The Attachment Of Monkeys

The Attachment Of Monkeys
Attachment is defined in the book as a close emotional bond between two people, they focus on the bonds between parents and children, as well as,
bonds between intimate couples. There are numerous theories on why children become attached to their parents. For instance, Freud believed that the
attachment was attributed to the oral satisfaction of being fed. However, Harry Harlow conducted an experiment with monkeys that showed the infant
monkeys sought out a clothed "mother" over a wire "mother" which indicated that their attachment was driven from security and comfort more than
just being fed since both fed the monkeys. Erikson seemed to agree with Harlow since his first phase includes comfort from parents being essential in
building trust.
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Attachment Stereotypes
The authors are trying to understand how language used in emotion regulation processes relate to attachment styles. Attachment classifications are
known to be associated with psychosocial outcomes. Similarly, language use is also associated with psychiatric diagnoses. It will be interesting to see
if language use differs across attachment styles in regards to emotion regulation and also if the findings can be valid for clinical as well as non–clinical
contexts. In this study the authors asked whether the language people use to describe their attachment history would explain the variability in
emotional distress after controlling for attachment classification. They hypothesize that people with Autonomous attachment will use more affect words,
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The authors found significant differences in emotion language use between the attachment classification groups. The findings provided cross–method
validation of distinct patterns of emotion regulation for varying attachment styles. Despite clinical applications suggested by the authors, the pattern of
language use can also be applied to a variety of contexts. From organizations to dating websites, analyzing pattern of language use can be very
beneficial in maintaining good relationship with clients, employees, employers and significant

Bowlby's Attachment Theory And Attachment
According to Simply Psychology, Bowlby's attachment theory says an individual can have an attachment with someone that is not shared.
Attachment is characterized by behaviors in children such as seeking proximity with their attachment figure when upset. Bowlby's experiments
led him to see the importance of a child and mother relationship. (Saul McLeod, 2009) With more research later came four phases of attachment.
Phase one is from birth to two months, this stage is where babies seek comfort, and can attach to anyone. Phase two is from two months to seven
months. Babies start to discriminate between familiar and unfamiliar faces. Also, they can tell between primary and secondary caregivers. Phase
three is seven to 24 months old. This phase is when babies have the knowledge of who their caregiver is, which causes separation anxiety when the
caregiver has to leave. Phase four is from 24 months and after, which is when the child can reciprocate the relationship. (Maianu, 2015) Growing
up I spent most of my time with my mom, and grandma. Since my mom was a single mom I feel that I did not get an equal balance of the top and
bottom of the circle very well. I would say that my mom would let me explore but not to the fullest, and my grandma would let me explore as much
as I wanted. My mom would either put too much of a restriction on the exploration or stay to close. When I was with my grandma, she would let me
go off and explore and check in on me every so often. There were a few

Attachment, The Key Factor That Promote The Attachment Essay
This essay will explain the definition of attachment, the key factor that promote the attachment and discuss the theory of attachment, including
deprivation and privation. Attachment is an emotional and affectional tie or bonds that one person or animal forms between himself and another
specific one. Children`s attachment is mostly based on the children`s sensitivity and understanding of the mother`s honesty in providing comfort,
support and security. In addition, behaviours of the child that build up attachment and give the opportunity for showing contact between mother and
child can include breastfeeding, which means relaxing the baby and independent, co–sleeping, kangaroo care, smelly mother, talking, and smiling to
baby, physical touching and hugging, and playing with baby. (Simply Psychology) The important attachment factor is oxytocin between mother and
baby. The nipple stimulation that happens when baby causes a hormone called oxytocin to be free in the mother, which in turns trigger milk let–down.
The oxytocin makes mother to become intimate with her newborn baby and makes them to attach to each other. Babies can similarly imprint on their
mother, deriving feelings of peace and pain reduction along with mother. Similarly, Freud believed that baby's instinctive needs such as food and
security are pleases by mother, who then becomes desire in her own right. Behaviourists also see babies as becoming attached to those who satisfy
their needs. However, caregivers act as

Attachment In Psychology
In Essentials of Psychology, attachment is a term that is defined as the intense emotional connection shared between a child and their predominant
caretaker. Attachment can be classified into two different types: secure or insecure attachment. If the bond shared between both the the predominant
caregiver and child is secure, then the child believes that they are worthy of the love they receive and they are able to trust their caregivers as a result.
On the other hand, if the bond formed is an insecure attachment, then the child feels as though they do not deserve the love they are be given and they
can't trust anyone. I agree with the concept that is attachment because I believe that the relationships children form early on impact the way

Reactive Attachment
Development is an essential and mandatory constituent of human life that operates on multiple levels. It is a precise process, and there are a number of
factors that affect its effectiveness. In particular, the development of a child is determinant of the adolescent behaviors, uniqueness and intelligence.
Therefore, a considerable degree of weight is placed on the components that lead to the maturity of the child. In the development of a child, one of the
key principles is called attachment. Just as safe attachment between the caregiver and the child can result in successful physical, mental and social
development, vulnerable attachment can yield damaging consequences for the child in these areas (DeMulder, Denham, Schmidt, & Mitchell, 2000).
Reactive attachment disorder is a likely outcome of unsafe attachment that eventually restricts the child's capacity to emotionally and socially connect
with other individuals, while destroying the cognitive ability as well (Crosson–Tower, 2013). This paper presents a detailed discussion on the
attachment disorder in children and its impact on child development. Reactive Attachment Disorder The term "attachment" refers to the... Show more
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While improper attachment between the care provider and the child may put the latter at risk of developing psychosocial problems, not every child
with unsafe attachment develops reactive attachment disorder (Kennedy & Kennedy, 2004). A couple of variants of reactive attachment disorder have
been discovered. Restrained reactive attachment disorder develops in a child who is aloof and socially and emotionally detached, shows resistance
towards love and holds back the emotions. Unrestrained reactive attachment disorder involves the child showing impartial sociability and expressing
more friendliness towards unknown persons than the primary care

Attachment Theory
Attachment Theory John Bowlby was a psychoanalyst and has developed his knowledge and understanding into the theory of Attachment. Bowlby
believed that children have been born programmed to form attachments which will help them survive; this is known as evolutionary attachments.
Bowlby believed that all attachments are instinctive, he said that attachments are shown when the child is under conditions of feeling threatened, such
as: separation, fear and insecurity. In 1969 and 1988 Bowlby suggested that fear of strangers was an important survival mechanism; he said that babies
display natural behaviours, such as: crying, laughing, smiling and crawling, this ensures the baby to feel in close contact with the mother. Attachment
is an... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Children with attachment disorders will have a lack of self–esteem and trust, and will fears forming a bond with people. Attachment disorder will most
likely to result in emotional and behavioural problems, such as: a child displaying aggressive behaviour to attract negative attention. It is also said that
child suffering Mary Ainsworth, a psychologist, was most famous for her research and explanations of the differences between attachments. Mary
Ainsworth made an assessment called 'Strange Situations Classification;' this was used to investigate how attachments vary. This assessment was
used to observe the variety of attachment forms displayed between mothers and their child. The assessment is set up in a small room with one way
glass so the behaviour of the infant can be observed. Infants were aged between 12 and 18 months. The sample comprised about 100 middle class
American families. The assessment was observed for seven, three minute episodes, which are: 1) Parent and infant alone. 2) Stranger joins parent and
infant. 3) Parent leaves infant and stranger alone. 4) Parent returns and stranger leaves. 5) Parent leaves; infant left completely alone. 6) Stranger
returns. 7) Parent returns and stranger leaves. During these episodes the child was observed for: separation anxiety, the infants' willingness to explore,
stranger anxiety and

Attachment In Adolescents
Adolescence that have secured connections to their caregivers are by large less inclined to have mental issues. Rice,(1990) discovered confirmation
that protected connection in immaturity is related with higher self–regard, upgraded social fitness, more grounded inner self character and better
psychosocial change This suggests that caregivers are used primarily as a springboard to further enhance psychosocial adjustment in adolescence. Rice
(1990) research was a narrative and meta–analysis of attachment in adolescence which showed that the association between the strength of parental
attachment and various measures of self–esteem waxes and wanes over the course of adolescence and young adulthood in just such a manner and may
therefore indicates... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This goes hand in hand with infants and the exploratory system. Adolescents are exploring the ideas of being independent, but when independency
becomes too overwhelming, they can turn to their parents, the secure base, for help. Adolescents who exhibit seeking types of behaviour usually have a
positive relationship with their parents, indicating that they feel comfortable exploring because they know their caregivers will be there for them.
Interestingly, Haan, (1981) thought that it Is the self–regard of people in the later periods of adolescence that would be a greater support to make
adolescences more established as they continue to grow with the family, which gives conditions that serve to deliver self–improvement and
advancement as adolescence is a period of life that would require; self–awareness to merge their new personalities. This exhibits that, adolescents use
utilize their caregivers as subconscious boundaries as it gives them strength to realize that they are physically secure. However, there are also traits of
their emotionally connections which makes them aware for the need to understand their thoughts and feeling during this crucial period to regulate their
self–regulation whether they are at home, school or starting new relationships to be able to gain deeper understanding as to who they are, their secure
base and most importantly what they are capable

Attachment In Orphans
Based on statistics from 2015, there are currently 400,000 orphans within the United States's foster system. An orphan would be described as a child
whose parents or guardians are deceased. For the young orphan that face the traumatic experience of having or perhaps even watching their parents die,
may possibly possess serious psychological problems. Throughout this research paper, there will be several descriptions of common disorders or mental
illnesses that an orphan may experience from being separated from their birth parents or guardians. The first disorder common in orphan children and
young adults is attachment disorder. Attachment disorder can be described as an psychological illness found in children that have issues with attachment.

Attachment Reflection
The results I obtained from the questionnaire were classified into three different graphs; my results correspond to three attachment–related states which
are security, anxiety, and avoidance. Those graphs contrasted my scores with scores of people who took the surveys before me, and those scores
ranged from 1 being the lowest and 5 being the highest. The questionnaire described my attachment style under the security state as 3.3, which is my
highest score. A section below the result graphs mentioned that people with high scores under this state tend to feel that others are more available and
responsible for them. This situation made me wonder, this is the reason why is relatively easy for me interact with people. However, as we read on
chapter... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
As we contemplated on chapter 10 "Individuals who are securely attached have a well–integrated sense of self–acceptance, self–steam, and
self–efficacy" (348). I grew up in a harmonic environment, in which my parents always emphasized me the importance of being secure about
myself and never be afraid of expressing my ideas and thoughts. I grew up with a family that motivates me to always obtain my own goals; my
parents fomented in me the idea that I have to try the best of me in order to accomplish my goals and my personal success. My parents have always
educated me in an affectionate environment, they always express to my sisters and me how important we are and they encourage us to always be
independent. One of most important things that my parents taught to my sisters and I was to always be proud of ourselves and never be scared of
the times we fall. They always encouraged my sisters and me to focus on our goals and not matter how far or close we are from them. Sincerely, I
think that the amount of attention and affection that we receive from our parents influence and design the person we become in the future. Honestly, I
am so thankful with my parents because the way in which they educated me to play a really important role on structure and development of my
self–steam, my personality, and mainly in the way I interact with

Attachment Styles : Secure Attachment Style
Attachments Styles
Secure Attachment Style. People who refer to this category have a positive view of themselves and of the other people also. I suppose this
category could fit Daniel Cleaver from "Bridget Jones`s Diary". That is because they are true optimists and it is their life philosophy to trust people
and not only those who they love (Harms, 2011). They consider a person as such who deserves being treated kindly and respectfully. They feel secure
about people and do not get ready to defend themselves because they do not put themselves in a position of defense from the outside world. They are
open to the world. Moreover, they know there might be difficulties and conflicts, but still they do not afraid of them. In the adult life, ... Show more
An avoidant adult will avoid forming longtime relationships because they simply find it "isn`t worth the effort" ("Attachment Styles: Overcoming Fear,
Embracing Intimacy At Last", 2012). They tend to believe that longtime relationships are hardly reachable so they are rather pessimistic than optimistic
in terms of forming and keeping relationships through lifetime. In the other word, the relationships through a lifetime are not about the avoidant
category. Living "on the own terms" is secure and that is how it is possible to be confident in future ("Attachment Styles: Overcoming Fear,
Embracing Intimacy At Last", 2012). If a secure type is rather confident in relationships, an avoidant type will be secure in the absence of these
relationships. Unlike to a secure type, avoidant adults do not tend to get attached too much to another person because they feel unsure whether this
person is reliable or not. The avoidant people do not want to get attached because it is unsecure.
Anxious/Preoccupied Attachment Style. Anxious adults would be preoccupied with the idea that the other person is not as attached as he/she is and
would think what the reasons are and would be anxious about this situation. I suppose Bridget Jones from "Bridget Jones`s Diary" fit this category. High
anxiety and low avoidance are typical for this category ("Attachment Styles: Overcoming Fear, Embracing Intimacy At Last", 2012). Sometimes, they
think they would scary

Attachment Theory
THEORY OF ATTACHMENT Attachment theory, developed by John Bowlby presents a set of organizing principles for understanding various facets
of human psychological aspects. The theory offers a wide spectrum, which encompasses comprehensive theoretical paradigm for understanding
diversities amongst relationships. Bowlby rejecting the old theories of attachment highlighted that attachment is not merely an internal drive to satisfy
some need. This paper will focus on the seminal work and the principles on which the attachment theory is based. A spin–off theory derived from the
original concept is also presented at the end. Social work is illustrated is engaging in psychosocial evaluation and intervention through various means
like... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
At first it would entail recognition of the problem through the acceptance of the findings of psychological science and then providing necessary
training of child–care to all members of the society. The attachment theory has helped in initiation of large number of models for social development
from childhood till adulthood. Pietromonaco & Feldman Barrett (2000) elaborate on the underlying components and organization of these working
models and offer new perspectives that contribute in organizing and sustaining relationship knowledge. They also focus specifically on evaluating the
concept of internal working models of attachment. The topics with longitudinal attachment–based studies of families with depression, of families with
maltreatment, and of clinical interventions in families with low social support and with behavior–problem children were the hard back to Bowlby's
seminal ideas since 1930s. Value and authoritativeness of attachment theory is evident from the Bowlby's focus on parent–child relationship which
captivated the attention of developmental psychologists, and his assertion that attachment processes operate across the life span paved the way for
social and personality psychologists to study attachment in adult relationships. Furthermore, the assumption that attachment mechanisms are intrinsic
has led to exploration of their neurobiological basis (Pietromonaco & Barrett, 2000). Bowlby (1988) describing

Theories Of Attachment
Attachment is defined as an emotional bond that is formed between a child and an individual that is developed throughout the child's development. As
a human, it is common for us to form emotional bonds with people we are close with especially to our parents. Most of the studies conducted on the
attachment theory mainly focuses on the attachment between infants and their parents, although attachments between adults can also occur.
Attachment behaviour is not only observed in humans but also in animals, which is also referred to as imprinting by biologists. This essay will
examine the attachment theory, explore Ainsworth strange situation experiments and discuss how infant attachment styles affect later development.
Early studies on attachment were conducted on animals and one of the earliest ones was carried out by Konrad Lorenz. His studies eventually led to
the discovery of imprinting, which is defined as the behaviour that takes place during a critical period and involves ... Show more content on
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Learning theory of attachment proposes that infants form attachments based on the provision of food. In other words, an infant will form attachments
to whoever who feeds it. This theory also involves the processes of classical and operant conditioning because infants form attachments by learning that
some people provide comforts and responses. The more widely accepted evolutionary theory of attachment states that humans and biologically set to
form attachments with others to ensure survival. The theory also claims that it is care and responsiveness which forms attachment instead of food. To
explain, the greater the response towards an infant's signal, such as crying, smiling and clinging, the more likely it is to form an attachment with the
infant. With complex series of interactions, full attachment may be formed between the caregiver and the

Attachment Theory Of Attachment
INTRODUCTION The theory of attachment is a postulation in developmental psychology that emphasises on the significance of attachment regarding
personal development. This theory claimed that individuals have the ability to form an emotional and physical attachment to another person to give
them a sense of stability and security. This is vital for an individual's personal development in terms of risk – taking, branching and growing as a whole.
This theory started off with the context of children and parents in the '60s and '70s. However, it later expanded to cover for adult romantic
relationships in the late 1980s. This term was first coined by Psychologist, John Bowlby and developed by Mary Ainsworth, who based her research
on pre – existing... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Individuals who were victims of abuse; physical or sexual, usually exhibit a fearful – avoidant attachment style. These individuals have mixed feelings
about close relationships. They have the need and the desire to be in an intimate relationship with another person and at the same time, have an
uncontrollable uneasiness at the idea of being emotionally close to another individual. This is sometimes linked to their often pessimistic views on
themselves and their partners. They may view themselves as someone who is unworthy of responsiveness from their partners or they may think that
their partners have malicious intentions towards them. As a result, these individuals may develop trust issues and makes their relationship more
difficult as the burden to prove that they are adequate lays on their significant others. Similar to fearful – avoidant attachment styles, these individuals
seek less intimacy from partners and frequently suppress and in a constant denial about their

Example Of Attachment
There were many classic studies that were taught through out the video.
When it comes to attachment, it is said that it is the basis for human relationships in all societies. Attachment is the emotional touch between two
people. In the video, to study the experiment of attachment, they used the example of an infant and its mother. The infant and mother were taken into a
room, the mother sat down and let the child explore and check out the room. A stranger then comes in the room, starts interacting with the child and the
mom leaves the room. During that first separation between the mother and child, the child stopped playing, realized her mother was no longer in the
room and then felt the need of attachment. The child ran to the door, crying. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The next round of separation happens and the mother just walks out of the room this time, leaving the child alone for a short time. The child starts
crying and runs to the door. The stranger returns and tries to calm the child. The mother returns again for the second reunion, picks up the child and the
child is calmed down again, due to attachment. During this study, the way the child reacted, is a way that any child would typically act if this were to
happen because attachment is physical and emotional. When the mother leaves, the child has emotional attachment to her and wants her back, the child
has no attachment to the stranger so she isn't calmed down by the stranger. John Bowlby, the founder of attachment, says that secure attachment is vital
for good psychological development. The experiment that is used for this study is unnecessary emotional stress the study would be putting on the
child, which could also lead to lack of trust between the mother and child. Having the mother and child participate in this research is right as long as
they have full disclosure on what the study is that they are going to be participating in. They should be able to quit at any time if they wanted to. They

Feldman Attachments
In his book Development Across the Life Span Robert Feldman gives the following definition for attachment, "Attachment is the positive emotional
bond that develops between a child and a particular, special individual."(pg.186) Attachments between parents and children are very important. They
make the child to feel secure, loved, and help to ensure that the child's basic needs are met. In an ideal world all parents and children would develop
secure, healthy attachments, unfortunately, this is not always the case. A theorist named Mary Ainsworth did extensive studies into the different types
of attachments that parents and children form. Through her research, she came up with three different types of attachment that form between children
and parents particularly mothers. This first type is called the Secure Attachment Pattern. These babies have a healthy attachment to their mothers....
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Babies in this category want to be near their mothers and show distress when she leaves but are comforted when she returns. ( Feldman pg. 187) The
second type of attachment is the Avoidant Attachment Pattern. These babies do not have a secure attachment to their mothers. They do not seek
contact with their mother and are indifferent to her comings and goings.(Feldman pg.187) The last type of attachment is the Ambivalent Attachment
Pattern. These babies also do not have a secure attachment to their mothers but they exhibit it in a different way. These babies want to be near there
mother constantly and rarely explore their environment. When the mother leaves they show great distress and upon her return, they initially hurry to
her but then show angry behavior by hitting or kicking the mother. (Feldman pg.

The Attachment Theory
The attachment theory is a theory by Bowlby that refers to the joint mutual relationship that babies experience and develop with their primary caregiver
(Bowlby, 1982). This theory is not supported by research in various sceneries. However, even though the attachment theory began as an initiative, the
clinical application to the daily clinical understanding of adult mental health complications has penned red behind the current available research. I
believe that the theory can give valuable insight into both the developing nature of recognized psychiatric disorders as well as in the development of
the therapeutic relationship in adults. My position provides an overview of (a) the application of attachment theory to diverse psychopathologies ...
The remaining data available so far suggest that attachment insecurity indeed serves as a risk factor. Secondly, on the other hand (Dozier et al, 1999)
due to differences in attachment conceptualization and measurement on one side and in how psychiatric disorders are diagnosed, results across studies
can readily be compared. This may in part explain some of the contradictory findings. Nevertheless, one broad generalisation is emerging on the basis of
the distinction between seizure strategies that ' reduce ' and ' maximise ' attachment needs and behaviours (approximately corresponds with attachment
preoccupation and dismissal respectively) (Dozier et al, 1999). Externalising psychopathology (which may involve misconduct behaviour, e.g. eating
disorders) are to be associated with hypothesised (or something) strategies, while's psychopathology (e.g. depression, anxiety and plate line personality
disorder) would transform with (or hyper active) associated strategies. As indicated above, this generalisation has not been consistently supported.
Finally, one can expect that the higher the load for a genetic disorder, less the contribution social and/or environmental factors (including

Stages Of Attachment Of The Infant 's Attachment
Stages of attachment. Another of Bowlby's contributions is his proposal that the infant's attachment to caregiver develops in stages attuned to the
infant's cognitive and emotional development. As described by Broderick & Blewitt (2015), a bond emerges from the affect between mother and child
in the first two months as the infant signals their needs by clinging, smiling, and crying. During this stage infants are not yet attached to anyone and do
not discriminate between caregivers. Between their second and eighth month, infants become increasingly preferential of one caregiver, most often the
mother. The primary indicator of the emerging attachment is whether or not the 7–8 month–old infant protests when separated from their caregiver,
and whether they greet the caregivers return with happiness. Soon thereafter, the infant should begin to develop additional attachments with their
fathers, grandparents, babysitters etc. By 18 months most infants are attached to multiple caregivers (Broderick & Blewitt, 2015, p. 135).
Attachment is a system. As mentioned previously, Bowlby also argued that attachment is a system. Expanding on this, Bowlby proposed that the
system serves three purposes; 1) It maintains proximity between infant and caregiver, nurturing the emotional bond – In attachment theory this is known
as proximity maintenance, 2) It provides the potential for on–going protection – known as a secure base, 3) It creates a haven for the infant when
distressed –

Attachment Theory And Attachment Theories
To begin with attachment theory, first everyone should understand what the attachment is. According to attachment means bonding between a child
and caregiver or vice versa. The attachment theory is the theory that describes the long term interpersonal relationship between the humans. Also, it can
be defined as the strong bond between parent and child, and later in peer and romantic relationship (Metzger, Erdman, Ng 85). It generates a specific
fact that how the humans react in relationships when they get hurt, separated from loved ones and perceiving a threat. Basically the two main types of
attachment are secure and insecure. Secure attachment is the attachments where mother and father are available for their child and during that time
child demonstrates his or her stress and reestablish the connection (Metzger, Erdman, Ng 87). Insecure attachment is the attachment where parents are
not regularly in touch with their children or they ignore their child which built a failed emotion communication (Metzger, Erdman, Ng 87). Also, it
may be repeated from one generation to another until it is not recovered. However, as a result of attachment theory, it is so important for children to
know about it and there are also several emotional effects on children when their parents leave to go to another county due to their connections or bond
between them. The children have to understand the importance of attachment theory because, it may help them to solve many

Attachment Theory
Longitudinal studies would be useful to determine if attachment styles are continuous throughout life. Attachment is seen as universal, but it does not
take account for different cultures, which can lead to different types of child rearing. Also with that idea, attachment theory focuses mostly on
maternal bond with the infant. Some families all around the world can have a different caregiver than the traditional western society. Grandparents
can help raise a child due to both parents working or the father can rear a child due to divorce or death of a mother. Anyone who takes care of a
child's needs could develop a strong bond with the child. In the article written by Hazen and Shaver (1994), it states that the type of temperament an
infant

Attachment Theory
Attachment Theory
The Attachment theory is focused on the relationships and bonds between people, particularly long–term relationships including those between a
parent and child and between romantic partners. Attachment is an emotional bond to another person. Psychologist John Bowlby (1969, 1988) was the
first attachment theorist, describing attachment as a "lasting psychological connectedness between human beings." Bowlby believed that the earliest
bonds formed by children with their caregivers have a tremendous impact that continues throughout life. He suggested attachment also serves to keep
the infant close to the mother, thus improving the child 's chances of survival. The central theme of attachment theory is that primary ... Show more
The infant produces innate 'social releaser' behaviours such as crying and smiling that stimulate care giving from adults. The determinant of attachment
is not food but care and responsiveness. Bowlby suggested that a child would initially form only one attachment and that the attachment figure acted as
a secure base for exploring the world. The attachment relationship acts as a prototype for all future social relationships so disrupting it can have severe
consequences. Although Bowlby did not rule out the possibility of other attachment figures for a child, he did believe that there should be a primary
bond which was much more important than any other (usually the mother). Bowlby believes that this attachment is different in kind (qualitatively
different) from any subsequent attachments. Bowlby argues that the relationship with the mother is somehow different altogether from other
relationships. Essentially, Bowlby suggested that the nature of monotropy (attachment conceptualized as being a vital and close bond with just one
attachment figure) meant that a failure to initiate, or a breakdown of, the maternal attachment would lead to serious negative consequences, possibly
including affectionless psychopathy. He believes that the long term consequences of maternal deprivation might include the following: delinquency,
reduced intelligence, increased aggression, depression

The attachment theory is an evolutionary, ethological, and psychological theory that gives people the explanatory/descriptive framework of
understanding interpersonal relationship between people in society (Wikipedia). British psychologist/psychoanalyst, John Bowlby, stated that the
importance of the theory that infants needed to develop a relationship with their main primary caregiver which would be beneficial for emotional and
social development to progress normally for a child (McLeod). Bowlby's idea of the theory was that when infants became attached to the adults who
are more responsive/sensitive during the social interactions and form and maintained Caregiving relationship during the 6 months to 3 years of life
(McLeod). This development... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Freud was known as an id psychologist, whereas Erikson more of the ego psychologist. Psychologist Erikson had believed that a person's ego is
develop through resolved situations that turn successful and allows us to be social (McLeod). His theory on the development of the attachment theory is
psychological because it focused on the primary stages of development from infancy to maturity and the ego. His theory was that there are seven
psychological stages that are

From my standpoint, the concept of love is puzzling and we have struggled to understand it for many years. My own definition of love is an opening
to our hearts and mind which causes an emotion that holds the most happiness. Over the years, researchers have developed theories and perspectives of
love. According to Family and Personal Development it stated, "Attachment theory focuses on how children develop attachment to their caregivers,
usually their parents, in infancy." (265) Although this theory is a child development theory, it has been applied to adult attachment since the late
1980s. Also including, the development of intimate and love relationships. Attachment starts at a young age, beginning with parents, followed by
peers, close friends,

The Attachment Theory and Factors Damaging to Attachment
Attachment Theory
Relationships are the building block for personality and are significant in children's ability to grow into substantial individuals who can thrive in an
often harsh world. Constructing lasting and fulfilling relationships is an integral part to development as the interpersonal bonds forged are not only
highly sought after but also set the ground work for all upcoming expressive interactions. Relationships and attachment go hand in hand as attachment
is the strong and lasting linkage established between a child and his or her caregiver. Moreover, attachment significantly influences a large capacity of
ones make up as it these first relationships that teaches morals, builds self–esteem, and develops a support system. The ... Show more content on
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These included Secure attachment, Avoidant, and resistant patterns . Also furthering the work of her predecessors, Mary Main a student of both
Ainsworth and Bowlby provided additional categories of attachment which included the disorganized disoriented pattern. Many children growing up in
homes plagued by substance use of any nature struggle the most when into adulthood and as a result of poor attachments often develop negative
relational patterns. Children in these households often develop what is known as an avoidant attachment style in which they have not maintained trust
with caregivers early on thus lending to behaviors of mistrust later in life as they weren't provided stability early on.
Culture and Attachment Attachment theory is a great model for understanding the maladaptive patterns of behavior many adults may present later in
life. As relationship and relational patterns are developed early in life the way in which people view themselves and the world are greatly influenced by
their experiences with attachment figures. Though attachment theory wishes to look at the universal inner workings of child development and
attachment organization it does not fully discuss the cultural contexts. Attachment theory instead looks to universally categorize the survival needs of
all infants but does not take into consideration cultural, racial, and socio–economic elements that may affect the differential attachment

The Attachment Of Attachment Behavioral Systems
but are quickly soothed upon reunion. The anxious–ambivalent and disorganized infants are characterized with thrilling anxiety during separation and
strive for closeness to their attachment figure upon reunion. The anxious–avoidant children appear content during the absence of their attachment
figure and not predominantly engrossed in seeking juxtaposition and soothing upon reunion. These children are anxious during separation and they
learned to suppress their emotions (Berzoff, 2011). Disorganized children are particularly ambivalent upon reunion with their attachment figure, both
synchronously approaching and avoiding contact. Most of the infants display a collapse of attachment strategies which results to dissociated... Show
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Bowlby's theory is fundamentally, based on scientific findings on early attachment development from childhood to adulthood (Fischer, 2006). He
observed that infants separated from their parents or caregivers are emotionally distressed. Bowlby believed that individual's behavior could be
naturally well understood through the analysis of characteristic exploration that is connected with psychodynamic affiliation. Bowlby's exodus from
the traditional psychoanalytic theory at that time, earned him many years of hatred by his pears. It was after his death in 1990 that the British analytic
community issued a formal apology to his family for their negative action against him (Fischer, 2006). Culture/Diversity: According to Health and
Human Services Office of Minority Health, approximately 20% of African Americans are more likely to experience serious mental health problems
than the general population (Census, 2016). This is due to exposure to violent environment and homelessness which can increase anxiety,
post–traumatic stress disorder, depression etc., (Ward, 2013). African Americans are more likely to be victims of violent crime which are influenced
by the risk for developing a mental health issue. Such as; Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), suicide, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
(ADHD). The belief and stigma of mental health as a bad reflection on the African American family could be seen as a

Childhood Attachment
A child's ability to function and comply with society's rules and regulations rely on a healthy early childhood attachment. Attachment is the biological
instinct for infant to seek closeness to their caregiver. A secure attachment develops through consistent and positive, interactions between the caregiver
and the child. A child's physical development, mental development, social development, and ability to form daily living skills, all begin to develop
through that secure development but continues to develop through continued nurture throughout that child's life. Children who fail to receive a secure
attachment will most likely struggle with self–regulation making it hard to control behaviors and impulses. These children may also engage in... Show
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The components of the juvenile processes are "arrest, detainment, petitions, hearings, adjudications, dispositions, placement, probation, and reentry. The
juvenile justice process operates on the belief that juvenile offenders are different from adults, in terms of level of responsibility and ability to be
rehabilitated. The main goals for the juvenile justice system is developing new skills, rehabilitation, assessing possible treatment needs, and successful
reentry into the community while maintaining public safety. As with any system, there are risks and benefits to the cliental. During our course, I
gained a better understanding of the programs designed to help rehabilitate the child or adolescent. Many programs were designed to develop coping
skills, learn new trades, and teach new skills, so that the child/adolescent would be better equipped to survive on the outside without having to return to
the delinquent behavior that landed them in the system. The trade off to the system would include learning worse behaviors from other inmates, the
effects of being labeled as a delinquent and being separated from family and community. Minorities are at an even higher risk experiencing
discrimination, being houses with adult inmates who can take advantage of the youth, teach worse behaviors, and build relationships that carry over
into the outside world, increasing the chance that the youth will become an adult offender. Due to the risks, professional helpers have an opportunity
to intervene and provide alternative interventions throughout the entire juvenile justice

Attachment Vs. Attachment Theory
This essay will comprise, firstly, of past research looking into what attachment/ attachment theory is, focusing on Bowlby's (1973) research into why an
infant's first attachment is so important. Followed, by the work of Ainsworth et al (1978) bringing to light the findings from the strange situation, and
how the research can explain mental illness. From this and in–depth discussion looking at how the previously discussed pieces of research have an
effect on two particular disorders, depression and anxiety; while keeping a holistic approach considering other variables within attachment theory which
have been linked with the development of these disorders. Through–out, the implications of knowing about this potential link between attachment and
mental health will also be discussed. Finally, a conclusion will be made to whether there is a strong link with attachment and mental illness.
Attachment theory has proven to be one of the most beneficial frameworks for understanding risk and protection factors within developmental
psychology stated by Bowlby (1973). Bowlby (1982) suggested that children form mental representations of relationships based on their interactions
with their primary care giver. Which form a cognitive structure of embodying memories based on these daily interactions with their attachment figure
(Bretherton et al, 1990). This is more commonly known as the internal working model, and has been used to explain how infants used this existing
representation, to

Attachment Theory
Attachment theory examines the mannerisms of the infant and caregiver, how they relate to each other, and how they reinforce each others' behaviors.
Touching, tickling, holding, picking up, vocalizing, looking, and both proto–imperative and proto–declarative pointing are all part of those behaviors.
A safe haven is generally the physical location about the caregiver where the infant feels safe while a safe harbor is the area around the caregiver where
the infant feels comfortable to explore their world. Through the Strange Situation test, Ainsworth and Mains determined four categories or styles of
attachment, which have been both praised and criticized through the years but remain generally consistent, even when performed in multiple cultures:...
Non–genetic factors account for about 25% of congenital hearing loss (American Speech–Language–Hearing Association) and causes include maternal
infection or disease (rubella, herpes simplex, diabetes, etc.), low birth weight, injuries during the birthing process, or toxins including alcohol and
drugs consumed by the mother during pregnancy. Genetic factors "are thought to cause more than 50% of all hearing loss." If both parents carry
the recessive gene and pass it along to the child, parents are often surprised to discover their child has a hearing loss because they are not aware
that they are carrying a defective gene. This type of inheritance pattern accounts for about 70% of all genetic hearing loss. If one parent passes an
abnormal gene, the parent who is carrying the dominant gene may also have hearing loss as well as other signs and symptoms that make up a genetic
syndrome. This type of inheritance pattern accounts for 15% of all genetic hearing loss cases. Hearing loss may not be total, and it may not be
bi–lateral. For the purposes of this paper, we are only looking at cases of complete, bi–lateral hearing loss, commonly called "deafness," though those
with hearing loss may self–identify as "deaf" even if they do not have 100% hearing loss. In addition, "identification with the Deaf community is a
personal choice and is usually made independent of the individual's hearing

Attachment Anxiety
It is thought that marriages are made in heaven and celebrated on Earth, but how long can they be celebrated for? The question that continues to
stump people today, is how a marriage can last for years and even decades at a time. To understand a long–lasting marriage and what makes one
prosper, one must first look at the steps it takes to create the foundation of a healthy marriage. The ability to understand extremes is where researchers
define the spectrum of normalcy. To begin with, one must figure out what it is that terminates a marriage. Michelle Russel, in the department of
psychology at Florida State University, conducted an observational experiment along with her colleagues Levi Baker and James McNulty, on the
ongoing question of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Of course, physical affection plays a large role in connection to a partner, but the underlying glue for a strong relationship lies in the mindset behind it.
Maria Fatima and M. Asir Ajmal, who both research clinical psychology, undertook a qualitative study and used Interpretive Phenomenological
Analysis (IPA) as a research method. There is not any pre–existing theories or hypothesis surmised upon in using the IPA research method. However,
there can be a great deal of bias because all of the information gathered can be subjective towards the interviewee. In Maria and Asir's experiment,
they interviewed a woman that was happily married and asked her direct questions about the influencers of a long marriage. The interview
questions asked were formulated from what one needs as an individual, to how it can work in a relationship as well. "The interviewee stated,
"Happiness and satisfaction go side by side. Satisfaction level determines your level of happiness and a satisfied life is a happy life"." (Maria 39).
There were 16 categories to a life–long marriage that presented themselves within this research, and satisfaction was one of the most important. Each
category could potentially be subjective to the one woman interviewed, and if the experiment is replicated, it could be possible for another person to
have the same categories. One cannot aspire to share, forgive, or love,

The Theory of Attachment and Attachment Styles Essay examples
Attachment is the emotional bond between humans, which is based on our relationship with a parent or early caregiver during the years of childhood.
There are four different attachment styles – secure, preoccupied, dismissive, and fearful – each describing a different way in which individuals interact
with others, approach social and romantic relationships, and deal with life.
Each attachment style is divided along two dimensions – the fear of abandonment and the fear of closeness. Bartholomew and Horowitz define fear of
abandonment as the model of self which describes the belief of an individual to be either "worthy of love and support or not" (1991). They also define
fear of closeness as the model of other which describes an individual's ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The preoccupied attachment style is characterized by low fear of closeness and high fear of abandonment. Individuals classified as preoccupied have a
negative model of themselves. Because preoccupies see themselves as unworthy of love and unsupportive, they tend to "strive for self–acceptance by
gaining the acceptance of valued others" (Bartholomew, 227) and would do everything to keep people in their life; Preoccupied individuals try to
avoid any kind of conflict in order to make themselves loveable and others happy. Despite the fact that preoccupies often see others as trustworthy and
available, they also feel that others do not care about them as much as they care about others.
Somebody I would classify as preoccupied would be my ex–boyfriend. He always felt that other people around him would not care as much about him
as he cared about them. He was worried that I would not love him as much as he loved me and that I would not return his love. Whenever I broke up
with him, he became upset; he talked to my parents and friends, texted me every day and tried to convince me to go back to him.
My ex–boyfriend tried to avoid any kind of conflict – not just with me, but also with his parents – just to keep us happy. However, every time we had a
conflict, he either agreed with me or felt bad afterwards and was afraid that I would not love him anymore.

Attachment Problems
Attachment problems can be caused by several different factors and it may actually be difficult to assess causality in some cases where the client
history is incomplete or contradictory in places depending on the source. Ainsworth (1992) aptly summarized the attachment equation. First babies of
sensitive mothers were more likely to be securely attached, while those who had less sensitive mothers were more likely to be insecurely attached.
These insecurely attached children had more difficulty forming new skills and interests because of their lack of a secure base from which to work.
Psychosocial factors that could contribute to attachment problems in childhood include problems with the infant, including a difficult temperament or
physical... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
A full physical, mental, and social history of the family, and the child, should be taken with careful attention paid to any trauma that may have
occurred to the parent(s), the child, or the family as a whole and any history of substance abuse within the family or those with whom the child had
frequent contact. Questions should be asked about the beginnings of the symptoms, however, in some situations the family may be a foster or
adoptive family that is trying to figure out the behavior of a child and has never seen any different behavior from the child and may not have a full
history of them. When possible, physicians, former caretakers, former caseworkers, and others who might know the child's history in the case of a
foster or adopted child should be contacted and as much information should be gathered as possible. A Marschak Interaction Method Behavior Rating
System may be useful here, for the current caretaker and child, if there is a trained clinician available to observe the mother–child dyad and complete
the assessment. It has been observed that high parental stress may inhibit ideal parent–child interactions as well (McKay, Pickens, & Stewart, 1996)
and because of this the clinician may want to provide an assessment to the parent(s) that evaluates this such as the Parenting Stress

Attachment Theory
This essay will discuss how parents and carers can support the early emotional needs of their child. Parents or carers are usually defined as the
primary caregivers for the child (e.g. biological parents, foster carers) and they have a considerable influence on the child's emotional development.
This discussion will focus on the role of the mother in meeting a child's early emotional needs and will draw on maternal sensitivity and responsiveness,
attachment theory and factors that can affect the quality of attachment. It will also briefly discuss the role of fathers.
Adequate support for a child's emotional needs start from birth. Key features of this include maternal sensitivity and responsiveness. Maternal
sensitivity is the mother's innate ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Bowlby defined a secure attachment figure as being reliable and consistent (responsive) and this provides the emotional security for the child to go out
and explore the world and be able to return to their mother when seeking comfort. In contrast, an insecure attachment may be developed through a lack
of maternal responsiveness and as a result of this infants 'may explore their environment less and even avoid their parents altogether, and show no signs
of distress when they leave the room'(Farrington–Flint, 2014).
Although the initial attachment is usually formed with the mother, Bowlby (1969) recognised that attachments could be formed with other important
individuals, including fathers (Bowlby, 1969, cited in Farrington–Flint, 2014). Some recent studies have demonstrated that there is a difference in
quality between mother–infant and father–infant attachments. Those children with a secure father–infant attachment generally have greater
developmental outcomes, such as fewer behavioural problems, and higher levels of self–control (Bretherton, 2010 cited in Farrington–Flint,

Attachment Theories: Are Early Attachments Really Necessary?
Attachment theory concerns the psychological, evolutionary and ethological ideas that help us understand relationships between people. Theorists
believe that a child has a need to form attachments with an adult care giver to ensure adequate growth and social and emotional development. This
'bond' has to be maintained by the care giver and mostly uninterrupted to ensure a child grows into a happy and confident, adapted adult.
Freud's psychoanalytic theory has heavily influenced research into attachment, underpinning the importance of the mother/child bond on future child
development. Bowlby (1969) and others recognised this in their research and results, but some found it did not specifically have to be the mother– a
general loving care ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
As the child is now mobile we can see the attachment. The child will begin to use the caregiver as a safe base from which to explore. Only when a
separation is continued for a period of time, a baby's reaction will turn from upset to angry. Bowlby, 1973, 1980, called this the 'protest' stage. Next, a
child will become slightly depressed (the despair stage) until eventually seeming to overcome the separation and becoming responsive again. (the stage
of detachment) this was not necessarily a recovery, but possibly a repression of feelings towards the caregiver. Many factors in a separation seem to
come into play when determining the fate of the child's wellbeing going into adulthood after detachment. A lack of appropriate attachment forming in a
child can lead to 'reactive attachment disorder'.
Bowlby's Ideas
John Bowlby was a child psychiatrist researching theories on attachment. Bowlby studies many children and their reactions to separation from their
attachment (usually the mother).
Robertson and Bowlby (1952) observed that there were three progressive reactions to separation. Protest, despair and detachment. They studied children
aged 1 to 4 who had been placed in residential nurseries, mostly because of the mother's hospitalisation. After the detachment the children generally
became more interested in their surroundings and became more alert again. But the study found when the mothers returned they were greeted with lack
of interest and often anger by

Questions On Attachment Theory And Attachment Parenting
Introduction
People can and do get the [attachment] theory confused with attachment parenting. The result of this may be that some parents, thinking that
attachment parenting is too consuming and also because western society has a need for independence and separation, may then look for alternative
methods that do not involve any form of attachment "methods". The purpose of researching these theories is to gather information about attachment
theory for those involved to make informed decisions that do not involve a speciп¬Ѓc parenting philosophy that may not suit their family's needs.
Attachment is the method through which people acquire specific positive and close emotional bonds with others. In mature relationships, people may
be equal ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Freud believed that infants develop maternal relationships because mothers feed them and satisfy their hunger. However, animal studies have provided
evidence that feeding does not necessarily explain the attachment. In fact, experiments have found that infant rhesus monkeys raised in an isolated
environment preferred the contact with a comfortable cloth–covered surrogate mother, even while feeding from the nourishing wire surrogate mother,
demonstrating that the basis for attachment relationships does not reside solely in feeding. These experiments also found that the ones raised by
simulated mothers were scared when placed alone in foreign situations.
Another expert, Erik Erikson, proposed an eight–stage psychosocial development process. In his theory, each stage involves a task that must be
completed if infants are to successfully move to the next stage. The initial stage of "Trust versus mistrust" in psychosocial development arises in the
first year of life. During this stage infants need to develop a sense of trust in themselves and in the world around them. The infant depends on the
parents, with an emphasis on the mother, for nourishment. Their relative interpretation of world and society stems from the parent–child interaction. If
the parents expose the child to consistency, and steady affection, the child 's perception will be that of trust. However, if parents fail to provide a safe
environment that meets

Bowlby And Attachment Theory And The Theory Of The...
It was this Maternal Deprivation Hypothesis (1953; 1969) that sought to bring Bowlby and attachment theory its strongest criticism (Rutter 1981;
Clarke & Clarke 1998) The theory that if a child is deprived of its mother, or mother–substitute at a key point (approx. 6 months to 3 years) for work
purposes, or even for the purpose of hospitalisation, the child's social and cognitive development would suffer as a result. The critiques have gone
from levelling criticism, to the Hypothesis itself being largely discredited (Smith et al 2011) Importantly, regardless of whether or not the theory was
believed, it is known to have had a profound effect on a generation of mothers.
There has been much controversy regarding childminding and crГЁche based child care and attachment theory. Early research in the 1950s and 1960s
(including the writings of Bowlby) suggested caution when considering alternative child day care ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
However, the major function of attachment theory is to guide further research (Attachments and other affectional bonds across the life cycle, Mary D.
Salter Ainsworth, 1991, p. 48)
Engaging in parenthood is playing for high stakes. Furthermore, because successful parenting is a principal key to the mental health of the next
generation, we need to know all we can both about its nature and about the manifold social and psychological conditions that influence its development
for better or worse.
Lecture 1 – Caring for children – Clinical applications of Attachment Theory; A Secure Base, John Bowlby, 1988, p1.
Studies continually show that well adjusted, self reliant, contented adolescents and young adults are the result of a stable environment where both
parents offer significant time and attention to the

Early Emotional Attachment On Attachment Parenting
People can and do get the [attachment] theory confused with attachment parenting. The result of this may be that some parents, thinking that
attachment parenting is too consuming and also because western society has a need for independence and separation, may then look for alternative
methods that do not involve any form of attachment "methods". The purpose of researching these theories is to gather information about attachment
theory for those involved to make informed decisions that do not involve a speciп¬Ѓc parenting philosophy that may not suit their family's needs.
Attachment is the method through which people acquire specific positive and close emotional bonds with others. In mature relationships, people may
be equal attachment figures. However, this is not the case in a relationship between the child and parent. The child–parent attachment is a tie based on a
need for safety, security and protection, paramount during infancy and childhood when the developing individual is undeveloped and weak. As a result,
infants unconsciously attach to their caregivers. This paper will further discuss the importance of early emotional attachment in development as well as
progressive concepts and empirical foundations.
Infant Attachment
The earliest derivation of attachment theory is found in Sigmund Freud's psychoanalytic theory of development. Freud was the first to suggest a theory
of human developmental stages. Oral stage, the first step of his theory, sees infants become attached

Attachments In Relationships
Many people think that attachment is something that only toddlers experience. But, after the research I did and asking people specific questions, I saw
that even adults display different types of attachments in relationships. Four different forms of attachment were developed because of the strange
situation experiment. Those being: secure attachment, insecure–avoidant, insecure–resistant and disoriented–disorganized. I wanted to see if I could
specifically place an adult into one of these categories by forming a rating scale based on a couple of statements that were related to each type of
attachment. I asked two people that are very close to me to take the survey I developed: My boyfriend Nick, and a co–worker Donna. So, each of the
statements

Attachment Survey
The formation of attachment begins at birth with the child forming some type or form of attachment with their parents or primary caregiver. Hopefully,
the child is able to form a proper or secure attachment with their parent or primary caregivers because the attachment formed between the parents or
primary caregiver acts the foundation for how well the child will be able to form attachments with others outside the immediate family (Gullone,
Ollendick, King,2006).This is because the type or level of attachment the child was able to form with his or her parent generally predicts the type or
level of attachment the child will form with others outside their intermediate family. However, as the individual interacts with the outside world more
and... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
One method I have for interacting or socializing with individuals outside my group of family and friends is to look for individuals who appear to be
similar to myself in traits, characteristics, and personality. For example, when I first started working at Wal–Mart I tended to avoid the other workers
who were loud and outgoing. Instead, the first friend I made at Wal–Mart was a female who seemed to be shy, quiet and like to hang back from the
other employees. After interacting with the female more, I was pleased to discover that we did in fact, have a lot of the same characteristics,
traits, and a similar personality. According to Mercer and DeRosier (2010) selecting friends based on similarities is fairly common and generally
relationships based on the two members' similarities are more rewarding. I believe relationships between two people brought together by similarities
are more rewarding because the two individuals in the relationship realize the other person will be more understanding and less likely to judge them
harshly. For example, I did not experience a healthy or even normal childhood, with that being said, some of my best friends are those who have also
experienced some type or aspect of trauma in their life. With these friends, I am usually more open and more willing to share the real Katie with them.
For me to interact or socialize with an individual I

Theories Of Attachment
This essay will explain the definition of attachment, the key factor that promote the attachment and discuss the theory of attachment, including
deprivation and privation. Attachment is an emotional and affectional tie or bonds that one person or animal forms between himself and another
specific one.
Children`s attachment is mostly based on the children`s sensitivity and understanding of the mother`s honesty in providing comfort, support and
security. In addition, behaviours of the child that build up attachment and give the opportunity for showing contact between mother and child can
include breastfeeding, which means relaxing the baby and independent, co–sleeping, kangaroo care, smelly mother, talking, and smiling to baby,
physical touching ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Bowlby's maternal deprivation hypothesis probably came from his Freudian training i.e. the baby may be disadvantaged from positive physical
gratifications during development and this may lead to a long–term fixation. Bowlby's attachment theory in 1969 was made on ethologists work and
used principles of evolution and natural selection to explain the behaviours they observed. Bowlby argued that babies had one special attachment. The
importance of this relationship lies in the fact that it acts as a model for all future relationships. Konrad Lorenz (1935) supports Bowlby's maternal
deprivation hypothesis, as the attachment process of imprinting is an innate

The Attachment Of Monkeys

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