Age-Related Changes In The Male Reproductive System

Age-Related Changes In The Male Reproductive System
Several age–related changes occur in the male reproductive system. In some but not all men, the size
and weight of the testes decrease, with an associated decrease in the number of interstitial cells and a
thinning of the wall of the seminiferous tubules. These changes may be secondary to a decrease in
blood flow to the testes or to a gradual decrease in sex hormone production. In addition, the rate of
sperm cell production decreases, and the number of abnormal sperm cells produced increases.
However, sperm cell production does not stop, and it remains adequate for fertility for most men.
Age–related changes become obvious in the prostate gland by age 40. By age 60, there is a clear
decrease in blood flow to the prostate gland, an increased
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Breast Cancer : A Malignant Tumor
Chapter I – Introduction
Breast cancer is defined as a malignant tumor in the cells of the breast. A cancerous tumor develops
when a group of malignant cells invade the tissue surrounding the breast and can spread to other
parts of the body (Cancer.org, 2015). This type of cancer is most common in women. However, men
can also fall victim to the disease. In 2015, about 230,000 new cases of breast cancer will be
diagnosed in women and approximately 40,000 women will die from this disease (Cancer.org,
2015). White Non–Hispanic women have the highest incidence rates for breast cancer; however,
African American women have higher mortality rates. Cancer disparities to these non–Hispanics are
purported by various factors. These disparities can ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Breast cancer accounts for almost 14 percent of all cancer cases in the Bronx County, and 9% of all
cancer related deaths The best survival rates occur for those who are diagnosed with early stage
disease, the American Cancer Society reports that between 60 percent of breast cancer cases in the
Bronx were found at an early stage. The Bronx County has been reported to contain the largest
number of breast cancer deaths and also contribute to the rising levels of breast cancer death in New
York (Cancer.org, 2015).
Purpose Statement The purpose of this study is to further investigate the role of factors that
influence Breast Cancer risks among African American women, ages 40–64 living in the Bronx.
Recent studies from large cancer databases have consistently shown that in comparison to White
Non–Hispanic women, African American women who have breast cancer often delay seeking
treatment. This might be a contributing factor to the disparities in mortality rates. This quantitative
and descriptive research aims to investigate the relationship between higher breast cancer mortality
rates in African American women and low socioeconomic status. A broad search of literature was
reviewed in order to better understand the relation between these variables and their impact on poor
treatment outcomes for African American women.
Significance of Study Research shows that African American women are predisposed to more
aggressive tumors that are more advanced upon diagnosis. This

Does Smoking Cause Lung Cancer Essay
INTRODUCTION
It's a proven fact. Each year more Americans die from lung cancer and other smoking related
diseases than they die from aids, drug abuse, car accidents and homicide, combined. Cigarette
smoking is a danger to our life and health. It is the leading known cause of lung cancer. Each year
more than 30,000 people will die of lung cancer and 4 out of 5 of them will get it because of
cigarette smoke. Studies have proven that there is no safe way to smoke. Tobacco contains many
dangerous cancer causing chemicals that affects the lungs of the smoker and the nonsmoker, so
smoking just a little amount can increase your chances of getting lung cancer. The Surgeon General
has said that "smoking is the single most important ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
If you smoke, you are more likely to develop the disease. Men who smoke are 22 times more likely
to develop lung cancer, while women who smoke are estimated to be 12 times more likely. The
earlier you start smoking and the longer you smoke increases the danger. But if you stop smoking,
the risk of cancer falls each year as abnormal cells are replaced by normal cells. In ten years, the
risks decreases to a level that is 30 to 50 percent of the risk for people who continue to smoke.
That's why it's important for young people to never start smoking.
WHAT SMOKING DOES TO YOUR LUNGS Cigarette smoke contains many dangerous
chemicals. Carbon monoxide robs your blood of oxygen and may encourage build–up of deposits in
your arteries. Nicotine is an addictive agent. Tar contains cancer causing chemicals which tend to
build up in lung tissue.
The Healthy Lung The air we inhale enters the lungs through tubes called bronchi. These branch
into the smaller brochioles and finally into tiny air sacs, the aveoli. The average lung has more that
300 million of these air sacs, which provides a combined area of more than 750 square feet for
oxygen to be absorbed into the bloodstream and carbon dioxide to be expelled. To some extent our
breathing apparatus can can clean itself. Mucus produced by some cells in the bronchi traps
unfamiliar material, and

Cancer Essay
Presently cancer kills one American every minute of ever day. There are 1,500 people diagnosed
with cancer every 24 hours a day. Specifically there are many types of cancer that could make you
extremely sick. Everybody in your family has probably had cancer at least once.("Research" 3)
Some people thinks cancer comes from Airport Scanners because of the Radiation from the airport
x–ray scanners. A bad food to eat is red meat Some people in Africa eats rats. Rats have red meat..
Red meat could give you Bladder cancer and other types of cancers. Their are over 1000 cancers on
earth. The Top 5 are Pancreatic Cancer, Lung Cancer, Breast Cancer Ovarian Cancer and Colo–
rectal Cancer. Pancreatic Cancer is in both men and women 40% will ... Show more content on
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People can reduce their risks of getting cancer through diet, exercise, and weight loss.("Research
"3). Jim Valvano was a player for Rutgers University in 1960's he was a good player but, a better
coach. Jim Valvano coach for lots of teams in his 20 years of college hoops. Jim Valvano has three
daughters and one son. Valvano's best team was in 1983 with North Carolina Wolf Pack . He also
was a ESPN Commentary with the famous Dick Vitale. In June 1992 Jim was diagnosed with
terminal cancer. Jim was famous for his favorite quotes. "Don't Give up, Don't ever give up". Be a
dreamer If you don't know how to dream, your dead. And his last quote was "My father gave me the
greatest gift anyone could give another person he believed in Me". Jim Valvano's Daughter's have
caner to. Jenny is 28 with Breast Cancer. In Valvano's room Dick Vitale Sidney Lowe and Coach K
watching him until he died on April 28, 1993. Everyday he took 24 tablets to get him through the
day.{"Kirshenbaum Jerry"1). The V foundation for cancer and research was founded by Jim
Valvano. The foundation raises money for cancer. The V foundation has raised 80 million dollars
since 1993.("About Us"2). On March 4th, 1993 Jim was awarded the Inaugural Arthur Ashe
Courage award for his ESPY speech. Jim's ESPY speech was very good and it plays every year
before the Jimmy V Classic games. Jim's Spirit , drive, and determination carried him through his

Smoking : Smoking And Smoking
Project Summary
Smoking in Bushwick
Cigarette smoking affects nearly all organs in the body. Smoking leads to negative health outcomes
such as various kinds of cancers and chronic diseases and reduces the overall health of individuals.
Some diseases caused by smoking are – oral cancer, lung cancer, chronic diseases such as – stroke,
blindness, cataract, periodontitis, COPD, diabetes, smoking during pregnancy causes pregnancy
complications. (Health Effects of Cigarette Smoking, 2015)
Cigarette smoking and mortality– (Health Effects of Cigarette Smoking, 2015)
● Cigarette smoking leads to more than 480,000 deaths each year in the United States. This is
approximately one in five deaths.
● Smoking causes about 90% of all lung cancer deaths in men and women.
● About 80% of all deaths from chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) are caused by
smoking
● Cigarette smoking increases risk for death from all causes in men and women.
Risk factors for smoking – (Health Effects of Cigarette Smoking, 2015)
● Social access and availability
● Family Norms
● Peer pressure
● Low enforcement of anti–smoking policies
● Tobacco Marketing Strategies
● Stress
Smoking and other health risks– Smoking harms almost every organ of the body and negatively
affects a person's overall health. Smoking can make it difficult for a woman to conceive. It also
affects the baby's health prior to, and after birth. Smoking also increases the risk for – Preterm birth,
stillbirth, low birth weight,

Essay on NUR/405 Windshield Survey and reflection with...
Windshield Survey and Reflection
Windshield Survey and Reflection
A windshield survey was conducted in the community of Staten Island, New York to obtain a
detailed assessment through visual observations within the surroundings of the community. There
are many variations of the definition of community one coming from the World Health Organization
defining community as "A group of people, often living in a defined geographical area, who may
share a common culture, values and norms, and are arranged in a social structure according to
relationships which the community has developed over a period of time" (Stanhope & Lancaster,
2012, p. 397). Community health includes the characteristics that promote positive health of the ...
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I have seen several home improvement company vehicles around the community suggesting that
residents appear to take pride in the appearance of their homes. The area appeared to be a solid
middle class community that would be a nice place to raise a family. There is no evidence of
abandoned homes and several real estate signs dispersed throughout the community. The island at its
lowest point is 160 feet above sea level but is still susceptible to flooding, especially from after
Hurricane Sandy. The aftermaths of the hurricane left some homes on the northeastern shoreline
damaged and are still under construction for repair.
Vulnerable Populations
The residents who live on the northeastern shoreline of the island are a vulnerable population
susceptible to flooding; thus, respiratory ailments, symptoms, and exacerbations. Residents who
continue to live in homes not properly remediated are exposed to increased respiratory ailments
secondary from the mold. This may also cause an acute exacerbation with preexisting respiratory
illnesses in children and adults; such as cough, respiratory distress, allergic reactions, asthma, and
chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
Leading Health Indicators/Community Health Aspects
Smoking is one major health concern for adults living on the south shore of Annadale, Staten Island.
According to the New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene (2006), death

Cigarette Smoking around the World Essay
As of 2002, more than 430,000 people every year die from use of tobacco– more than AIDS,
alcohol, drugs, abuse, car accidents, murders, suicides, and fires COMBINED ("Cigarette Smoking"
2). Scary, isn't it? That even though cigarettes can cause that many deaths, people still smoke them?
Cigarette smoking is a serious problem in the United States. Especially when it is done in public.
Public smoking should be banned because it is a hazard to the people around.
Smoking comes with many problems. Not only for the smoker, but for the nonsmokers who are
exposed to the smoke. In 1993, the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) classified second–hand
smoke as a Group A carcinogen– the most dangerous category of carcinogens. About 600,000
people ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
150,000–300,000 children under 18 months get respiratory infections from second–hand smoke;
7,500–15,000 must be hospitalized ("Effects" 1). About 40% of all children who visit the emergency
room for asthma attacks live with smokers, therefore are exposed to second–hand smoke ("Effects"
1). I do not have asthma, therefore I do not know what an asthma attack feels like. But if it's
anything like a severe allergy attack, oh my gosh, those poor, poor children. Not being able to
breathe is so scary. Constantly being around a smoker and having asthma can be life threatening.
And very stressful. Always having to worry if the cigarette smoke will irritate the asthma. The stress
isn't good for children.
1 pack of cigarettes in Indiana costs $4.82 (Boonn 1). That's a fair amount of money nowadays,
especially with gas prices going through the roof. By not smoking for one week, a smoker who
smokes a pack a day would save about $33.74. That's how much it costs to fill a tank of gas! That
tank of gas could save a life by driving someone to the hospital for a heart attack. Besides the
famous and rich people, who has money to waste on cigarettes? Medical care from smoking costs
more than $50 billion annually and indirect costs exceed $50 billion ("Cigarette Smoking" 2). Now
that's really a lot of money. I sure hope the person who has to pay that much money has some very
good, forgiving

Illness As Metaphor Chapter 1 Summary
Journal 1 Sontag, Susan. "1." Illness as Metaphor. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1978. 5–8.
Print. Susan introduces and explores the literal meaning of illness by citing evidence of the
widespread treatments to cancer and tuberculosis patients. She argues in the chapter 1 that "cancer
patients are lied to, not just because the disease is death sentence, but because it is felt to be
obscene" (9). Susan organizes the discussion centering on the theme that illness divides people apart
in the rest of the chapter. She uses the example of cardiac patients who are not so much avoided by
relatives and friend because they consider cardiac is a mechanism failure, unlike cancer is caused by
something obscene. She ascribes theses commonly found phenomenon to the effect of metaphors.
"The metaphors attached to TB and to cancer imply living processes of a particularly resonant and
horrid kind" (9). I like the second part of the essay where she explains the phenomenon by
associating it with metaphor. It introduces the title of the book, Illness as Metaphor, and intrigue me
to read further. Journal 2 Sontag, Susan. "1." Illness as Metaphor. New York: Farrar, Straus and
Giroux, 1978. 8–17. Print. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
She comments that "Humankind lingers unregenerately in Plato's Cave, still reveling, its age–old
habit, in mere images of the truth." (3). "The Plato's Cave," examines the theme – the illusion of
images. She compares photographs to the shadow in the Plato's Cave, the prisoners or the human see
the shadow on the wall and is trapped to believe what they see is the truth. Pointed, such comment
leads me to think of the many people who watch the reports on the news and without individual
judgment of the reliability. Like the image of the cave, the image on the television might be merely a
carefully manipulated fallacy. Indeed, human is too easily tricked to trust the image; however, the
image is only an image of

Government Regulation of Tobacco Products Essay
Government Regulation of Tobacco Products
Dawn
BUS 250 Corporate & Social Responsibilit
March 7, 2010
Government Regulation of Tobacco Products Government regulation of tobacco has come under
some fierce opposition. Naturally the big tobacco companies do not want any type of regulation and
yet one company was a quiet supporter. This company, the Altria Group which is a parent company
of Philip Morris, believed the bill would pass so they wanted to make sure they had a say when the
bill would be discussed. They believed they could handle regulation they just did not want to see
tobacco outlawed for good. While Altria is trying to understand and even supporting the bill,
Reynolds America, the parent company of R.J. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It causes cancers of the lung, esophagus, larynx, mouth, throat, kidney, bladder, pancreas, stomach,
and cervix, as well as acute myeloid leukemia" (Anonymous, nd, para. 6). Several hundreds of
thousands of dollars are spent every year on the treatment of cancer due to smoking. The biggest
incentive is that people would live longer more productive cancer free lives. Children could be
children and not smoking at a young age and harming their bodies with cigarettes. With government
control over the tobacco industry the United States could see a dramatic decline in cancer and deaths
due to cigarette smoking. "Health advocates predicted that the new FDA standards could eventually
reduce some of the 60 cancer–causing carcinogens and 4,000 harmful toxins in cigarette smoke or
make cigarettes taste so bad they deterred users" (Lawrence & Weber, 2011, p. 192). By
allowing the FDA to regulate the chemicals in cigarettes and outlaw a majority of flavorings it
would help in reducing the number of children that would be enticed to try cigarettes. This in turn
would save money on health care and many people would live longer more productive cancer free
lives.
References
Anonymous. (nd). Harms of smoking and health benefits of quitting. Retrieved on March 4, 2011,
from http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/factsheet/Tobacco/cessation
Lawrence, A. T. & Weber, J. (2011). Business and society: stakeholders, ethics,

A Comparison Of Health Lesson And Community Health Ranking
Review of Bronx and Saratoga Health Rankings In New York City, according to County Health
Rankings & Roadmaps ("Bronx", 2017), Saratoga County rated first in health, conversely, Bronx
County rated last in health. It draws people's attention that what distinguishes Saratoga County
differently than the other counties in New York City. This paper aim to explore the similarities and
differences between Saratoga County and Bronx County; exam the fairness of the health rankings in
measures and weights in Saratoga County and Bronx County; and find ways to decrease disparities
and improve the health of Bronx County. There are three similarities between Saratoga County and
Bronx County. According to the County Health Rankings & ... Show more content on
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When it is applied to knowledge, a lower number of injury death in a population, the healthier they
will be. The third similarity between Saratoga County and Bronx County is the percentage of adult
smoking. Adult smoking is defined as the adult who has smoked more than one hundred cigarettes,
meanwhile, smokes majority of day during the week. Every year, Notwithstanding, there are around
four hundred thousand population suffering a premature death due to smoke, people still smoke.
Smoking causes various health problems such as stroke, lung cancer, respiratory diseases ("Adult
Smoking", 2017). The data from the County Health Rankings & Roadmaps ("Compare Counties",
2017) pointed out that, the percentage of adult smoking in New York City is 15%, in Bronx is 17%
and in Saratoga is 13%. Thus, from the interpretation of these data, the information can be perceived
that the percentage of adult smoking for both counties are near to the percentage in New York City.
When it is applied to knowledge, a lower percentage of adult smoking in a population, the healthier
they will be. Except for the similarities, there are three major differences between Saratoga County
and Bronx County. The first one is the number of sexually transmitted infections. Sexually
transmitted infections is calculated by the new reported number of chlamydia in 100,000 population.
Chlamydia

Tobacco Products Cause And Effects
Introduction
Tobacco products, specifically cigarettes, are products that usually cause a slow, painful death. If
death is not eventually caused as a direct result of tobacco products, they can still result in various
other debilitating illnesses. It is not only health that the use of tobacco products causes to decline,
but also the monetary security of the individual indulging in these items. Whether it is money or
health, tobacco products cause severe degradation in both categories. Cigarettes and other items
such as snuff can be both directly and indirectly linked to many thousand cases of death and illness
each year in the United States. There is no benefit to be gained from use of these harmful reagents,
and for that reason a debilitating excise tax should be placed on tobacco products.
Addiction
All forms of tobacco, such as snuff, cigars, cigarettes, and chewing tobacco, contain the drug
nicotine, which accounts for the addictive nature of these products. Nicotine is absorbed into the
bloodstream when it is introduced to the body, this principle applies whether the tobacco is inhaled,
smoked, or chewed. When nicotine enters the bloodstream, it instantaneously begins to stimulate the
adrenal glands, otherwise known as the glands that produce adrenaline within the human body. This
adrenaline, also known as the hormone epinephrine, prompts the central nervous system of the
individual to increase things such as blood pressure, respiration, and heart rate (DrugFacts:

Smoking Cigarettes: The Leading Cause Of Cancer
Smoking cigarettes is the leading cause of preventable deaths worldwide, and roughly 1,300 deaths
are reported every day from tobacco use. According to the Centers for Disease Control &
Prevention, smoking cigarettes increases the chance of a stroke by four times. Since there are so
many chemicals rolled up into one cigarette, there's a greater chance of getting cancer essentially
anywhere. Smoking is the leading cause of cancer and cancer related deaths. From smoking
cigarettes, you can get cancer anywhere that a cigarette could affect you, not just the major ones like
cancer of the mouth, lungs, and throat that are said to be most common in smokers. Cancer is more
common in people who tend to smoke on a regular basis because of what cigarettes are made of and
how they affect the body (Astor). ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Things like nicotine are what make them hard to quit, because it produces the effect people are
looking for. There are radioactive materials in tobacco leaves that are used to make the cigarette.
When it is lit, it is what burns and what smokers inhale into their lungs. This could be another
leading factor in causing cancers in both men and women (Harmful). For women, smoking
cigarettes causes infertility, but smoking while pregnant causes the fetus to develop deformities
while it is developing in the womb. When born, there's a higher risk of SIDS (Sudden Infant Death
Syndrome) and cleft palate according to the Centers for Disease Control & Prevention. For men, it
causes them to produce less testosterone than normal. Aside from reproduction, smoking can cause
life long heart problems by damaging the vessels and hardening the plaque liquids in the arteries,
making them more narrow, making it more likely to get a heart

Unit 4
Take a look at the following case studies that detail an outcome associated with a disease/organ
malfunction. Select one study to investigate further for your assignment.
Critically evaluate the information provided and correlate it with the organ systems that are affected
in the scenario. Use the information that you have gathered to answer the assignment questions that
follow the case study. For assistance with your assignment, please use your text, the AIU Library,
Web resources, and course materials.
Case Study 1:
Atherosclerosis is narrowing of arteries caused by the accumulation of fatty deposits on the arterial
walls.
On June 22, 2002 the St. Louis Cardinals were preparing for their upcoming baseball game against
the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
A recent doctor 's visit reveals that Mr. Amos has stage 3 lung cancer, characterized by his
symptoms of nagging chest pain, fatigue, coughing up blood, substantial weight loss, and increased
carbon dioxide levels in his blood. The doctor informed Mr. Amos that had he quit his smoking
habit several years ago, he would have reduced his risk for developing lung cancer later in life. Mr.
Amos immediately begins treatment for the lung cancer that has metastasized to his lymph nodes.
Answer the following assignment questions:
What main components in cigarettes affect the respiratory system? Explain their effects on specific
organs, cells and/or processes in the respiratory system. There are alternate mechanisms of
transporting carbon dioxide (CO2) and oxygen (O2 ) in the blood. Explain how smoking might lead
to increased levels of carbon dioxide in the blood. Can smoking affect other organ systems of the
body? Give specific examples and briefly explain your answer. How can you correlate cellular
respiration with the respiratory system? Does smokeless tobacco present a reduced risk for lung
cancer and other smoking associated diseases? Provide evidence for your answer.
Case Study 3:
Gigantism is abnormally large growth during childhood caused by excess growth hormone secreted
by the anterior pituitary gland.

Robert Wadlow, born on February 22, 1918, weighed a normal eight pounds, six

Causes And Consequences Of The Death Of Brooklyn
According to Healthy People 2020 the most leading cause of death national for ages of 1–44 is
Suicide, cancer, and intentional injury (2015). The most leading cause for deaths in New York State
is Heart disease, cancer, chronic respiratory disease, stroke, and unintentional injury (Healthy New
York. Gov 2015). Leading causes of death in Brooklyn (Kings County) is heart disease, cancer,
pneumonia and influenza, diabetes, and chronic lower respiratory (Health New York. Gov, 2015).
East Flatbush leading cause of death is heart disease, cancer, diabetes mellitus, stroke, and
flu/pneumonia (Community Health Profiles 2015). East Flatbush is a middle class residential
neighborhood in the New York City borough of Brooklyn. Looking at the community health profiles
of 2015 for East Flatbush indicated that Asthma is a huge problem in this community. After World
War II east Flatbush was largely populated by immigrant Jews and Italians, then in the 1960s by
African Americans. Now this area is flooded with West Indian immigrants such as Haitians,
Jamaicans, Trinidadians, St. Lucians, Grenadians, Panamanians, Bajans, Dominican, and Guyanese
groups. Asthma has no cure, you could be feeling just fine but the disease is still there and can
appear again at any time. More than 5,000 people die annually because of asthma. Asthma
hospitalization rates have been the highest in the midst of black children but the death rates for
asthma were consistently highest among blacks from ages 15

Long-Term Consequences Of Secondhand Smoke
Many people already know that smoking is very dangerous for your health, but only recently have
we discovered that secondhand smoke is just as detrimental. Smoking is an expensive, bad habit that
causes harmful, long–term effects on the smoker and all those around him. Unfortunately, non–
smokers must witness, experience, and live with the smoke day in and day out. Secondhand smoke
can result in both short and long–term health consequences, even though you are not actually
smoking. Many smokers do not realize they are harming others when they smoke, but in reality, they
may be hurting their neighbors more than themselves. Secondhand smoke, also known as passive or
involuntary smoking, can lead to illness and various forms of cancer. ... Show more content on
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Prolonged exposure to secondhand smoke can lead to fatal ailments and diseases, including different
types of cancer, strokes, and heart disease. According to the American Lung Association,
"Secondhand smoke causes approximately 7,330 deaths from lung cancer and 33,950 deaths from
heart disease each year" (lung.org 27 December 2015). Even short–term exposure can impressively
increase the risk of heart attacks. Exposure to passive smoking can be calculated by measuring the
level of cotinine, which is a product of nicotine, in a nonsmoker's urine, saliva, or blood. Lung
cancer is one of the greatest leading results of exposure to secondhand smoke. The U.S. Surgeon
General estimated that living with a smoker could increase a nonsmoker's chance of developing lung
cancer by 20 to 30%. Secondhand smoke can also increase the risk of attaining breast cancer, sinus
cavity cancer, nasopharyngeal cancer, leukemia, lymphoma, and brain

Informative Speech Outline On Cancer
The Mysterious Face of Cancer
Thesis: What people need to understand though is yes cancer is
Life–altering chain of events but cancer is not the end of the world.
I. Death is inevitable; there is no way around it.
A. There are more than one hundred types of cancer.
B. There are three main ways doctors and scientists detect cancer in a patient.
C. If a patient does have cancer and it is detected in the early stages there is a greater chance of
recovery.
II. There are three main types of cancer treatment doctor's use.
A. Most cancers are treatable if they are detected in the early stages.
B. Sadly, many people discover they have cancer after is too late.
C. There are several warning signs that may save a patients life.
III. Scientists may not know right now why cancer affects certain people but they do know that it
has nothing to do with age or gender.
A. In the United States about 8.4 million Americans alive today have a history of cancer.
B. Nearly 552,200 people will develop cancer in the next year.
C. There are several steps a person can take to reduce his or her risk of developing the cancer virus.
Every person on earth will eventually one day have to leave it behind. It ... Show more content on
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Scientists are sure there are many more they just have not yet been diagnosed. The cancers that are
most common in women are breast cancer and cancer of the uterus. The cancers that are most
common in men are lung cancer, prostate cancer, and colon cancer. Lung cancer kills more than
50,000 men a year. More men are likely to get lung cancer because in general men smoke more than
women. Along with these leading cancers among women and men there are several other cancers
that are common in both. Cancers of the colon, rectum, and large intestine kill more than 45,000
Americans a year (Altman and Sang 78). With numbers like that a person may begin to wonder if
anyone survives the cancer

Our Star Title
Title of the novel "the fault in our star" comes from Shakespeare's play Act 1, Scene 2. It is written
It's not fate that ruins man but his failure. Title symbolizes, sometimes we are irresponsible for our
failure it's in our fate. No one causes cancer to himself, but nature does.
It is the sixth novel by John Green. The novel is number one in the New York Times Best Seller
List. The novel has elegiac comedy. This book is notable for its humor, language, themes,
determined characters and with a new panorama of cancer and romance.
"The fault in our star" is a fictional novel. The story is about teens who are fighting with cancer. The
story has four parts. 1) When Hazel meets Augustus. 2) When Augustus reads Hazel's favorite book,
and then they go to Amsterdam. 3) Augustus death. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Hazel is brave despite the fact that she is dying. She likes reading books. She meets a 17 years old
boy named Augustus Waters suffering from osteosarcoma in a support group. Hazel's favorite book
"An Imperial Affliction" written by Peter Van Houten about a girl Anna suffering from blood cancer.
When Augustus reads the book, he was frustrated because the book ends without any conclusion.
Subsequently, they write an email to Van Houten who lives in Amsterdam after they decide to go
there to get answers to their questions. When Hazel and Augustus meet Van Houten, he was
abrasively intoxicated. Van Houten offends Hazel and Augustus and refuses to give answers. Van
Houten in the novel is an abusive

Breast Cancer : A Devastating Disease
Situation: Breast cancer is a devastating disease that has continued to take many lives throughout the
years. This form of cancer is the second most cause of death after heart disease and while
synonymous with women, breast cancer can also develop in men. However, breast cancer in men is
very rare and it is estimated that only 150 men are diagnosed with breast cancer in New York each
year as opposed to their female counterparts, of which an estimated number of 15,000 women are
diagnosed each year. As it currently stands, the state of New York has a higher incidence rate of
breast cancer than most states within the United States. Studies have indicated that New York
residents living upstate have higher cancer rates than those downstate.
In recent years, the number of breast cancer cases have declined as a result of early detection and
advanced treatment methods as a result of our continuing understand of the disease. Also attributed
with the decline of breast cancer incidence rates is the increasing awareness of the disease, anti–
smoking campaigns and the decline in use of hormonal therapy. In 2002, the World Health Initiative
published a report that indicated that the use of hormonal therapy after menopause was associated
with an increased risk of not only breast cancer, but heart diseases as well. Following the report, the
incidence rate of breast cancer dropped by 7% from 2002 to 2003.While positive, the number of
those affected with the disease, including their families

Overview of Lung cancer Essay
Lung cancer is considered to be the leading cause of cancer death worldwide. There are
approximately about 180,000 cases that are diagnosed in America, considering that 90% dies thru
lung cancer alone. Despite of its number, it is the most preventable of all the cancers. Like every
cancer it spreads out fast if not taken seriously, this due the abnormal growth of cells. The abnormal
cell growth often leads to the formation of tumor. This cancer is very common and very deadly. The
following common symptoms of lung cancer may include excessive coughing, chest pain, shortness
in breath, hoarse voice, swelling on the face and neck, unexplained loss of appetite and tiredness. It
may be hard to determine, if a person has a lung cancer. The ... Show more content on
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Most lung cancers start in the epithelial lining of the bronchi, and occasionally in the trachea,
bronchioles, or alveoli. All forms of lung cancer, being derived from epithelial cells, are carcinomas.
(Panno, 2005) The spread of lung cancer takes time but could spread fast if not alerted, this depends
on the patient's immune system. The decay can lead to more harmful situation; it can spread quickly
to the bone and brain. The lung is close to the heart where it could potential affect the blood flow.
This affects the person ability to exchange carbon dioxide and oxygen during breathing process. The
treatment for lung cancer may involve chemotherapy therapy, radiation therapy, and surgical
removal of the cancer as the last resort. Sometime patient has to go thru a combination of the
treatments due to its location and severity. Deciding the best medication that works well depends on
the person's situation and other health issues. The surgical process usually performed at its earliest
stage. This works well on slow–growing cancer and the chances of survival is the best. Sometimes
this procedure does not work, where integrated with chemotherapy and/or radiation therapy is
needed. (West, 2011) Another process would be the radiation treatment usually used as preventative
measure to slow the growth process and brachytherapy is commonly used. Most of the time 70%
patient resort to this process as the best way

Medical Marijuana As A Treatment For Different Diseases
The United States health care industry has been fighting the increased use of medical marijuana as a
treatment for different diseases. Recent research suggests that diseases like AIDS/HIV, Alzheimer's,
Arthritis, Cancer, Crohn's disease, Glaucoma, Multiple sclerosis and Epilepsy can be helped with
Medical Marijuana. Therefore, given this information, federal government and states should lessen
the restrictions on the usage of medical marijuana to help treat different diseases. Alcohol and
Opiates were two of the most widely used substances for pain before medical marijuana. People that
used opiates as a form of self–medication usually get addicted to them. American Society of
Addiction Medicine states "Opiate addiction is driving this epidemic, with 20,101 overdose deaths".
People often share their unused pain relievers, unaware of the dangers of nonmedical opioid use
which causes the high number of overdose deaths. Opiates are so addicting that "Opiates make up
83 percent of admissions for intravenous drug addictions" (. American Society of Addiction
Medicine). In 2014 study, for example, found that states with medical marijuana had fewer
prescription painkiller overdose deaths than those without (Huffington post). Another form of self–
medication that leads to addiction is alcohol. The use of alcohol to depress the effects of pain is as
old as the fermentation process itself. Using Alcohol to stop pain can be very dangerous. Alcohol
helps make people feel better when

Zadroga 9/11 Research Paper
Following the devastating attacks on the World Trade Center on 9/11, one Congressman who
represents New York's 10th Congressional District. Led the fight in Congress and at the White
House to secure $20 billion for recovery work and consistently spoke up for New York when the
rebuilding effort essential help from the federal government and that man is Congressman Jerrold
Nadler. Congressman Nadler led the fight for a more comprehensive cleanup and held hearing in
which former Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) refusing to appropriately test and cleanup
building contaminated by the collapse of the Twin Towers, and falsely declared it safe for workers,
residents, and students to return to the area. The fight led Congressman Nadler to co–author ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Causing officer Zadroga to died of a respiratory disease that has been attributed to his participation
in rescue and recovery operations in the rubble of the Twin Towers. On August 14, 2006, when then
Governor of New York George Pataki signed into legislation to expand the death benefits to Ground
Zero workers who die or suffer from cancer or respiratory disease, under the assumption that the
cause was due to exposure during the recovery efforts. Along with the James Zadroga 9/11 Health &
Compensation Act, which President Obama signed into law in early 2011, established the World
Trade Center (WTC) Health Program. According to the City of New York (NYC, n.d) "to ensures
that those exposed to the 9/11 disaster to receive monitoring and treatment services for 9/11 related
health problems through at least 2090 " When the World Trade Center (WTC) went down along with
the surrounding building causing major destruction which lead to "intense exposures of tens of
thousands of individuals to known or suspected carcinogens, leading to concern about development
of excess cancers" Boffetta, et al (2016) which included thyroid and prostate

Lorraine Hansberry's A Raisin In The Sun Essay
Dream's Recovered
Everyone has dreams; everyone has goals they want to accomplish. Some know what it is instantly
and some take time to realize what they want to do. But not everyone will achieve their dreams and
some, because of sad circumstances lose their grip on their dream and fall into a state of
disappointment. Langston Hughes poem relates to the dreams of Mama, Ruth, and Walter in
Lorraine Hansberry's play A Raisin in the Sun.
Ruth has to listen to Walter's extravagant dreams of being rich and powerful all the time and know
that these dreams will never happen. They are very poor and Travis must sleep on the couch because
they only have a two–room apartment. Ruth's ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Is it gone? All of it? Beneatha's money too?" (2.3.129). After all of this Mama seems as if she is
sagging under the heavy load of disappointment and trying to understand her children.
Walter's dream is actually the great American dream to have your own house in a good
neighborhood, a job you love, a wife, and children. But sadly he's far from his dream. He is a
chauffeur for a rich white man, and must drive him around in an expensive car that he could never
afford. Walter's dream is also deferred when he is told that good old Willy Harris absconded with the
money for his and his family's dreams. Hearing this Walter says "Willy!...Man, I put my life in your
hands...Man...THAT MONEY IS MADE OUT OF MY FATHER'S FLESH." (2.3.128). Walter is
very angry after when he finally realizes that they received the money because his father died. Then
becomes violent at the fact that a man he trusted with his life ran away with the money that
symbolized his dead father. So all the pent up anger he had been holding in finally comes out and he
explodes.
Eventually, as in most cases, dreams can be recovered or at least attempted again after the state of
depression is over. In this case Walter, Ruth, and Lena never gave up trying to reach their dreams.
They would have to work more so they can afford to move and live in their new home. But this did
not concern any of them; they just wanted to move out

What Makes A Good Body?
According to the American Cancer Society, they predict there will be approximately 1,653,370
patients diagnosed with cancer and about 589,430 deaths from cancer in 2015 alone (American
Cancer Society). An official definition of cancer is "unhealthy body cells that can grow
uncontrollably" (Moe, Barbara). Some methods of treatment that oncologists or cancer doctors
might use on a patient include surgery to take out tumors, radiation or x–rays, or chemotherapy,
drugs that kill cancer cells but can affect good body cells (Moe, Barbara). There are eight defined
categories for coping with cancer: acceptance, direct action, distraction, letting feelings out,
redefinition, relaxation, religion, and social support (Meyer, Miriam S.). Acceptance ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
For the last category, social support, this defines as the patient's loved ones to keep in touch with
them and go through the cancer process together. Loved ones encourage and bring positivity to their
life. In The Fault in Our Stars, Hazel, a 16 year old thyroid and lung cancer patient has been
diagnosed for 5 years. She meets Augustus Waters at a weekly support group and falls in love with
him. Throughout the book, Hazel goes through a couple of scares, and she has to learn how to deal
with her cancer in her very few daily activities and any other special events she goes to in her very
slow life. John Green somewhat realistically portrays through the characters in The Fault in Our
Stars how patients and their loved ones tend to and should cope with the different aspects of cancer.
First of all, patients diagnosed with cancer tend to cope certain ways with their cancer and emotions
that come with it, and Hazel does demonstrate some of the negative ways patients in the real world
deal with it without the advice of others. Some patients get hit with depression. Depression affects
your life seriously. The victim is not able to function because of how downcast they feel ("Feelings
and Cancer"). They can also feel lonely because they feel no one knows what they are going through
("Feelings and Cancer"). Hazel does go through a stage where she is depressed before she

Analysis of Cancer
Cancer – The Enemy Within
Abstract: Cancer has been known and feared since antiquity, but its imperative danger could only be
realized until fairly recently. Indeed as knowledge of the disease grew in the nineteenth and
twentieth centuries, fear increased when people became more aware that most cancers had no
available cure. Cancer is a disease in which abnormal cells reproduce without control, destroy
healthy tissue, and eventually cause deterioration to the body. This paper is a discussion on how
cancer develops and spreads, some of the various types of cancer, and the causes of the disease.
Cancer is a disease in which cells multiply without control, destroy healthy tissue, and endanger life.
About 100 ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Sarcomas are cancers that begin in connective tissue. These tissues form the body's supporting
structures, such as bone and cartilage. The great majority of cancer cases are carcinomas. They
include most cancers of the skin and the breast as well as of digestive, reproductive, respiratory, and
urinary systems. Sarcomas also occur in all of these organs and systems but are far less common.
Scientists do not know exactly why cancer develops, but they have found that certain agents play an
active role in causing the disease. Most experts agree that people develop cancer mainly through
repeated or prolonged contact with one or more cancer–causing agents, called carcinogens.
Carcinogens attack normal cells and may eventually cause one of them to become cancerous. Some
carcinogens are introduced into the body through the nose, mouth, or some other opening. Other
carcinogens attack the body through the skin. Many cancers are caused by a combination of 2 or
more carcinogens rather than by a single one.
Laboratory tests and population studies indicate that two main groups of carcinogens can cause
cancer in human beings. This groups consist of various chemicals, and certain forms of radiation.
Some examples of chemical carcinogens include the tars in tobacco smoke, certain industrial
chemicals, certain unnatural food chemicals and also various chemicals used in drugs. Radiation, on
the other hand, produces cancer in people who are exposed

The Ins and Outs of Cancer Essay
The Ins and Outs of Cancer
Cancer has affected the lives of each and every one of us alive today. Many people have know
someone with cancer, yet even those who haven't have been bombarded with constant reminders of
its terrible threat. Although cancer is often referred to as a single condition, it actually consists of
more than 100 different diseases, all characterized by the uncontrolled growth, reproduction, and
spread of abnormal body cells. All of these diseases are individually unique, yet the basic processes
that produce cancers are very similar (Ruddon, 1995). The human body consists of over 30 trillion
cells, living in a complex, interdependent harmony. They regulate each other's proliferation; normal
cells reproduce ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Proto–oncogenes induce cell growth and reproduction, while tumor suppressor genes inhibit it.
Together, they carefully control the proliferation of cells. However, if a proto–oncogene is mutated,
it can become a carcinogenic oncogene, driving excessive multiplication. Tumor suppressor genes,
on the other hand, contribute to cancer when they are inactivated by mutation (Ruddon, 1995).
Luckily, cancerous tumors are not caused by one little mutation in one cell –– they are caused by
multiple mutations in a number of the cell's growth–controlling genes. The number of mutations
necessary can be as low as two or quite high, depending on the specific type of cancer. Generally,
these mutations occur either from mistakes during cell reproduction, or due to DNA damage caused
by carcinogens such as tobacco, certain poisons, and UV rays. So, why don't we all get cancer from
these things right away? Consider that one of your cells is damaged by poison and becomes
mutated. In order for this cell to turn into a cancer cell, the rest of the necessary mutations must also
occur in this very same cell. This in itself, is fairly unlikely. It normally takes decades for an
incipient tumor to collect all the mutations required for it's malignant growth, which explains why
the average age for cancer diagnosis is 67 (Ruddon, 1995). Why, then, do some individuals

Sacrificee : Terry Fox's Display Of Sacrifice
Terry Fox's display of Sacrifice Sacrifice is doing something for the greater good. Sacrifice often
requires the person to put themselves in harm's way. Sacrificing one's life in exchange for something
greater is the truest way to display selflessness and courage. Terry Fox is a hero that sacrificed
himself to achieve a greater goal. Terry Fox is a professional long–distance runner who lost his leg
and eventually his life to cancer. Greek heroes such as Theseus help others by using their own
courage and selflessness, and Patroclus sacrificed himself to rally the Greek army in the Trojan War.
Terry Fox displays traits of selflessness and sacrifice in his achievements before and after death;
these achievements are so great that the ancient ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
However, dressed in Achilles's armor, Patroclus took on the Trojan army and eventually Hector, the
great hero of Troy. "But at last he met Hector face to face and his doom was sealed as surely as a
boar is doomed when he faces a lion" (270). Although Hector kills Patroclus, Patroclus did what
needed to be done to rally the Greeks towards a singular goal. Also, his death sparked Achilles to
fight for the Greeks which turned the tide of the war. "I will kill the destroyer of him" is Achilles
talking, clearly inspired by the actions of Patroclus (271). Terry Fox has also sacrificed himself to
rally people towards a singular goal. "I've said to people before that I'm going to do my very best to
make it, I'm not going to give up. But I might not make it... if I don't, the Marathon of Hope better
continue" (Fox). During his "Marathon of Hope" Fox suffered from cancer, but he began the trek
across Canada anyway. He did it to raise money for cancer, and even though he stopped the run and
eventually died, Fox succeeded in his goal. Since his death, over people around the world inspired
by Terry Fox raised over $350 million dollars in his cancer foundation. This courage and level of
sacrifice that both Terry Fox and Patroclus share are why they are heroes. Terry Fox's selflessness
warrants the admiration that both Patroclus and Theseus received in Greek mythology. He did not sit
around and wait until cancer

Research Paper On American Cancer Society
American Cancer Society The American Cancer Society (ACS) is a health organization devoted to
treating cancer and cancer awareness. It focuses its efforts to "help saves lives, get people well and
to find cures, and to fight back" (Wikipedia). The American Cancer Society was founded in 1913, in
New York City. It was originally called the "American Society for the Control of Cancer (ASCC)".
At the time the organization was formed, being diagnosis with cancer meant "near certain death"
(ACS). Some doctors did not tell their patient that they had cancer, and if the patient knew they, did
not tell their friends or family members, so the founders of ACS knew that they had to raise public
awareness about cancer (ACS). ACS is located in many states

Cancer In China
New York City is most known in most areas as being a melting pot of diverse ethnicities, cultures
and traditions. For a staggering number and making it the largest ethnic group in the city, it is home
to 83 percent of Chinese residents (American born and newly migrated). In the borough of Queens,
40 percent of Chinese New Yorkers claim the area as their residence. While Chinese is the largest
Asian group among Taiwanese, Asian Indian, Korean, Filipino, and Bangladeshi, the city of
Flushing holds the Chinese as the largest subgroup. But the one major public health problem that
plagues all racial and ethnic group in the United States is cancer. Generally speaking, Asian
Americans and Pacific Islanders are the only set of nationalities ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
However, a few Exclusion Acts that were created based on the discrimination of a migrant's country
of birthplace limited the number of immigration rates up until 1965. Since 1965, immigration has
risen steadily making the number of total immigrants become permanent residents increase from
841,000 in 2000 to 1.1 million in 2005. While the numbers of Chinese Americans have one of the
oldest immigration histories, they continue to be the largest ethnic groups in the U.S. In 2000, 2.4
million (documented) Chinese settled in the United States, 40.3% in California, 17.5% New York,
and Texas 4.4%. In current trends predictions, Asian Americans are projected to triple the percentage
of settlers in 2000 by the year

Chemotherapy Research Papers
Researchers at the Purdue University developed a new technology that simulates chemical process
and reaction of tumors with chemotherapy drugs. It is a possible tool for screening anticancer drugs
before approving them for treatment.
"There are many different types of chemotherapy drugs, so clinicians may be able to narrow down
which ones are likely to be more effective than others. Successful drug delivery and overcoming
drug resistance are the primary clinical challenges for management and treatment of cancer. To
address this problem, we developed the tumor–microenvironment–on–chip (T–MOC)," said
Bumsoo Han, a professor of mechanical and biomedical engineering at Purdue University.
The new microfluidic device has a size of 4.5 ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The study will continue to test other types of cancers, such as pancreatic and prostate cancers.
"This confirms T–MOC's predictive ability for in–vivo drug response. This initial characterization
of T–MOC indicates its transformative potential for testing drug effectiveness," said Han.
Drug–Resistance Evolution of Cancer Cells
Cancer cells developed methods to avoid anticancer drugs from killing them. These methods can
stop medicinal effects of chemotherapy and even cytotoxic agents that kill any cells
indiscriminately. Bill Murray, a retired major league baseball administrator, diagnosed with
melanoma endured three separated courses of a new class of immunotherapy to treat the disease.
In 2011, Murray was first given a peptide–based vaccine and a monoclonal antibody called
nivolumab. Nivolumab targets the programmed cell death protein 1 displayed on the surface of T–
cells, a type of lymphocyte white blood cell. PD–1 works as a signal receptor on activated T–cells
that packs down T–cell activity after detecting its counterpart, PD–L1 on the surface of tumor cells.
The nivolumab was intended to block PD–L1 and allow Murray's T–cells to fight cancer.
Unfortunately, the treatment did not work and Murray had to be given a new antibody called
ipilimumab. It binds cytotoxic T–lymphocyte–associated protein 4 expressed by PD–1 T–cells. The
ipilimumab allowed Murray's immune system via T–cell offensive to combat cancer.
But five years later,

Essay on Public Smoking Ban
United States Surgeon General Richard Carmona stated the nearly 126 million nonsmokers are
exposed to secondhand smoke (Report: Ban smoking in public places). The risk of inferior health
caused by smoking in public establishments is truly intolerable. The banning of smoking in public
places everywhere should be imposed because it would reduce the risk of health problems of non–
smokers, it could reduce the number of smokers all together, and, therefore, reduce the amount of
valuable money taxpayers spend on smoking related costs.
Smoking in public places should be banned because it could reduce the number of smokers at
present and future times. First, it would discourage smoking because the ban would force smokers to
choose between daily ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In an article written about how New Yorkers find the law, Cynthia Candiotti, a pub and restaurant
patron, commented on how it will affect her social life, "Smoking and parties have sort of always
gone together. Smoking, I'll probably quit. Going out with friends, that's a whole other matter"
(Blau, Justine). This ban has proven to be extremely successful. An article from WebMD, "Smoking
Ban Helps NYC Stop Smoking," states that within four years of the law being passed there was
nearly a quarter million less smokers in the city alone, possibly saving nearly eighty thousand lives
in the long term. These results are from only one city; one could only imagine the effect if a ban on
smoking in public places was imposed across the nation. This great success is one of the reasons that
smoking should be banned in public places. There are many unnecessary costs associated with
smoking, of which, most would be reduced with the effects of a smoking ban. The ban of smoking
in public would reduce the amount of valuable money Americans squander on smoking related costs
and liabilities. First, the proposed smoking ban would help reduce the amount of money spent on
healthcare.. The ban would help reduce the medical care needed for illnesses, diseases, and cancers,
(etc) caused by the smoking of tobacco and inhalation of secondhand smoke. This is money could
have helped the, over, 43.6 million American citizens without medical insurance.

The Crash Of The World Trade Center
Tuesday, September 11th, 2001 began as a normal, late summer day in New York City, New York. It
started as a beautiful morning, with its sky cloudless and bright with the shining sun. Despite the
seemingly peaceful morning, a sequence of catastrophic events occurred and caused the day to take
a turn for the worst. Anything that made the day appear normal drastically changed.
On the morning of the September 11th attacks, or the attacks of 9/11, four passenger airplanes were
hijacked by terrorists. Two airplanes collided into the North and South towers of the World Trade
Center in New York, a third airplane crashed into the Pentagon in Washington, D.C., and a fourth
airplane crashed into a field in Pennsylvania. These plane collisions ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
"9:03 am– ...crash United Airlines Flight 175 into floors 75–85 of the WTC's South Tower"
(History.com Staff). Like the crash into the North Tower, the crash into the South Tower killed
everybody aboard and hundreds inside the building. After the second tower was smashed into, it was
clear that America was under attack.
Now, both the Twin Towers were engulfed in flames. Numerous people were trapped inside the
towers, since they were on the floors above the impact zone. Many people even leaped to their
deaths, believing it would be better than to die the haunting, horrific death from flames, and/or
smoke inhalation. Even with both 110–story buildings ablaze, the tragedy was far from finished.
Although the South Tower was the second to be struck, it was the first to fall. Less than one hour
after the airplane smashed into it, the entire building collapsed. "9:59 am– The South Tower of the
World Trade Center collapses" (History.com Staff). As soon as the building crumpled to the ground,
thick clouds of dust and smoke filled the surroundings. Then, just under a half hour later, the North
Tower fell in the same manner as the South Tower. "10:28 am– The World Trade Center's North
Tower collapses, 102 minutes after being struck by Flight 11" (History.com Staff). In less than two
hours, the Twin Towers of The World Trade Center that had once scraped the sky, had been
diminished to ashes and remains.
Meanwhile, as the catastrophe

Love Canal Population Health Issues
Population Health Effects: What has been the resulting effect on the health of the population
exposed at Love Canal?
Cytogentic findings:
One of the most prominent concerns regarding the industrial waste from the Love Canal was the risk
of genetic damage. A study was published in 1984 looked at the cytogenetic finds in individuals
living near the Love Canal (Heath et al., 1984). Two groups of Love Canal residents were studied, as
well as individual age– and sex–matched controls from another population in the Niagara Falls area
that was thought to be unexposed (Heath et al., 1984). Group 1 of the Love Canal study population
included individuals who lived in the first ring of homes abutting the canal in June 1978 and whose
home also tested ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
There is some evidence to support an association between higher incidence of low birth weights for
those specifically living in the swale areas during the period of active industrial dumping (Vianna &
Polan, 1984) and those children who were born to mothers also living in areas with increased
industrial waste exposure (Austin et al., 2011). Additionally, there appears to be an elevated risk of
preterm birth among children born in the Love Canal compared to the NYS standard population
(Austin et al., 2011). However, overall, the resulting outcomes of exposure show some elevated SIR
compared to control populations but because of the limited numbers in many cases, it was hard to
determine this elevation was not due to chance

Cigarette Cigarettes Should Be Banned
Why Cigarette and Other Tobacco Products Should Be Banned
Are you guys wondering how dangerous and deadly cigarette are? Today I am going to be
discussing why Cigarette and other tobacco products should be banned. My first reason is that
annually, one of every five deaths in the U.S. is related to smoking, due to conditions such as
pneumonia, bronchitis, lung cancer and emphysema, according to the CDC website. Cigarette
smoking costs the U.S. more than $193 billion, including money in lost productivity due to illness
and death, and money used for health care that the smoker is unable to pay for himself.
Cigarette smoke contains over 4,000 chemicals, including 43 known cancer–causing.
Did you know that one of every five deaths in the U.S. is related to smoking, yes smoking causes
allot of death did you also know that Cigarette smoking is responsible for more than 480,000 deaths
per year in the United States, including more than 41,000 deaths from secondhand smoke. Or 1,300
deaths every day. On average, smokers die 10 years earlier than nonsmokers. Smoking causes about
90% of all lung cancer deaths. More than 16 million Americans are living with a disease caused by
smoking. Smoking causes cancer, heart disease, stroke, lung diseases, and diabetes. Did you know
Smoking is the Number one preventable cause of death in Canada? Smoking kills more than 37,000
Canadians each year six times more than vehicle collisions, suicides, murders and AIDS combined.
Smokers are 30% to 40%

Essay on Cause of Napoleon Bonaparte's Death
A. Plan of Investigation
Napoleon's death has been attributed to many causes: stomach cancer, arsenic poisoning, improper
medical treatment, hepatitis, and St. Helena's climate. The purpose is to ascertain the likeliest cause,
and if foul play was involved. With each possible cause, there are different implications, i.e., cancer
frees everyone from blame, hepatitis incriminates the British, improper medical treatment the
doctors, and poisoning implicates the suspected poisoner. The focus is on four causes – cancer,
poisoning, improper treatment, and hepatitis – common explanations for Napoleon's failing health,
and evidence that supports or refutes each case.
B. Summary of Evidence
1. Napoleon's Last Days:
On May 5th, 1821; Napoleon ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
However, by April 25th, Napoleon was coughing up black flecks and blood, and two days later,
Napoleon's fever was higher, with shivering fits and violent hiccups (McLynn 654).
Come May 3rd, Napoleon had alarming symptoms, and at 6 pm, Dr. Arnott recommended ten grains
(0.6g) of calomel – the miracle drug of the day, mercury chloride. Antommarchi protested, thinking
it would kill him as he hadn't eaten in 6 days, but was outnumbered. By 11–12 pm came a black
evacuation, after which Napoleon drank more orgeat (Antommarchi 150). On May 4th, Napoleon
constantly drank orgeat, continued to evacuate substances, but was no longer conscious of bowel
movements – it was evident the calomel produced a huge haemorrhage (Antommarchi 151). On
May 5th, he vomited the same matter he evacuated, had delirium and couldn't even speak
(Antommarchi 152). He died at 5:51 pm (McLynn 655).
Napoleon's periodical illnesses were chiefly digestive and were around as far back as 1816 (Johnson
176). In May, Napoleon complained of weak legs, headaches, and chills; in July, sharp side pains; ill
again in September, and all October and early November, which included problems of the gums,
coughing, shivering, and weakness. He had similar problem in February, March, and September of
1817 (McLynn 645). His first doctor, O'Meara, used a mercury treatment as his liver showed signs
of hepatitis, including severe pain on his right (McLynn 648). Hepatitis was endemic in St.

Annotated Bibliography: Psychological Aspects Of Cancer
Annotated Bibliography
Carr, B. (2013). Psychological aspects of cancer: A guide to emotional and psychological
consequences of cancer, their causes and their management. New York: Springer.
This book begins with two essays on body processes and disease. Many health care professionals
fail to realize that the attitudes they carry can help patients in their battle with this disease. In this
book the genetic predispositions to cancer are discussed and explained. Also explained are
preventative measures such as screenings, therapies, and advice on going about decisions. Another
part of the book deals with the religious ways to help cope with the disease and how to not give up
hope. In the fourth part of the book discusses how cancer patients can ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Schottenfeld discusses what can cause cancer, how to survive this deadly disease physically,
mentally, and emotionally, genetic risks of cancer, moralities, and incidence. The book contains five
sections. These sections are labeled Basic Concepts, The Magnitude of Cancer, The Causes of
Cancer, Cancer by Tissue of Origin, and Cancer Prevention and Control.
What Causes Cancer? (n.d.). Retrieved January 25, 2015, from
http://www.cancer.org/cancer/cancercauses/index
Cancer can be caused by many factors. Some of these factors include: Genetics, Tobacco, Diet,
Physical Activity, Sun Exposure, Radiation, and Other Carcinogens. Some types of cancer run in
certain families, but most cancers are not clearly linked to the genes we inherit from our parents.
Most people are unaware about just how much tobacco use accounts for of cancer related deaths.
Even though cigarette use has decreased significantly there are still tobacco products that are highly
popular. Vape pens, or electronic cigarettes are on the rise among former smokers and teenagers.
Although believed to be healthier there is still nicotine, and unknown substances in the flavored
liquid. Many people are also very unprepared when it comes to being outside for prolonged periods
of time. Sunscreen is a necessity in order to protect oneself from the harmful UV rays. It is also very
important to have regular checkups from a

Essay on Contaminated Air: Secondhand Smoke
Did you know that you could easily be a victim of breathing toxic fumes and having cancer? As of
right now, countless people are being poisoned from the effects of second hand smoking. Many
people have heard or seen the effects of smoking and yet they still do it. In this case, it's not about
them but about us. There should be certain areas where smokers can go that won't affect others
because it's a nuisance and cause unrepairable damage to everyone. Have you ever tried catching
your breath inhaling something unexpected? If not then you are lucky. For those who have, it must
have felt irritating and uncomfortable, definitely if it's a toxic that you had just inhaled. For instance,
I attended a Halloween event at a theme park. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
For pregnant mothers, they could possibly have miscarriages or still births, low birth weight infants,
children born with decrease lung function, or sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS). As frightening
as it may sound, all these effects could and have happen to others who were exposed to second hand
smoking. Not only our daily routine consist of inhaling second hand smoke but also areas such as
workplaces experience passive smoke. People have complained about work places because they
experience irritating eyes, nose, throat, lungs, headache and nausea. Many employers seeks smoke
free area because it improve the health and wellbeing of employees, reduce absenteeism, proved a
safe work environment, to reduce the risk of offending customers, improve morale, reduce insurance
cost, protect furniture and equipment, reduce the cost of ventilation, and many more. Smokers view
that by smoking it is useful in excusing and legitimizing relaxation. Desmond Morris author of
Manwatching said "the smoker has an enormous advantage over the non smoker in moments of
stress and can actually create the impression that all his fiddling and fidgeting is really part of a
nicotine pleasure and therefore a sign of enjoyment rather than an inner conflict reaction." But does
coping with stress compensate for the irritation of others? Smokers argue about freedom and the
property rights in a public area. They express that

Argumentative Essay On The Raisin In The Sun
During the 1920s, a mass movement in the African–American culture occurred. It took place in
Harlem, New York, in which there was a culture, social, and artistic outburst. This was the
movement called the Harlem Renaissance. During this movement, many African–American artists
rose up. This included Langston Hughes, a poet, and Lorraine Hansberry, a writer. When Hansberry
moved to Harlem, she became very good friends with Langston Hughes. In 1951, when Langston
Hughes published his Dream Deferred poem, Hansberry was inspired by it and wrote a play based
on it called Raisin in the Sun. In her play, Raisin in the Sun, Hansberry uses Mama, Ruth, and
Walter to show the negative consequences that occur when you put off tour dream. First, Hansberry
uses Mama to show the negative consequences that occur when you put off your dream. Mama, also
known as Lena Younger, is the mother of Walter and Ruth and the wife of Big Walter. She is a proud
woman who is a devoted Christian and walks with dignity. Her children are her life and all her
dreams are motivated by them. Mama's dream was to buy a two story house with Big Walter, her
husband. She wanted to move out of the apartment within a year of when Big Walter and she moved
into there. She dreamed of getting a house and having her own little garden in the back. Mama says,
"We was going to set aways little by little, don't you know, and buy a little place out in Morgan
Park. We had even picked out the house... all the dreams I had 'bout

Smoking in the United States Essay
Smoking is on the rise with adults and teenagers. Nearly twenty–one percent of adults smoke
cigarettes, and twenty percent of teenagers smoke in the United States of America. Smoking has
many negative effects, but also a few positive effects. However, the positive effects are outweighed
by the negative effects. In June 19, 1986, anti–smoking activists were trying to pass a bill in New
York that would restrict smoking in restaurants and other public areas, the first major action ever
taken by New York to prohibit smoking in some way. The New York Times reported that the
proposal was asking all New York restaurants, convention halls, and sports arenas to have
designated non–smoking sections. In addition to that, smoking in retail stores, ... Show more content
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The habit was then picked up by Europeans, but it was only available to the rich. It was seen as
something elegant because it was only available to the upper class. In the World Wars, smoking was
used as a sedative for patients during amputations and surgery. In fact, cigarettes were included in a
soldier's ration kit(Encarta).It wasn't until the past 30 years that the public started to have a negative
view on smoking and looked down upon it as a disgusting habit.
Tobacco use is the single most important preventable risk to human health in developed countries
and an important cause of premature death worldwide. Smoking can cause serious damage to the
respiratory system, such as lung cancer, emphysema, and bronchitis. It also causes the narrowing of
blood vessels, which can lead to a heart attack or stroke. Some birth defects are caused by either
smoking or second hand smoking. Both habits can also decrease a person's life expectancy by about
10 years. Almost half of all smokers die from cancer, heart disease, or stroke.
However, studies have shown that pipe and cigar smokers have a far lower chance of contracting
these diseases because the smoke never reaches their lungs. While that is true, these type of smokers
are at an even greater risk of mouth and tongue cancer. Pipe and Cigar smokers are also dependent
on nicotine just like cigarette smokers. Although cigar and pipe smokers don't inhale, the smoke of
cigars and pipes are more

Annotated Bibliography On Mammograms
Kolata, G. (2009, November 17). Panel urges mammograms at 50, Not 40. The New York Times.
Retrieved from http://www.nytimes.com/2009/11/17/health/17cancer.html?_r=0&pagewanted=print.
The Author reports that the new recommended age for mammograms, by the United States
Preventative Services Task Force, has changed from 50 to 40 to reduce the harm from over
screening and overtreatment. It also reports that self–breast examinations are no longer
recommended on a regular basis. This recommendation comes from evidence that there are no major
benefits of early screenings and that only "one cancer death is prevented for every 1,904 women"
screened, age 40 to 49. Conversely, there is evidence that frequent early screenings can lead to
overtreatment

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