman claims he is
confident that British Columbia 's current environmental regulations will meet any existing or new
emission standards. But

Map Of Alaska Essay
Map of Alaska
Map of Alaska
Vitus Bering, a Dane working for the Russians, and Alexei Chirikov discovered the Alaskan
mainland and the Aleutian Islands in 1741. The tremendous land mass of Alaska–equal to one–fifth
of the continental U.S.–was unexplored in 1867 when Secretary of State William Seward arranged
for its purchase from the Russians for $7,200,000. The transfer of the territory took place on Oct. 18,
1867. Despite a price of about two cents an acre, the purchase was widely ridiculed as "Seward's
Folly." The first official census (1880) reported a total of 33,426 Alaskans, all but 430 being of
aboriginal stock. The Gold Rush of 1898 resulted in a mass influx of more than 30,000 people.
Since then, Alaska has contributed billions of dollars' worth of products to ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
The Prudhoe Bay reservoir, with an estimated recoverable 10 billion barrels of oil and 27 trillion
cubic feet of gas, is twice as large as any other oil field in North America. The Trans–Alaska
pipeline was completed in 1977 at a cost of $7.7 billion. Oil flows through the 800–mile–long
pipeline from Prudhoe Bay to the port of Valdez.
Other important industries are fisheries, wood and wood products, furs, and tourism.
Denali National Park and Mendenhall Glacier in North Tongass National Forest are of interest, as is
the large totem pole collection at Sitka National Historical Park. The Katmai National Park includes
the "Valley of Ten Thousand Smokes," an area of active volcanoes.
The Alaska Native population includes Eskimos, Indians, and Aleuts. About half of all Alaska
Natives are Eskimos. (Eskimo is used for Alaska Natives; Inuit is used for Eskimos living in
Canada.) The two main Eskimo groups, Inupiat and Yupik, are distinguished by their language and
geography. The former live in the north and northwest parts of Alaska and speak Inupiaq, while the
latter live in the south and southwest and speak

Tlingit Essay
As many other tribe names, the name Tlingit means "the people", or essential human being. The
Tlingit are one of the many first nation tribes that lived and still currently live in Alaska. They live
alongside many other tribes, which include the Northern Haida (Kaigani) and the Tsimshian (de
Laguna 1: pp 13). The Tlingit have formed close ties with the Haida tribe. Though it is estimated
that the Haida are a newer tribe to the area both tribes have common interests and have worked
together to establish a Central Council; in 1935 which according to their website was originally
established to deal with land issues on behalf of the tribes which relied on their lands for subsistence
and survival ("About us" www.ccthita.org). Part of the need for the council is that unlike many
tribes many tribes, particularly those of the lower the United ... Show more content on
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According to a range of sources there is an estimated 14,000 to 16,000 Tlingit's living around
Alaska. Which fits an estimate according to the online article written by Diane E Benson. Benson
who is a Alaskan politician, inspirational speaker, and published writer is herself a Tlingit, from her
mother's side of the family and has a B.A. degree from the University of Alaska and has a Master's
in creative writing. Benson article notes that "Today, Tlingit and Haida Central Council tribal
enrollment figures show a total of 20,713 Tlingit and Haida, of which 16,771 are Tlingit. Most of
the Tlingit population live in urban communities of southeastern Alaska, though a significant
number have made their homes all across the continent. Euro–Americans dominate the Southeast
population, with the Tlingit people being the largest minority group in the region". While it is
possible that there are those who are not on the counsel enrollment, and these numbers are from
2006 these numbers give an indication of number and

The Passing Down of a Tribe's Ancient Legends Essay
The Passing Down of a Tribe's Ancient Legends
Thesis: The Shaman's job of passing down the tribe's ancient legends are very important.
I Shamans
A. definition
B. purpose
1. balance
2. success hunting
3. planting
4. cure sickness
C. Usually males
1. post menopausal women
2. blood powers
II passed down from generation to generation
A. usually from memory
1. sand drawings
2. birch bark scrolls
3. paintings on rocks
4. animal hides
B. children
1. eight–familiar stories
2. ten– know history
III answer basic questions
A. where do we come from
B. where are we going
C. how the world came into being
D. how it was transformed
E. guidelines of behavior
F. tools of survival
IV unknown how long been around
A. possible ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
flung flesh
H. tribes sprung up
I. blood– Nez Perce

XV Wappo Legend
A. flooded earth
B. hawk and coyote alone
C. create people from feathers
D. ask Old man moon
1. talk
2. movement
3. laughter
4. walk eat
XVI Tsimshian
A. raven pities dark world
B. transformed to a cedar leaf
C. dropped in stream
D. swallowed by chief's daughter
E. gave birth to raven
F. played with the box that held daylight
G. stole it and flew to earth
H. smashed it on rocks
XVII Enlightenment of the sky
A. Zuni
1. Mother and father earth in primordial waters
2. Mother grew pregnant
3. Slipped beneath
B. Luiseno
1. short dialogue
2. made love
XVIII Okanagon
A. Earth a woman
B. Mother of all people
C. Flesh– soil
D. Bones– rocks
E. Breath– wind
F. Hair– plants
G. Movements– earthquakes
XIX Wichita
A. Star that is always moving
B. Shoot third deer
C. First–white
D. Second– black
E. Chased it in the sky
F. Stars
G. Finally catches world ends
XX Pawnee
A. Buffalo
B. Hair falls each year
C. All gone the end of the world

XXI Pawnee
A. Council meeting
B. Wolf not invited
C. Stole storm's wind bag
D. People killed the wolf
E. Wolf people
XXII Closing
Shaman is a word that described the mystic healers of Siberia. They are also one of the names that
French trappers named the Native American "doctors", along with medicine men and priests
(Flaherty 15). Shamans are usually males, but sometimes they are postmenopausal females. The
Native

Native Indian And Indian Language
Native Indian is the pioneer of immigrations in America, and they created the earliest culture and
languages on this land, and these heritages have influences for American deeply. In the 1880s,
American government forced Native Indians to use English and abolished Indian languages, but
native Indians remains some characteristics when they are using English, and linguists called it as
American Indian English (AIE). Indian English has extensive influence from the speaker's native
language traditions. On the other hand, after European American came to this land, they did not
have terms to describe many natural things in English. However, Native Americans have these in
Indian languages. Therefore, some words we used came from Indian languages. For example, some
vocabularies for indigenous plants (e.g., milkweed, pawpaw), animals (e.g., Otter) and pace (e.g.,
Mississippi). Thus, American Indian English plays a significant role in English variety. However,
there are few studies specifically discussed Indian English and people have less perception of it. I
think this topic is especially important in Arizona because there is a Native American reservation in
Arizona. As a result, there are more American Indian English speech communities around us. After
read many studies, there are many methods for gathering data for Indian English analysis, such as
informal observation, small group discussions, personal interviews, documentary analysis, and the
participants are from different

Language Loss
As we increasingly realize that our own self–destruction is inevitable in the destruction of the planet,
the insular notion of Western modernity as the height of human progress is finally being
questioned. However, the resultant paradox is that although we realize the resultant flaws of
depending on one form of progress, the only alternatives that we could turn to are dying off of the
face of the earth. Thus the global trend of language loss is an issue incredibly worthy of long
overdue attention; it may in fact be our last meaningful alternative to rescue the plight of humanity's
survival. As a repository of knowledge, an expression of culture, and a symbolic embodiment of a
way of life, the loss of a language speaks for itself. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
As both a by–product of their amalgamated colonial imagination and their equally delusional
scientific minds, Canada became a laboratory to be poked, measured, defined and prepared for
extraction back to continue the fervent industrialization of Europe (Rigney 1999: 109). The colonial
mentality is highlighted in their sense of property. Colonialists believed that property had to be
enacted; it is as much a physical reality as it is constant aspiration to control. In their minds,
property is a verb that must be put to work in order to define it (Blomley: 566). This is in accordance
of the influential perspective of John Locke, who helped to ingrain the belief that if the land was not
being used, it is being wasted. Thus the divine commons was rendered private property, "Eden sank
to grief" and our natural world was at the mercy of man's endless attempt to control and accrue all
that they could from their surroundings (Blomey: 561).
Just as Language is a creation of the natural world, it is the architect of sustaining meaning for a
culture. Therefore in its use, language is also a system of power that allows the meanings imparted
by cultural hegemony to endure and endure themselves (Focault: 22). Although this cultural lineage
now dominates the world's sense of progress, not all people believe in this once sense of reality. On
the margins of modernity, some people's resilient existence stands as testimony

Aborginal People
Aboriginal People
Learning statement
Before taking this course I was not known to the fact that aboriginal people have significant
importance in Canada. This course seemed to be very interesting to me, as it was totally new to me.
It was not only interesting; it opened the gate way to new information which I was never aware of
before. I got to learn a lot of new and interesting facts about the aboriginal people, which changed
my perspective about them, and increased my learning. With the passage of time I got to learn very
interesting facts about aboriginal people, their mixture, and culture and how they civilized. I have
got to know they their historical background still has an impact in the societal life of Canada.
The key ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Collection of people urbanized each with possessing its own culture, civilization, and nature. In the
northwest are the Athabasca, Slavey, Dogrib, Touchtone, and Tlingit. The length of the soothing
coast were the Tsimshian; Haida; Salish; Kwakiutl; Nootka; Nisga 'a; Senakw and Gitxsan. In the
basics were the Blackfoot; Káínawa; Sarcee and Peigan. In the northern wooden areas there were the
Cree and Chipewyan. Approximately near the Great Lakes were the Anishinaabe; Algonquin;
Míkmaq; Iroquois and Huron. Near the Atlantic coast were the Beothuk, Maliseet, Innu, Abenaki
and Mi 'kmaq.
Many Canadian Aboriginal civilizations recognized individuality and stamps that built–in enduring
or urban resolution, agriculture, public and monumental, complex societal hierarchies. These people
had evolved and distorted by the occasion of the first enduring European arrival, and have been
brought onward from side to side archaeological study.
There are signs of get in touch with before Christopher Columbus between the first peoples and
those from other different continents. Aboriginal people in Canada interrelated and communicated
with Europeans around 1000 CE, but long–drawn–out get in touch with came after Europeans
established everlasting settlements in the 17th and 18th centuries. In Columbus ' occasion there was
conjecture that other Europeans had completed the trip in very old or modern times. European
printed accounts usually recorded openness of the First

Alaska Culture Analysis
Overview of Culture Alaska, "The Last Frontier", is home to 739,828 people, 33,277 of those people
live in the state capitol of Juneau. The state of Alaska is one fifth the size of the lower 48 states.
Only 20% of Alaska's roads are paved therefore travelling is difficult by vehicle so many people fly,
boat, use ATVs or snowmobiles to get around. There are 11 different cultures of the Alaskan native
Indians, among those cultures there are 11 different languages and 22 different dialects. (State of
Alaska, 2017) The Athabascan people, one of the 11 cultural groups, live in Interior Alaska, from
Brooks Mountain Range to the Kenai Peninsula. They migrate seasonally to fish and hunt. The
Unangax and Alutiiq people live in south and southwest ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Some of these traditional practices include healing hands, dance, talking circles, prayers, meetings
with the elderly, and medicines and teas derived from plants in their healing gardens. (South Central
Foundation, 2017)
Health Concerns Specific to Culture
As you know, when pregnant women receive prenatal care late in their pregnancy or do not receive
prenatal care at all during pregnancy, they are at higher risk for having a baby with low birth weight
or giving birth prematurely. They are also at higher risk for pregnancy related mortality and birth
complications. 18.8% of all Alaskan women in the years 2007–2008 who delivered live births
reported that they did not receive prenatal care as early in their pregnancies as they would have
liked. Most Alaskan women reported that they did not have enough money, no insurance, or did not
have a Medicaid card therefor; they could did not have access to prenatal care. (Alaskan Maternal
and Child Health Data Book, 2011) Recently, 125 Alaskan Native women were interviewed and
20% of those women reported to binge drinking in their 1st and 2nd trimester of pregnancy. This
number has surprisingly decreased and it is thought to be in response to the Alaska FAS (fetal
alcohol syndrome) Prevention

Essay On Native Americans
Before the Europeans reached the new world, there was a culture already spreading in the area. This
was a culture of Native Americans with many different tribes, and with each tribe came a special
language. A few in the Southwest were the Apache, the Navajo, the Comanche, and the Piman. The
Apache and the Navajo spoke a language called Athabaskan. The Comanche and the Piman spoke
another language called Uto–Aztecan. In the Southeast region, there was Chickasaw, the Seminole,
the Catawba, and the Cherokee all spoke different languages. The Chickasaw and Seminole spoke
Muskogean, the Catawba spoke Siouan, and finally the Cherokee spoke Iroquoian. The Native
Americans people expressed themselves in many ways that were foreign to new settlers. Some of
the ways came in a form of symbols, art, and religion. Native Americans used symbols to express
themselves with totem poles, teepees, peace pipes, and dream catchers. The totem pole was "a large,
tall wooden carving of various animals, each representing a family member of a loved one who had
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Native Americans did not settle in one place, they spread out and explored. Some of the main
regions where the natives lived are the northwest coast, the plains, and the southwest. In the
Northwest coast, the Native Americans were found in Oregon, Washington, and even as far as
Alaska. Some of the tribes in the region are Tsimshian, Haida, Kwakiutl, Makah, Nez Perce,
Nisqualli, Nootka, Quinault, Puyallup, Salish, Snohomish, Spokane, Shuswap, Swinomish, Tlingit,
and Bella Coola. These Indians were considered to be rich compared to the others. They were seen
as rich because of the abundant food supply and their sturdy shelters. These Northwest Coast
Indians did not live in teepees like other Indians, they lived in longhouses. They also used totem
poles to tell their stories since they had no written

Aboriginal Self Government
Native Rights of Self–Government
Native residents of Canada, otherwise known as Aboriginals, have been striving to self govern in
order to preserve their cultural identities since the British North America Act of 1867; now known as
the Constitution Act. This act allowed the federal government to create laws regarding "Indians and
the lands reserved for Indians" – essentially, placing Euro–Canadian ideals, policies, and laws on
Aboriginal societies (Joseph, 2015).
After thorough research and analysis, I believe that the right of self–government should be given to
natives. To begin, in the past, the laws pertaining to those of Aboriginal descent have been harsh and
unethical. These laws have prevented them to vote, and made it illegal to leave ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
Traditional systems of government had been dismantled by the Indian Act 1876 and other forms of
control had been established (Aboriginal Self Government, n.d). After an increase in effective
political organizations and activism, as well as well–covered conflicts over development in the
north, Canada finally began to slightly acknowledge and enable forms of self–government; this was
not until the late 60's and early 70's (Aboriginal Self Government, n.d). The idea of self government
attained momentum during the late 20th and the early 21st centuries, and Aboriginal people began to
see and understand their rights to self government asserted in the Constitution Act 1982 (Aboriginal
Self Government, n.d). However, the right for Aboriginals to a self–government is far from being
entrenched in law. This can be clearly proven by the slow progress and the ongoing negotiations that
are taking place. For example, in 1887, Nisga'a and Tsimshian chiefs travelled to Victoria in hopes
of appropriating treaties and means of self–government; nonetheless, it was not until 2000 that the
Nisga'a Treaty was actually signed (Understanding the Treaty, n.d). There were many setbacks due
to laws that fight against Aboriginals, such as the Canadian law from 1927–1951. The Canadian law
made it illegal for Aboriginals to raise money to advance land claims – it took an extended amount
of time for this law to be repealed (Understanding the Treaty, n.d). After 100 years of court orders
and negotiations, the treaty was signed, and The Nisga'a Government now operates within the
Constitution of Canada and the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms (Understanding the
Treaty, n.d). The Nisga'a Government may now make many laws in areas such as health and
environmental protection. The

Women Helping Women
It is always gratifying to see women helping women; it is intensely so when the Consort of our
Queen's representative, the first lady of our land, gathers the helpful women of all nationalities,
creeds and societies together, and by uniting them in one Council enables them to work for the
furtherance and uplifting, not only for womanhood, but all of humanity; inspiring them all with a
greater love of home, a greater love of country, a greater desire to be helpful to others springing
from the inspiration of the Fatherhood of God and the Golden Rule which this Council takes as its
motto.
On the 8th of November 1894 Maria Grant enthusiastically introduced Lady Ishbel Maria
Marjoribanks Aberdeen and her new National Canadian Council ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Even contemporaries of the time acknowledged that fact along with their belief of ethnic and racial
superiority. Look at Grant's comment, and Lady Aberdeen's affirmation of it, that one of the main
purposes of the Council was to 'unite women of all nationalities, creeds and societies together'.
Historians have laid claim to the rest of the Council's beliefs but this claim has been neatly ignored
thus what has been written traditionally does not always convey the truth. Various ethnic groups
existed in Victoria during the last half of the nineteenth century and they did not live in a vacuum
outside the social and political battles surrounding them. Ethnic women had a say and were involved
with the movement of women for social betterment within their cultures as well as within society in
general. It would be absurd to think otherwise and the traditional narrative of the women's
movement remains incomplete without their parts of the story. A more complete narrative includes
the stories of the historical 'other', the ethnic minorities, particularly Aboriginal, Black, or Asian
people, who participated within the women's movement of Victoria juxtaposed beside White
involvement.
Any discussion of ethnicity as seen from a late nineteenth century perspective must include a
discussion of racism. The catch is knowing what each of the terms means in respect to the topic
under discussion. John Belshaw, Adele Perry,

Essay On Native American Tribal Music
Music is one of the most influential parts of cultures all over the world, but to the Native Americans
it is pivotal. Native American tribal music is a very important part of most Native Americans'
history, culture, and societies.
Music is an extremely important role of Native American culture and history. Generally, it was one
of the only methods that they had as a way to pass down traditions and their history from generation
to generation. There wasn't very much documentation of their history until validation from English
settlers, other than some archeological evidence of musical instruments and depictions of music that
have been dated as far back as the 7th Century. There were typically two types of songs that the
tribes would pass down, and they would be either public songs or private songs. Public songs were
often historical, and could be retold into many different versions which often gave the songs
different meanings. But the private songs were unchanged through the history and kept those tribes'
history/culture intact forever. There were primarily six different areas of music in the United States
where different tribes resided. The main characteristics of all of these diverse areas were that they
were based on singing and percussion. The vocalization of these tribes range from solos, chorales,
unison, and multipart singing. Percussion was also very common, and the use of drums and rattles
were used to keep a steady beat for singers. Flutes ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In their societies, music is used for worship, work, entertainment, expressing grief, or gaining
strength. Many of their ceremonies and stories verbally allowed for ancient customs to be passed
down to later generations. The Native Americans believed that their ceremonial music was
originated from spirits or very respected individuals. They often performed rituals which was a
major part in their culture and their beliefs through singing, dancing, and

The Marine Mammal Protection Act Of 1972 Essay
Introduction Blood quantum is an inhuman way to calculate indigenous authenticity. Similar to
Ellinghaus (2008), I believe blood quantum is a manufactured, artificial estimate of an individual's
Native ancestry. Sanctioned in the United States to define membership in an Alaska Native tribe,
blood quantum refers to describing the degree of how much an individual is Alaska Indian, Aleut
and/or Eskimo. The Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA) issue Certificates of Indian Blood (CIB) for a
person to carry that describes this degree; "the BIA sets no minimum blood quantum requirements
for acknowledgement purposes, but does require proof of descent from a historic Tribe" (NEBI n.d).
Blood quantum is still used today by many tribes to specify requirements for legal citizenship; but is
"not required by the acknowledgement regulations" (NEBI n.d, n.p.). The Marine Mammal
Protection Act of 1972 is another way the government is deteriorating Native communities. This Act
states that if you are one–quarter or higher of Alaska Indian, Aleut and/or Eskimo blood and coastal
dwelling you are able to take marine mammals for subsistence or handicraft purposes. I was raised
in Cordova, Alaska the home of my family, the Eyak people, for thousands of years. Brought up in a
lifestyle of skin sewing traditional garments made of sea otter, seal and sea lion fur. This tradition
has been kept alive in my family as well as many other families for thousands of years. I would like
to pass this skill on when

The South Of Alaska, The British Columbia, By The Basins...
Immediately south of Alaska, located in the British Columbia, by the basins of the Naas and Skeena
Rivers, lived the Tsimshian. One of the dialects out of four located in that region. Basin of Skeena
was known for it's famine almost all year round because of it's weather. There were a couple
different seasons that took place in that region. Before the famine arrives they travel along the coast
in boats to take up position on the fishing grounds. Starting February 15th was the beginning of the
first season known as "Month when Candlefish is Eaten" which lasted until March 15th. This name
was purposely given because this is when they fished for candlefish. Right after this season came
"Month when Candlefish is cooked" which lasted until April 15th. This season was taboo to men
because men used their breasts to press the fish in order to remove the oil from them which made it
strictly prohibited to the women since they were obligated to use their naked breasts to press the
fish. Right after that season, arrived the Salmon months from June and July when the tribes from the
region fished for salmon. At the end around November 15th was the "Taboo Month" which marked
the inauguration of the great winter ceremonies. All the dates in the introduction seems to start or
end on the 15th of each month just like, how number seven played an important role in the Epic of
Gilgamesh. Neither in the story or the the introduction of the tribes it mentions the importance of 15
but according to

Orca Chief By Roy Henry Vickers And Robert Budd Essay
I have chosen to select the book Orca Chief by Roy Henry Vickers and Robert Budd as an
Aboriginal education resource for teaching in a Grade 4 classroom. I located this narrative text in
the First Nations Education Steering Committee (FNESC) Authentic First Peoples Resources Guide.
I choose this book because of familiarity with one of the authors, Roy Vickers. I have long admired
this artists work. I have had the opportunity to visit his gallery in Tofino, B.C. and learn about the
authors art and life. His use of vibrant colors was considered out of the box when I grew up. He
pushed the boundaries and grabbed people's attention and for that I admired him. I can easily
identify his paintings which the non–artist in me enjoys. He has struggled through hardship and
addiction and continues to be valuable member to his community and our country. Despite receiving
numerous accolades, for his work, he appears to remain humble and continues on his mission to
share and tell stories. Roy Henry Vickers, has a First Nation heritage of Tsimshian, Haida and
Heiltsuk giving authenticity to this story and imagery.
This forty page, hardcover text includes short paragraphs on the left page and vibrant illustrations of
coastal life by Roy Vickers on the right pages, except for a large picture covering pages 25 and 26.
The story takes place in a Kitkatla, a small Tsimshian village community in northern B.C., near the
town of Prince Rupert. The story brings to life a legend of the journey of

Compare And Contrast Hadia And Inuits
The Inuits, Hadia, and Sioux have many things the same and different about them. They all are there
own people, but still have things in common. How are they different how are they alike. There are
many things that they do differently, and many things that make them alike. They all live in Canada,
the Inuits live in Northern Canada. The Hadia lives West of British Columbia. The Sioux's live in
Southeastern Manitoba. They all relied on the animals of food and survival. The Inuits hunted for
their food. The Hadia hunted their food too. So do the Sioux's. They also all have some cold and
warm weather. The Inuits have snow and some sun. The Hadia's weather is mostly mild climate and
lots of rain. The Sioux's weather is either rainy or sunny. They all have a myth or legend that they go
by, the Inuits have one about "The red and white fox separation." The Hadia's is "A large black bird,
the raven." The Sioux's is about Unktomi was very greedy, he hurt others because of that. He caused
his own death. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The Hadia's houses were made out of posts and cedar planks. The Sioux's houses were tipis. The
Inuits art was different from the Hadia's and Sioux's because, the Inuits art/ carvings were made out
of walruses and whales. The Hadia's art/ carvings were made out of trees. The Sioux's art/ carvings
were made out of berry juices. The Inuits have different food compared to the Hadia's and Sioux's
because, the Inuits food was fish and seal. The Hadia's food is salmon. The Sioux's food is

Reading Reflection Two: Understanding Diversity
Reading Reflection Two: Understanding Diversity
Question Three When working with clients you will most likely experience instances when your
own values will make the helping profession difficult. According to Corey and Corey (2007), there
are three multicultural counseling practices that assist the helping profession. Your own embedded
beliefs can possibly be the largest obstacle you will face. Being that the values you have from the
society and culture in which you grew up in (Corey & Corey, 2007) can cause difficulty in
understanding the embedded beliefs of clients from other societies and cultures than your own. For
example, growing up in the Pacific Northwest, it was normal for the family unit to consist of one or
two parents and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
My own culture, ¼ Tsimshian (Alaskan Native), and ¾ third generation, Danish–American residing
in the continental United States my ethnicity and culture have been and will continue to be of the
minority. I view being of the minority a strength as it has conditioned me to be an ethnographic
(Corey & Corey, 2007) observer by nature. Throughout my lifespan other cultures and societies
have been fascinating as I learn about myself and where I fit in the world. While my childhood was
rather sheltered to that of a farming community that was dominantly Anglo–American, the
community in which I grew up in never treated me any differently for being the minority. I spent my
summers on Whidbey Island with my grandparents. Each day we would dig for clams, go crabbing,
and fishing. The excess food would be packaged up and delivered to the Tulalip Indian Reservation.
From a young age my family found the importance of assisting and helping communities and
cultures other than our own. While never having lived on a reservation personally, I was exposed to
the life that one experiences with an understanding of tradition through the Tulalip

Carr And Humphrey Influence On Canadian Art
As Canada is influenced by European art, people in Canada are in search of art style that can call
their own. After 1900, various groups of people such as a group of seven, Automatistes, and Regina
Five emerge to create a unique art style that can call as Canadian art. Although the Carr and
Humphrey are not in these famous groups, they are famous in their own way and leave a mark in
Canadian art history. By examining the life of the artists: Carr and Humphrey, we can know why
they choose their subject matter, what influence them whether people or philosophical ideas, how
the social and political context that influence the type of artist are making and how do their artwork
reflect upon Canadian and its identity. By discussing the artist's life, ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
During this period, Humphrey did a series of remarkably natural portraits of children. He worked in
many media including "oils on canvas, on board, on masonite; charcoal, chalk, pastel, and pencil
drawings; watercolours; gouache; ink and watercolour; and acrylic gouache." The interpretation of
his subject matter of "sombre children and deserted Saint John streets, as a constructed chronicle of
life in the Maritimes informed by the tenets of social realism" Gemey Kelly states that "Humphrey
denied any overt interest in the social–realist agenda, arguing that his work had to do with formal
and not political or social concerns." Humphrey was "self–actualized not as a regionalist or social
realist painter, but as an artist associated with the advanced art of his time as he understood it: the
modernism of the School of Paris, of Czanne and Matisse." He continually referred to his work as
"universal" and to himself as a "modern," using the word as a noun as was common at the time. As
we can see in figure 4, 5 and 6, He mainly draws people and landscape of Saint John where he lives.
Although he did not intend to be a regionalist, people assume him as regionalist because a lot of his
painting is from Saint

Native American Misconceptions
It's very often that the public has the impression that Native American cultures were inflexible,
unchanging societies, with little or variation through the centuries. This is the central theme of this
chapter I believe because throughout my days on this earth I have heard plenty of puts on the Native
community. I believe the author was trying to address people with negative views on the Native
community and open their eyes to the beauty, land, social classes, and development of the Native
culture and this book counter acts the misconception of society. Throughout these chapters the
dynamic culture of the Northwest Coast people are revealed. With a history that has many twist and
turns just like in other civilization these 1400 miles called

Charles Marius Barbeau’s Ethnography and the Canadian...
Charles Marius Barbeau's Ethnography and the Canadian Folklore
Born on 5 March 1883, in Sainte–Marie–de–Bauce, Charles Marius Barbeau is widely seen as the
first Canadian educated anthropologist. He graduated from Université Laval in Québec, from his
studies of law, in 1907; he never practised law. Upon graduating, Marius was awarded – as the first
French–Canadian recipient – the Cecil Rhodes scholarship which allowed him to study at Oxford
University where he was introduced to the emerging field of Anthropology. « Je [voulais] savoir
comment l'homme a été créé » he later explained to Marcel Rioux. (Benoît 1959a) During his stay in
Europe, Marius also attended classes at the Sorbonne's École des Hautes Études and at the École ...
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But his sometimes contradicting statements require a more precise study, so we will simply present
his main positions, and state some of the opposing points without thoroughly analysing them.
Marcel Mauss – whose classes Barbeau attended – concludes in a 1902 document on ethnographic
method: « En somme, rester cantonnés sur le terrain des faits religieux et sociaux, ne rechercher que
les causes immédiatement déterminantes, renoncer à des théories générales qui sont peu instructives
ou qui n'expliquent que la possibilité des faits, ce sont là plutôt des actes de prudence méthodique
que des négations scientifiques. » (Mauss 1902) In the same line of thought, Franz Boas – the
famous American anthropologist, also a contemporary of Barbeau – stresses the need to focus on
collecting data. He even criticizes social and anthropological theory makers. (See Boas 1920)
Barbeau was, at the beginning of his career, much influenced by these ideas. He collected data on
many aboriginal societies – mainly of the Northwest Coast, of Québec and of the North of the USA
– and later, at the suggestion of Boas, he started recording folk songs, legends and myths from
French–Canadians. But we will see that Barbeau did advance some quite controversial theories later
in his career.
This collecting of folkloric data opened Barbeau's eyes to the need to salvage the cultures of Native
and French Canadians alike. « Fortement inspiré par l'ethnologie de la

Significance Of The Devil's Club
THE ETHNOBOTANICAL SIGNIFICANCE OF DEVIL'S CLUB
Throughout its range in the Pacific Northwest, this fiercely spiked shrub is considered to be the most
important medicinal plant amongst the First Nations people who live there. The devil's club,
Oplopanax horridus, is highly valued by the indigenous people wherever it is found and has
innumerable uses. Traditionally, it has been used medicinally both topically and orally for a wide
variety of maladies as well as a general tonic. Additionally, it is a very significant plant spiritually
and plays an important role in ceremony and rituals. It is also highly valued for specific material
purposes. While the young shoots are edible, it is not considered to be a food plant, instead it is
recognized for its many therapeutic benefits. Despite the widespread popularity amongst First
Nations people, however, and while "at least some of the traditional remedies involving devil's–club
may have a sound biochemical basis (Turner, 1982, p. 17)", it hasn't been widely used at this stage
in the modern commercial market. There is ongoing research to determine its potential benefit for
commercial pharmacological use, and there is some concern for what the implications of this could
be for this slow–growing, sensitive shrub.
DESCRIPTION AND LOCATION According to Daniel Moerman's research in "Plant use by Native
Americans", First Nations people use devil's club for 128 different purposes (p. 12), which makes it
one of the most

Totem Pole Essay
The French also traded at Haida Gwaii. In 1791, Etienne Marchland saw the pole at Dadens and
describes the carving having an open mouth about a foot off the ground, the height of the opening at
three feet in diameter, and the width about two feet. The pole was carved from a large tree trunk,
towering above. Along the length of the pole were finely carved frogs, lizards and other animals,
and human body parts. Marchand goes on, "A stranger might imagine that he saw the ex vote
suspended to the door–case of the niche of a Madonna." Marchland was describing a house portal
pole, where a hole is carved just above the base of the crest pole large enough for a man to stoop or
crawl through to enter the house. (fig 2a) Europeans had trouble describing the art of Pacific
Northwest native people, often relying on reference to western art. This showed a great appreciation
to the creators, and an interest in the design style. Even with much effort to understand the meanings
of the animals intertwined with human figure, the best that could be done was to assume or
speculate as to their meanings. As trading increased in the region, the raising of totem poles and
building of houses flourished. New tools made carving faster, more precise and afforded the labor to
create great works. By the early nineteenth century, totem pole carving was entering a peak era. As
indigenous communities profited for trading with white men, their status rose. Great wealth was
attained by mid–eighteenth

Gwaii Haanas Totem Poles Research Paper
Gwaii Haanas Totem Poles Canada Monument The Gwaii Haanas Totem Poles represent and
commemorate ancestry, histories, people, and or events. Each totem pole is designed differently with
beings or crest animals. These markings show a family lineage and the rights and privileges that
each family held during the time they lived in. Some totem poles honoured a specific event or
person, and others are visual representation of kinship. These totem poles don't really tell stories,
they are documents of how each family lived or what they did. Totem poles were first brought up by
the First Nations of the Pacific Northwest. During the First Nations they had what was called
memorial or commemorative poles. These poles were often created, by their successor,

Kermode Bear Research Paper

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