PSYC101 WorksheetTotal Points possible 90Place your firs.docx

PSYC101 Worksheet
Total Points possible: 90
Place your first and last name, student ID and the date of your
worksheet completion in the spaces below.
Student Name:
Student ID:
Date:This worksheet is due by11:55pm ETSunday at the end
ofWeek 6 of the course term
You may work on it ahead of its deadline but may not submit it
prior to its assigned week.OVERVIEW:
This worksheet requires unpacking the key elements of a
published scholarly journal article and demonstrating APA
source citation skills, activities you will engage in frequently in
the completion of a variety of assignments including essays,
research papers and literature reviews in future courses.
To complete the worksheet, download and save a copy of it with
your first and last name in the document title, answer the
questions and attach your completed copy.
Quoting is not permitted. All answers must be written as
paraphrases, meaning that you must restate what you read in
your own words, with the exception of technical terms such as
the names of diagnostic tests. You are not required to source
credit the article in your answers to the Section I “Key Article
Components” questions. Section II, “Source citing and
reference listing in APA format” is where you will demonstrate

knowledge of how to correctly format source crediting in APA
style.
Answers will be graded for accuracy, thoroughness, clarity and
correct spelling and grammar.
No content of this document may be removed or reordered.
Answers must be inserted in the spaces provided.
===============================================
===================================
SECTION I:
KEY ARTICLE COMPONENTS
Points possible: 70 (10 points per item)
1. Previous research and authors’ rationales for conducting their
study
The past research was by Grubaugh, Zinzow, Paul, Egede, &
Frueh that was done in 2011, which was necessitated by need to
know prevalence, correlates, and treatment of PTSD in the
general population. It was meant also to give an insight into
PTSD within the context of severe mental illness. The other
research was by Kessler, Sonnega, Bromet, Hughes, & Nelson
research done in 1995. The purpose of this study was also to
show prevalence and persistence of the disease. It was also used
to estimate the probabilities of PTSD from different types of
trauma. It was also meant to show if Posttraumatic stress
disorder was in any way comorbid with other lifetime DSM-III-
R disorders.
2. Research method used
The research method used was a case study, this method was
perfect fit for this nature of study because it relate clearly with
daily experience and have a 'human face'. The other advantage
of case study is that it offers the opportunity for the researcher
to broker diverse viewpoints. It too allow for the immediate

accumulation of data.
2. Participants involved in the study
The participants in this study were individuals with SMI who
were receiving treatment at the University of Medicine and
Dentistry of New Jersey-University Behavioral HealthCare
(UMDNJ-UBHC). It was the state of New Jersey that defines
clients with SMI. In order to qualify one had to have suffered in
the past 3-6 months major malfunction caused by mental
disorder in the past 2 years prior to that having received serious
diagnosis. New Jersey’s three different cities in northern and
central part were chosen for the study. Thorough screening of
trauma and PTSD symptoms were done at these sites to choose
clients eligible for the study. There were no payments made for
participating in the screening.
4. Measures used
The measures used were a Traumatic Events Reported on
Abbreviated Traumatic Life Events Questionnaire (TLEQ) by
Gender. This was to enable proper capturing of the history of all
the truma clients. TLEQ was structured such that it ask about
the experience of traumatic happenings by applying wording
that resembles DSM-IV criterion A for PTSD.
5. Data analyses
the data analysis used were; descriptive statistics and
regression analysis method were used.
6. Study results
sudden death of loved one was the most traumatizing event a
trend the was similar across gender. Childhood abuse together

with car accidents was the other traumatizing events. Men
reported combat and other accidents more than women. The
results also show that women are more vulnerable to sexual
abuse, domestic violence and adult sexual abuse as compared to
men. Average total events had a sample mean of 7.43 with
standard deviation of 3.47, with mean of 7.18 and standard
deviation of 3.33 for men and women having a mean of 7.57,
and a standard deviation of 3.55.
Children most traumatizing events ranked as follows; sexual
abuse, death of loved ones. Women traumatizing event ranked
as follows; childhood sexual abuse, 27%, sudden death of loved
one at 19% and domestic violence rank low at 9%. Men rank as
follows; sudden death of loved one, 21%, childhood sexual
abuse, 13%, and robbery 10%.
7. Discussion
this study was to show the severity of trauma in relation to
PTSD, the sample shows the severity of exposure to traumatic
events in correlation with PTSD symptoms. Childhood sexual
abuse is the most traumatizing event that across gender and age.
Sudden death of loved one was also traumatizing but not as
much as sexual abuse. Men experience differs with men,
whereby men are vulnerable to attacks and robbery while
women suffer more from domestic related violence. However
trauma that was identified as most distressing was not in any
way related to PTSD symptom severity.
,
the number of types traumatic events experienced was in line
with previous research showing that cumulative trauma
exposure is related to PTSD diagnosis in people with SMI
(Mueser
et al., 1998). Of particular note, clients with SMI reported
experiencing PTSD symptoms related to events that had
occurred
on average almost 20 years earlier. These findings highlight the
need to routinely assess trauma exposure, and to address the
prolonged effects of trauma and loss throughout the lifespan of

individuals with SMI.
SECTION IISOURCE CITING AND REFERENCE LISTING IN
APA FORMAT
Points Possible: 20 (10 points per item)Tip: If needed,
examples of how to source credit in APA formatting style can
be found in the Online Writing Lab, located at
https://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/560/01/ The
authors of the article are: Weili Lu, Philip T. Yanos, Steven M.
Silverstein, Kim T. Mueser, Stanley D. Rosenberg, Jennifer D.
Gottlieb, Stephanie Marcello Duva, Thanuja Kularatne,
Stephanie Dove-Williams, Danielle Paterno, Danielle
Hawthorne, and Giovanna Giacobbe.
The article’s title is: Public Mental Health Clients with Severe
Mental Illness and Probable Posttraumatic Stress Disorder:
Trauma Exposure and Correlates of Symptom Severity
The article was published in Volume 26, on pages 266-273, of
the scholarly journal:Journal of Traumatic StressThe article’s
year date of publication was: 2013
1. Giving credit to published authors with in-text source citing
Which specific parts of the information above would you use for
APA format source citing of the article in-text (meaning a
citation that occurs within the body of one’s writing)?
After answering the above question, show in the space below
how you would format an in-text citation of the article to be in
compliance with APA formatting rules.
2. Giving credit to published authors with a Reference listing
Which parts of the information provided would you use for
listing the article in an APA format reference list (a list
attached to the end of one’s writing, under the heading
“References” that shows one or more publications used)?

After answering the above question, show in the space below,
under the heading References, how you would reference list the
information in compliance with APA style rules as a reference
(an article listing that would be attached to the end of one’s
writing if one were using the article .
References
Acme fireworks is a trusted entity that provides fireworks
services, and due to current demand in the market the business
will have to change the business entity in order to meet the
current demand in the market at the same time operating with
efficiency. Acme Fireworks is a sole proprietorship that is
growing fast, the owner is considering changing the business
entity. There are however three entities to choose from; a
corporation, partnership and limited liability partnership. The
decision should be made on light on the advantages and
disadvantages of each of them. My recommendation to acme
fireworks should be to become a corporation because of the
current personal liabilities and contracts already in place and
need to fulfill large orders.
These inquiries will definitely make business grow and it will
become very important to change business entity and its mode
of operation. These inquiries from large retailers will force
acme fireworks to expand its operations. More employees must
therefore be hired in order to accommodate this expansion. I
very well understand the owner concern of personal liability in
case of funds shortages. The first thing as a manager that I will
do is to in determination of the entity that will best suit the
company’s needs is to analyze all the risks and liabilities
linked with cost of producing and selling fireworks. This type
of entity will provide the control of a sole proprietorship while
placing liability on the business rather than the individual.
Fireworks have the potential to be dangerous, causing serious
damage to both people and property. The potential for liability

associated with the
As the manager of this entity I have many responsibilities
regarding the day to day running of the business within the
entity. There will be increased responsibility that will come
with increased operations in terms of directing workers on what
needs to be done. As it currently stand the business needs
increased number of employees and because there is future
uncertainty the company should put itself in a position that will
allow them to terminate the contract of some of the workers
when their services are no longer be needed or when they are no
longer beneficial to the company. With regard to the current
position the owner will be giving through me the manager,
directives on whether the business should change its entity and
mode of operations. Given the nature of its operations and due
to the fact that what the business does is dangerous to the users
due to the production of explosives, several legal considerations
have to be looked at. But Due to high demands of the product it
makes it something good for the owner.
Fireworks pose a lot of risk to customer use and the increased
operations comes with increased risks. Example fireworks
produce a lot of flames that can cause major damages to the
employee using them if not properly used; Fireworks have
always been dangerous and have caused, and continue to cause,
serious and tragic accidents. it also causes a lot of noise hence
causing major disturbance to other people. Despite this the
business will have to change its entity to a limited partnership
in order to limit its liability. Regardless of this risk the owner
will have to make deal with retailers in order to make
exceptionally large profit. Because more employees will have to
be employed the current contracts in existence will have to be
looked at. As always whenever an owner is recruiting it must
several types of contracts that will have to be looked at. Acme
fireworks in this regard will have to consider commission based
and casual work for uncertainty reasons. The advantage of the

two is that workers will be called when their services are
needed or they will have to only work on a commission basis.
Acme fireworks owner will therefore have to consider limited
partnership so that he becomes general partner and whoever he
will partner with will become limited partners. With this the
company will get a lot of capital to expand the business.
Having made determination to change business entity and
deciding that the best form of entity to embrace was limited
partnership, the owner should ensure that all resources are
mobilized towards executing this decision. Before this decision
was reached analysis was first made to look at the entity that
will meet their advancing needs.
Almost everybody in the country have had some experience
with fireworks either during time from Fourth of July or during
New Years Eve celebrations.
There is unlimited number of liabilities that fireworks can
cause, with both minor and major injuries caused. In the course
of fireworks explosion, many burning embers will be send
through that can set buildings and nature on fires. If fireworks
fall in the hands of careless individual it can cause major
damages. Simple precautions can help avoid these accidents and
not all carelessness can cause fireworks damages. Fireworks
should solely be used for purpose designed for and not be used
for other purposes that can lead to unwarranted accidents.
However, even if all precautions are followed and procedures
followed to the later a poorly designed firework can still cause
damage. In the age of numerous legal battles whereby everyone
is suing somebody else, the company must ask the question on
where product liability ends and consumer satisfaction met.
The owner will have legitimate concerns with regard to
potential personal liabilities for example damages caused to
consumers caused by fireworks, given that the entity is a sole
proprietor. In different injury lawsuits related to fireworks,
individuals and companies involved are often named.
The contract with this business will have to be governed by
common law because, the common law system stresses on

making of the rules through the decisions by the courts of the
land. Common law is good because it is based on cases
previously determined hence the already determined cases
become part of the body of laws. These precedents are used in
later, similar cases.
Acme Fireworks Business Organization 3 For the Acme
Fireworks Company, the ‘good’ in question is the large display
the company would be creating and performing, not the movable
fireworks themselves which would be governed by the UCC.
Even though the fireworks themselves are movable, they are not
being sold independently. The customers are purchasing the
setup, display and performance or show. Once a display is
underway, it is no longer a movable object, thus placing it
firmly under the governance of common law. Service contracts
are typically governed by common law, even though they
include goods, but they also involve services. “Courts label
such mixed goods/services contracts as “hybrid” contracts.
“Courts have strictly adhered to the common law separation of
goods and services and have assumed that since hybrid contracts
involve an element of service, the UCC is not directly
applicable.
Therefore the contract with the business for ongoing
performance would fall under common law. This law was
borrowed from England and it emphasize on coming up with
rules based on predetermined cases. Common law over years
evolved into UCC but then deals only on transactions on which
goods were movable. The aim of UCC was to unify laws in the
state into single code that al state will borrow in order to ease
interstate trade.
Acme will make a request for a proposal then interested entities
will make an offer to enter into partnership with acme. The
offer will either be rejected of accepted by acme. With this
acme will have to accept best offer by entity of choice either by
promise or an act. These acceptances by acme must mirror the
offer. In case of counteroffer, which is basically changing the
terms of the offer serious consideration should be taken.

Consideration is another element of a contract that should be
considered seriously when entering into a contract. The legal
benefit to anyone that suffer a damage should be in monetary
terms It may be a promise, an act or monetary. Acme has a
capacity to contract and it must also verify that whoever it is
entering into a contract with ought to have the same legal
capacity. Courts have held 3 classes of persons lack capacity to
be bound by contractual promises – minors, intoxicated persons
and mentally incompetent persons. This purpose for entering
contract into is a lawful purpose.
There are several personal liabilities to acme fireworks caused
by fireworks. Victims of fireworks accidents will also seek for
compensation for the injuries, whether a spectator at a fireworks
show gone wrong or firework being faulty. Depending on the
circumstances of the firework injury, a number of legal theories
will apply against the company. The injured spectator could
bring some legal proceedings against acme fireworks so as to
hold the company liable through negligence. Though there are
many entities that could be held accountable for causing injury
i.e. cities that hire fireworks or whoever organized the show,
acme fireworks will likely bear the greatest responsibility and
heavier burden in terms of compensation. Even though a
fireworks company may be limited by state law, acme fireworks
still have a duty to protect bystanders from injuries. Acme
fireworks fail in fulfilling its obligation and open themselves up
to liability by allowing the use of faulty fireworks or by failing
to obtain the proper permits.
Most victims who suffer from fireworks related injury often
seek for compensation for damage from the manufacturer, or the
local retail seller. Because acme have a duty to sell products
that function properly, it will most likely become liable for any
injuries caused by a defective firework Even individuals who
misuse fireworks may still be able to recover damages for their
injuries if they can prove that a defect, rather than their
negligent conduct, caused the injury.

Due to uncertainty employees should be employed on casual
basis. This is because casual workers will only be on standby to
do work as required without fixed hours or attendance
arrangements. However, these workers are employees, for
employment rights purposes. Little legislation will apply on
these arrangements like the right to receive a pay slip.
The agency relationship will exist between the principle which
is acme and the agent that is partner. There will be a written
contract between the employees of acme and the company, and
given that there can be no unwitting agent for another, the
company can hire service from another entity. A written
contract is common, but not necessarily essential when it is
clear that both parties intend to act in their respective principal
and agent roles. The intent of the parties can be inferred from
their words or implied by their actions.
There will be a special type of relationship between employer
and employee, normally referred to as master-servant
relationship. The key element that will differentiate employees
of acme from others is that acme the principle will not have
right to control the physical conduct or manner and means of
agents work making it a non-employee agent.
Conclusion
Acme fireworks is a trusted entity that provides fireworks
services, and due to current demand in the market the business
will have to change the business entity in order to meet the
current demand in the market at the same time operating with
efficiency. More employees must therefore be hired in order to
accommodate this expansion. I very well understand the owner
concern of personal liability in case of funds shortages. The
first thing as a manager that I will do is to in determination of
the entity that will best suit the company’s needs is to analyze
all the risks and liabilities linked with cost of producing and
selling fireworks. Given the nature of its operations and due to
the fact that what the business does is dangerous to the users
due to the production of explosives, several legal considerations
have to be looked at. But Due to high demands of the product it

makes it something good for the owner. Having made
determination to change business entity and deciding that the
best form of entity to embrace was limited partnership, the
owner should ensure that all resources are mobilized towards
executing this decision. Before this decision was reached
analysis was first made to look at the entity that will meet their
advancing needs.
Christian community health center is a community based health
center in America that serves the community at large, it is a
nonprofit making organization that is primarily mandated to
offer basic health care needs to the surrounding community in
Roseland Southside Chicago. This health facility was
established in order to provide quality Medicare together with
its related services to the community members at no cost. Since
receiving Federally Qualified Health Center status in 2001 Sit
has since expanded greatly its services and programs. The
hospital is committed to demonstrating both in words and deeds
the love of Jesus Christ hence its name Christian community
health center. While it’s primary responsibility is provision of
medical care the hospital has also been widely known for its
exceptional social service programs. By jointly providing
primary medical treatment with supportive programs, CCHC is
providing a holistic need of the community at large. Christian
community health center is running seven different sites in
Chicago region which include 4 community health centers and
mobile health van providing a variety f primary medical and
social services. Its programs include; primary care and
dentistry; mental health and substance abuse service for
homeless women and children; extensive HIV/AIDS services; it
also deals with case management and housing job training and
placement; subsidized housing with full slate rehabilitative
services designed for women in parturition.
The organizations have a great team of professionals. It works

with different kind of professional staffs who have dedicated
their lives to team work that will guarantee quality services. An
individual will come with his medical provider and is provided
with health and wellness team members that include a nurse and
medical assistant and may also include registration staff
counselor, behavioral health therapist patient health advocate
according to individual needs. An individual is at the center of
his own care. CCHC team only gives one tools to help him
manage his own health.
However for this hospital to remain competitive, it has to
embrace team work and efficient flow of communication in
order to reduce inefficiency but rather to increase its quality.
Hospitals productivity can only be improved by providing
extensive programs incorporated together with primary
responsibility of medical care. By implementing wider program
schemes this hospital will be able to deliver quality service
efficiently and quickly to community members and ensuring
client’s satisfaction hence maintaining their credibility among
the community. Improving service delivery involves
implementing a raft of measures through making effective
decisions. Ensuring the success of these operational excellence
initiatives often depends on divisions working together to share
data and interpret it appropriately.
The hospital is in need of level improvement to allow for
efficient management of hospital departments. The improved
structure will also allow CCHC personnel and clients
understand hospitals chain of command. Because of the size of
Christian community health center its structure is not very much
complex but rather simpler. Most of its departments have to be
grouped within a structure and this change will ensure that there
is facility efficiency. However this grouping should be done in
the light of duties similarities. Since conflict within group is
inevitable there is need for management to accept it and only
tries to create an environment of goodwill and trust. The
hospital management should be in the forefront to avoid major
conflicts by creating a raft of measures that will prevent it from

occurring.
The proponents of human relations views believe that conflict
was a natural occurrence in all groups and organizations and the
management should accept conflict at work place. This theory
says that conflict is avoidable by creating an environment of
goodwill and trust. But still conflicts are bound to happen due
to differences in opinions, faulty policies and procedures, lack
of cooperation, allocation of resources which will lead to
distortion and blockage in communication. Accordingly
management should always be concerned with avoiding conflict
if possible and resolving it soon if possible, in the interest of
the organization and the individuals.
It is believed that conflict is a natural occurrence in any group
setting. Even with the goodwill environment conflict will still
occur due to difference in views and opinions. What also cause
conflict is lack of cooperation, improper policies and skewed
allocation of resource that will lead to distortion and blockage
in communication. For the hospital in community set up to run
smoothly the management must always look for a way to avoid
conflict if possible and settling conflicts as soon as it occurs in
the interest of organizations and community at large.
Role conflict within groups is very damaging to the progress of
the organization because individuals will feel demoralized and
can rebel against the organization. In delegation of roles within
groups several factors should be considered by first consulting
an individual who is to be assigned the role specified. Smooth
running organizations are the ones that involve its employees in
decision making.
Roles are very important because they guide behavior in any
organizations. A role from manager to junior employee defines
a person expected behavior and set the benchmark for what is
acceptable within an organization. These are lacking in some
degree at CCHC. Most employees in an organization assume a
number of roles in the cause of their duties. For example and
employee assume different roles when attending to patients and
when running office duties.

Each role creates a set of expectations within the particular
environment.
In CCHC what also brings conflict is organizational structure
and arrangements e.g. mid-level supervisors also work among
the people they supervise. These is a major source of conflict
because the supervisor is expected both to work in cooperation
with the group and report under-performing members. Role
conflict in this hospital also emerges when an employee is
asked to perform contradictory tasks. For example, one
supervisor may ask an employee to serve in different unit within
the hospital while another is asking to concentrate in his unit.
Role conflicts are nearly inevitable in any group within an
organization especially in a hospital within a community setup.
Each conflict is unique, so no single method can prevent all
types of role conflicts. However, open communication helps
limit the tension from role conflicts. Clear communication also
helps all members understand that each individual has multiple
roles to perform.
.
Christian community health center have different options of
evading conflict, in order to reduce its effect on the
organization. These organizations can resolve some conflicts
through simple avoidance, tackling them head on and changing
certain variables like hierarchy in the workplace. The
management in resolving conflict should ensure that any
resolution method depends on the root cause of conflict, the
magnitude of conflict and the type of conflict. The organization
should also adopt face-to-face meeting, as in problem solving,
because it is a very fast way to resolve conflicts especially
when there is a language barrier. The groups can discuss issues
and relevant information, with or without a facilitator, to reach
resolution.
There are different Communication problems among group
members in CCHC. First for the team to be effective there is

need for team members to be able to communicate with each
other. This is informed by the fact that as a team begins to work
together several issues to do with team communication will
begin to emerge. In order to be able to work through these
challenges, it is important for team members to be able to
identify the communication barriers and find solutions to work
through them. It has often emerge that at some instance team
members get themselves in a situation whereby they have to
defend themselves and their position in conversations to a point
that they forget the reason why they took that same position in
the first place. The biggest problem will emerge especially
when the desire to be right can take precedence over the interest
of the group. The primary interest of the group should remain
getting issues solved and the good of the group should be the
main focus as opposed to focusing on the ego get in the way.
As Christian community health center team should be arranged
to compose of diverse group of people with different set of
experiences. Though this diversity could intensify conflict it
should be sen in a positive dimension. The experience to be
sought should be cultural, religious and educational in
appointing an individual to a group. Respect should be
advocated for in order for this factors no to become barriers to
group communication.
The hospital should come up with an atmosphere of mutual
respect within the group in order to overcome these challenges.
Group members should be thought that al opinions count and
every voice should be heard. Individuals of diverse origin can
work together in a group very well if mutual respect is upheld
and ensuring that every voice is given a chance to be heard.
Another way to make group effective in this hospital
environment is to ensure that there is an effective leader, and
ensuring that every group member opinion counts when
deliberating on important matters. Another way to make group
effective Is to incorporate senior company members, managers
and executives in the group and they should be cautious not to
think or feel that their opinions are more important than those

of lower-ranking group members. Oppression by rank can cause
group communication to break down. A lot of time is being
spent in group meetings. Effective group communication can
help the hospital achieve greater heights in terms of service
delivery from group member’s participation. Group leaders and
participants should help group communicate effectively by
carefully planning the size of groups and the physical
arrangements, considering the psychological impacts on
participation, briefing members on their responsibilities and
remembering the influence of their own attitudes and behavior
on the group.
In a group set up also care should be taken when disagreeing
with an opinion or in criticizing a matter so that critic won’t be
taken as an attack. Opposing views should be treated as
questions. When a member feel that he is attacked he will act
more defensively hence limiting its ability to contribute more
positively to the group.
Excessive intergroup conflict also arises due to different
departments being in conflict. This can be resolved by
harmonizing different roles and ensuring that there is free flow
of communication between departments. The departments heads
should always work together to ensure that they complement
each other’s role. Excessive intergroup conflict can also be
resolved by having regular get together functions to help groups
strengthen team work and know that they are all working
towards achieving a same goal of a single organization.
Conclusion
Christian community health center in order to remain the top
health facility have to ensure that there exist group cohesion in
the running of the daily affairs. Group structures should be
strengthening because it is only through team work that any
organization can achieve efficient delivery service. Conflict
should be reduced to a manageable level or else it will tear
down the whole organization. Due to diversity group
cohesiveness is not intact. Therefore Christian community
health center should seriously concentrate on encouraging

employees to work effectively with their colleagues. The
organization should strive to ensure that it finds its workers
having bonded in a cohesive group and this will be a positive
thing. Sometimes this might not always be the case. Group
cohesiveness will offer good social support for group members.
There is always a risk of groupthink whenever highly cohesive
group makes bigger decisions, this will often occurs when group
members don’t feel free to express themselves in an effort to
avoid bringing disharmony to the group cohesion. Views of the
key group members are upheld whereas the opinions of others
are disregarded. Cohesive groups are also critical of opinions by
the outsiders and many a times resist such opinions regardless
of its validity. Information from outsiders that contradicts the
group's opinion may even be hidden by group members.
Groupthink can lead to poor or irrational decisions.
· Describe your scenario.
It is a wedding between two individuals from different cultures,
where marriage rituals and practices differ. Striking a balance
to accommodate both families is proving difficult. The two have
different religious orientation, education level and from
different tribes. However they have common country of origin
and language. The issue is proving difficult for wedding
organizers; it’s a wedding between a conservative Christian and
pride of Indian origin.
· Describe the decision.
The two major decisions to be made is the cultural venue that
wedding should take place whether it is at the prides place or
the groom place. Because it is a marriage between pride of
Indian origin and a conservative Christian groom, according to
Indian traditions it should be held at prides place but majority
Christians hold the ceremony at grooms home.
· Discuss the process that must be taken to make the decision
The process involves consulting both the pride and the groom’s
families and also approaching the religious leaders or both

families on the way forward. Once the two families have been
reached separately then a meeting is arranged for both families
so that they can strike a common ground.
· Explain the role that inductive and deductive reasoning play in
the decision-making process.
Deductive reasoning moves from broad, general statements, or
premises, to specific conclusions based entirely on facts. If the
original premises are valid, then the decisions and conclusions
made by deductive reasoning will be valid as well. Inductive
reasoning draws conclusions from generalized information. This
process is based primarily on heuristics, or experience-based
techniques for problem-solving and decision-making.
· Analyze how emotion and culture affected the process.
Emotion and culture affected process in d-day because due to a
decision to follow some Indian cultures the two exchanged rings
and vows before wedding day and this made wedding less
emotional. The mood was not as jubilant because of cultural and
religious differences.
· Describe the problem solving strategies that you would use to
resolve the challenges associated with your selected scenario.
· Analyze the role of perception, attention, memory, and
language played in your selected scenario.
1
Federal Reserve have been under constant criticism from
monetary policy experts, it was established to act as central
banking in united states in 1913 and since then the critics have
never stopped. Federal Reserve emerged as post 1907 economic
crisis reform. It has been criticized for lack of effectiveness,
lack of adequate banking regulation and possibility of distorting
the market.
Nobel laureate Joseph Stieglitz for example was critical of the
way Federal Reserve responded to 2007-2010 financial crises.

He was critical of the creation of currency as a means to counter
liquidity trap. Banks created $600 million and injected directly
to the banks with the intention of spurring banks to finance
more domestic loans and refinance mortgages. He criticized the
bank for spending the money meant for that role in profitable
businesses by injecting money instead to internationally
emerging markets. He also criticized the move by banks to
invest in foreign currencies which he claim would probably lead
to currency wars as China redirects its currency holdings away
from the United States. Fed is also audited differently from
other government agencies and often leads to confusion. There
has been criticism of public confusion whereby fed is accused
of publishing several information’s on their websites that
hoodwink the public.
2
Philips curve really no longer exist in United States. It started
dawning in 1970 that Phillips Curve trade off no longer existed
– that is the pattern was no longer consistent. The common and
most used relationship between unemployment and inflation
seems to no longer exist. It was possible to have a number of
inflation rates for any given unemployment rate. In some cases
unemployment felt to record low while inflation remain constant
over time and this appeared to disprove the existence of Philips
curve in united states. Indeed, in the long-run, there is no trade-
off between unemployment and inflation.
3
Monetary policy is better to stimulate expansion in United
States because it promotes “maximum” sustainable output and
employment and also promote “stable” prices. It will also be
more prudent if the federal government seek for a middle
ground between monetary and fiscal policy because combining
aspect of this policies will effectively solve economic problem.
Each of this policies have advantages and disadvantages
because, fiscal policy seems to have greater effects over long
periods of time and monetary policy has proven to have some
short term success. A mixture of both will thus be more

acceptable and effective.
1
Rods and cones are the only two types of photoreceptors found
in human retina. Rods make vision at low light level possible a
state called scotopic vision. They can’t mediate color vision and
they are less accurate in detecting shape object. On the other
hand cones are responsible for vision at higher light levels; they
are concentrated in central fovea. There are 3 different types of
Cone cells containing different pigments. Color blindness
occurs when one or more types of cones are either totally
absent, or has a limited spectral sensitivity
2
Olfaction, our sense of smell, is very essential for our daily
living. Live will me devastating without a smell of a nose. It
helps us enjoy the flavors of our foods and to detect fragrance
in air around us. A damaged olfaction could lead to a depression
due to loose of joy of eating and drinking. Smell is very
important because it give an ability to detect leaking gas or
spoiled food.
3
touch
The skin contains receptors for temperatures and touch. It’s also
an excretory organ. Receptors are in different concentration at
different parts of the body. There are high concentrations of
temperature receptors at the elbow and few touch receptors at
the heel of the foot. The fingertips and the sexual organs have
the greatest concentration of nerve endings.
Taste
They are located at the taste buds of the tongue. Taste buds are
located at the sides and top of the tongue. Some are found at the
lining of the throat. There are four different taste receptors:
sweet, sour, bitter and salt. Taste as a sense combines, smell,
temperature and texture.

Sight
Seeing is the function of the eye. The key structures of the eye
includes pupil which is the opening of the eye. Through this
opening light enters the eye. The size varies with intensity of
light. Iris determines the size of pupil. When pupil enlarges iris
becomes smaller and when iris enlarges pupil become smaller.
When there is brighter light pupil contract and in dim light it
enlarges.
Hearing
Ear is the organ for hearing and balance. Ear detects vibrations,
frequency and amplitude. These are impulses carried to the
brain. The ear carry out the function of balancing by detecting
direction of motion, acceleration and head position related to
gravity.
Smell
Olfactory region in the upper region of nasal activity is
responsible for smelling. 20 millions neurons that are
concentrated in this area are the ones detecting odours. They are
called olfactory neurons. The neurons send impulses to the
brain when they detect gases. The responses produced by these
stimuli can produce about 10,000 different smells. The
receptors stop sending stimuli very quickly. That is why we get
used to smells very easily.
8
In order to see we need light. Light enters through the eye and
are focused on retina. The light-sensitive photoreceptors of the
retina initiate a cascade of electro-chemical signals that are
transmitted to the brain. The visual system structures of the
brain decode these signals, resulting in what we call "visual
information." visual perception is a process that involves
grouping, selection and interpretation.
9
In the auditory system sound vibrations are converted in

electrical energy by the hair cells. Vibration is received then
causing air molecules to vibrate and in turn ear drum vibrating.
Ear drum vibration cause ear bones to vibrate. These vibrations
then pass in to the cochlea, the organ of hearing. Hair cells are
then able to convert this movement (mechanical energy) into
electrical signals (action potentials) which travel along auditory
nerves to hearing centers in the brain. Mechanical sensory
system use hair cells in acoustic, equilibrium and lateral-line
systems to cause transduction process from cilia that respond to
shearing forces and end with processes that depolarize the cell
membrane of afferent neurons. Chemical sensory system is
responsible for heromones species-specific odor cues.
10
The damage of olfactory responsible for sense of smelling cause
a lot of nervous changes. Food chemicals dissolved in saliva
will not be able to stimulate taste receptors in taste buds. The
nasal membranes will also fail to produce fluids that dissolve
chemicals in air. These are chemicals that will have stimulated
smell receptors in olfactory epithelium. The chemical senses
complement each other and respond to many of the same
stimuli.
James Ensor was born in April, 13 1860 in Belgium. The day
was named the day of Venus because James Ensor said that on
the day of his birthday Venus came towards him and they
looked at each other face to face smiling, this was James Ensor
description of his birth. James Ensor father Frederick Ensor was
an English man who was an engineer and his mother was a
Belgian. Ensor didn’t have interest in academic studies and he
left school at an early age of 15 to pursue art. He started
training to be a painter with other two colleagues. Perhaps
mentioning also is the fact that what skewed his perception in
the early years was the passing on of his dad and later passing
away of his grandmother; they were family members Ensor was
so close to. The passing on of dad and grandmother left him the
breadwinner together with the mother in an extended family that

included, aunt, divorced sister and niece.
Ensor started off as an ordinary artist. He started out fresh from
academy without much experience in the field. Upon beginning
his journey he soon realized that he was different from every
other individual and that he was an extraordinary naturalist and
bold painter that dwell mostly on modern and familiar subject.
His technique shocked some of his conservative fans. His work
was early seen as average but later viewed as the most
outstanding paintings of the 20th century.
In all his adult life he lived with his parents and he never
married. He never married and didn’t leave his parents either
but he just dedicates his whole life to art. His studio remained
in his childhood place for his entire life. Brussels was his art
center but Ostend remained his favorite town where he lived.
Ensor is one of the greatest legends of Belgian having exhibited
excellent work both in painting and print making; he is a great
advocate of symbolism in Belgium. He was a predecessor in art
of expressing emotions through paintings and a movement that
uses literature to communicate in the modern world. He spends
most of his early live in his local town of Ostend a coastal
town. He trained to become a professional painter in Brussels
academy. The theme of his early paintings was mainly in
landscapes of major towns, interiors in warm, muted tones and
naturalism. His father died when Ensor was only 17, he was an
alcoholic and that could have been the major cause of his death.
Ensor returned to the Ostend the town he grew up upon his
completion of the training, he set up a small studio above his
parents shop. The rest of his lifetime he spent in Ostend. In
1881 he got a platform for his first His exhibition an event that
was held in Brussels. In the same year he participated in two
events the Brussels Salon, and two others in Paris but he faced
earlier challenges in his journey when they were rejected from
the Antwerp chapter as his subject matter was regarded too bold
and inappropriate at the for that time.

He also described the duality of his art whereby he noted that in
one hand he had hi imaginations inclined towards humanity and
on the other hand he had vivid imaginations of his childhood in
Belgium, memories of pleasures and terrors that he saw at the
days of his childhood. Amongst the childhood terrors he
imagined was dull Belgian town threatened by the surrounding
sea that was it source of livelihood. Before Ensor enrolled in
Belgian academy to study painting, he had earlier painted
Ostend surrounding landscape amongst the key features in this
painting was small isolated houses in the extended flood-lighted
section. He was motivated by and influenced by French and
Belgian painters and it was the main reason why he opts for
fantastical subjects matter and to advance in this area of interest
to him he used free, divided brushstroke. Amongst his other
influences were: JMW Turner color effects; Hieronymus Bosch
horror images and lastly Honore Daumier skull visual images
and symbols. His childhood surrounding also influenced and
motivated him because Ostend town was known for carnival
festivals every year. In their family shop also were carnival
masks that were being sold. In her early paintings this masked
appeared in his drawings and it was not long before it became
his trademark. This carnival mask painting earned him a title
‘painter of masks’. Most of the things he drew had a mask face
or had a carnival background. However he had extensive
drawings that varied in various degrees and it is difficult to
attach him to one theme or movement. What could somehow
distinct his work is its satirical aspect and bright paints. On e of
his most popular work was ‘Christ entry into Brussels’, he
pained extensively on the life and temptation of Jesus Christ.
He painted the interiors of their family house using thick paints
and also painted figures drinking tea or listening to music with
wonderful surrounding.
Ensor grew in status in Belgium and beyond and in 1883
established Belgian avant-garde artists' group Les XX, this
foundation help bring into Brussels the modern paintings by
French artist which greatly help in fight to liberate artistic work

from the control by the officials who dictated according to their
preferences and tastes. Ensor did little paintings which were
outstanding and have been outstanding to date and despite the
fact that he didn’t do a lot of paintings this few outstanding
ones preserve his fantastic image. The carnival masks work was
exceptionally great especially with the terror and terror that was
created by the surrounding scandalized masks joined together
with possessed furniture by skeletons.
Ensor work on the etching cathedral provided him with a
platform to paint images of destructive, mocking and wandering
masses; this type of mob was clearly depicted in his painting on
the entry of Christ into Brussels escorted by this harsher and
mocking crowd. Christ- Ensor was being escorted by the mob
into the city with socialist banners all over. His work was
rejected due to its controversy and mysteries the paintings
depict. The controversy even lead to les XX declination to
depict it, the controversy was mainly caused by the paintings
depiction of Belgian political and social values. This work was
rejected in the few years that followed. When he was starting he
didn’t had enough space and resources but within a very short
time he had invented a way to make large scale paintings and
drawings by pasting together pieces of papers. He brought lots
of masks up from the shop, along with old clothes, and
improvised models from them.
Many denied his work, both academicians and artists due to his
unique use of Christian imagery instead of sticking to his
nonconformist style of painting which didn’t brought out
personalized imagery. After identifying himself with Christ
Ensor painted accepted biblical imagery to depict the forces of
evil and good that he observes in the universe, the more
rejection towards his work was likened to the passion of Christ.
The only way Ensor could get in touch with the world was
through his art, despite his paintings being full of horror, being
sadistic and erotic with great sense of satire. His private and
little drawings highlighted the great sense on unhealthy
demonizing of humanity and himself included to the hell. It was

not pleasing to many and this perhaps could have been what
drew more attention to his work. In 1900 Ensor controversial
paintings were seen with lesser light and it become accepted
more domestically, it was no longer viewed as condemning
society but just but a mockery or imitation, this is what led to
Ensor being accepted more in the art circle unlike earlier when
he was rejected by even fellow artists. He later added the work
of essay writers to his work as a painter.
Ensor like strange subject matters for example his work on the
Russian music and the drunkards. He portrays reality in a rather
dull scene but with great art of painting he was able to brighten
it using palette. The horror in his work was inspired by
carnival masks that were being sold at his mother’s shop and
that was seen in his work on the scandalized mask and the
skeletons fighting over a masked man. His work was great and
exceptional because it had horror, satire and comic a times.
Carnivals and masks dominated large portion of his work and
even with his mature work the theme never changed and this
made him consistent unlike many other artists who change with
time. His studio had great sense of horror due to skeletons
dressed in a colorful way and covered with carnival masks. To
be effective I the art of painting Ensor modeled a format that
will help him enhance his paintings with bright colors and
plastic masks.
The turning point in Ensor art of painting came when he turned
to religious topics. He dwelt on the topic for a period of 4
years. His religious theme dwelt largely on the suffering
passion of Christ. Though it was turning point some rejected
him because of the theme and they required him to remain
unorthodox. He linked in a great way religion with inhumanity
being witnessed in contemporary world. Christ’s entry into
Brussels was his outstanding work and he produced it with 45
etchings. This work referred to as entry of Christ into Brussels
was seen as the 20th century greatest painting. In this work
there were great mob in masks that escorted Christ into

Brussels, these mob were rowdy and chaotic. What could have
stirred the controversy in this work was visibility of Belgium
politicians and historians within the crowd. Ensor’s family
members were also present. Christ could also be seen in a
donkey, all this he did despite being an atheist. He was mocked
and identified himself Christ as the same victim of mockery.
His identification and painting of Christ was not due to his
believes but the mockery he received which he likened to the
passion of Christ. Because of this theme of Christ this work
was not displayed by les XX until 1929. This painting was later
exported to United States and is being kept at J. Paul Getty
Museum in Los Angeles. At the point his work was rejected by
les XX Ensor kept faith in his work and it became evident that
at that point in time there were not yet freedoms for the painters
in Belgium because the politician appeared to be dictating the
content of the art work. The art was under threat at that time
and it was for this reason that influx of French artist later led to
fight for this freedom. Ensor through his work was able to
connect the political world together with religion in a single
painting.
It was until the end of 19th century that recognition of Ensor
begun. He was not recognized at first because he brushed
shoulders with political class. Upon this recognition he started
to paint less with a lesser radical themes. The period after that
was seen by many critics as his period of decline in the field.
His early theme that had satire and horror started to decline and
it became less evident in his new work and writings. The new
work was also typical of its earlier work.
His latest work included ‘the artist mother in death’, this work
painted his mother in the death bed with bottles surrounding
her. The painting showed the mother body lying with mouth
open and hands folded. The body showed signs of illness and
rot. The bottles beside the lying body are for medicine. In the
background also is the portrait of a saint. Medicine bottle and
portrait of a saint showed she used medicine and religion to
fight against death that came knocking at her door. Her mother

was a typical family woman and a great business woman who
ran the family business in her name. The family had a shop in
Ostend where they sell Jewellery from Algiers, corals from
Naples and perfumed flowers. The family also had great trading
links with different Asian countries among them were; Hong
Kong, Singapore and Nassau. Her mother tried her best to meet
the ends meet. During winter the family dozed off at the Ostend
town due to work. Ensor at one point in time explained that it is
her mother who provided him with financial needs throughout
his life journey before making to the top and specifically in his
hardest times. Her mother died in 1915 upon reaching 80 years.
Ensor at time of his mother dead was 55 years old. After the
death of her mother Ensor began drawing her immediately
thereafter spending hours till the middle of the night for several
days that followed. He drew and painted her. The other late
years work was The Vile Vivisectors (1925), a vehement attack
on those responsible for the use of animals in medical
experimentation.
Ensor also loved and hated his competitors in equal measure. He
was entangled in a love hate relationship with the artist of his
day. His heroes were Manet and Courbet, and his love for
depiction of natural light drew him to the work of French artist
Monet who also became his favorite. He didn’t like Paul Signac
and Georges Seurat because the two seem to adopt a more
controlled and formulaic style in painting. He didn’t like the
formula because most of his earlier work together with the later
seems to sideline the formula by being radical and chaotic in
many aspects. Ensor parted ways bitterly with some of his
friends and partners in the art of painting after several of them
converted to join the oppressive forces of that time. Ensor had
a very firm stand and was determined to stay to his course. His
early paintings capture the neo-impressionism of that time and
were the reason for his suppression.
Ensor was also proud of his native country and lives his entire
live in Belgium. He was an international artist and liked
different cultures but the two never made him leave the confines

of Ostend. Of his interest were the landscape and the coastal
atmosphere of Ostend. He also loved local foodstuffs especially
oysters and French fries. Brussels meals featured prominently in
his work. He also love different cultures but love most his local
culture, the Ostend carnival. With all the love for the
environment and dishes he still criticized his home country in
his work. Anti-establishment theme also prominently featured in
his paintings attacking the Catholic Church, military and
Belgians monarchy. In his painting on the Christ entry in to
Brussels he appeared to be criticizing politicians and historians.
His criticism of Belgium and individual politicians didn’t work
entirely well for him and was part of the reason for frictions
with both political class and other artists.
Ensor is credited for transforming contemporary art into new
heights. His expression techniques in painting and physical
aggression with great colors inspired most of 20th century
artist. He was the most creative artist of that ever lived at that
time. He explore in creative way horror, bizarre together with
humor in a ruthless manner. He touches on almost every theme
not just with criticism but also with praise on some instances.
However he explores more on the spirit of cannibalism and that
is why his office was laden with skeletons with masks.
There are many reasons why Ensor at his early age was a defiant
and scandalous figure but later rising to become an international
icon praised even in his native Belgium that earlier saw him as
scandalous. The earlier periods was a dark period in Belgium
with both political and social unrest and many people and works
of art were suppressed. This was also a period of cultural
change. With his creativity mixed with genius he was able to
comfortably borrow from all artistic sources, old and new, local
and foreign and he mixes drawing together with printing and
drawing in an excellent way. It was a renaissance in the arts of
drawing. Ensor started from a mild point but he quickly enters
the limelight in the entire Europe. Up to date there has never
been creativity in the field of arts that have matched Ensor’s
creativity which had great internal contradictions and

psychological geniuses.
Many modern painters have paid visit to Ensor’s place to look
at his work. James Ensor also captures the attention of artists in
other field and inspired the song "Meet James Ensor” that was
recorded by They Might Be Giants and alternative rock. His
story and work have also inspired movies key among them is the
Camping Cosmos, a Belgian movie that was produced in 1996.
In 2009 at museum of modern earth in New York about 120
works by James Ensor were exhibited and have also been
displayed in Paris.
Conclusion
James Ensor is considered the greatest artist of 19th century due
to his innovation and psychological complexity. He has inspired
many contemporary artist and many currently are paying him
homage. His work are displayed in many public museums, many
are in royal museums of fine arts of Belgium and in royal
museum of modern art in New York. Ensor is one of the greatest
legends of Belgian having exhibited excellent work both in
painting and print making; he is a great advocate of symbolism
in Belgium. He was a predecessor in art of expressing emotions
through paintings and a movement that uses literature to
communicate in the modern world. He spends most of his early
live in his local town of Ostend a coastal town. He trained to
become a professional painter in Brussels academy. The theme
of his early paintings was mainly in landscapes of major towns,
interiors in warm, muted tones and naturalism. His father died
when Ensor was only 17, he was an alcoholic and that could
have been the major cause of his death. Ensor returned to the
Ostend the town he grew up upon his completion of the training,
he set up a small studio above his parents shop.
Abstract
The current stiff competition in modern organizations together
with the need to remain relevant for longer periods have made

change inevitable within different organizations. There are
different steps that have been developed to guide in the change
process but different steps depends on the nature, size and the
industry within which the organization operates. Researchers
have come up with the best methods but some are good in paper
but complex when it come to implementation and therefore need
a well versed individual to guide change within the
organization. This paper will look at the various reasons why a
change is needed within organization and the way to effect
those changes. It will also explore the plan needed that Towers
Watson have to employ to effect change. It will also look at the
ways Towers Watson can adopt to remain relevant in the
industry for longer periods. It will look at all the arrangements
needed for change and the management of change at different
levels and stages.
Towers Watson
There are rapid changes in the environment in which different
organizations have been operating. The structure of the
organizations especuialli Towers Watson has to be adjusted
through well orchestrated change so as to keep up with the stiff
competition in the industry. If this changes are not effected
some organization Towers Watson notwithstanding may run out
of operation. There are numerous regulations in different
environments and the rise of globalization together with rapid
changing technology that is forcing organization restructure in
order to remain relevant and survive in modern business market.
The priority why quite a number of organizations is the focus on
the modern dynamic environments it is operating in.
Several factors in the business world bring some impact to the
organization prompting the need for change. Such factors
include the change in the political environments. Some new
governments come up with some tougher regulations to regulate
some organization making it mandatory for organization to
adjust to the new requirements. Economic trends also shake up
organization making restructuring process inevitable. Some
economic indicators for example could show down ward trends

in terms of performance calling for change to salvage the
organization from exiting the market. Increase in the number of
organization in the industry has also made competition stiffer
and change is the only survival tactics. Every organization
through change will be able to keep focus on the new
opportunities in the market and establish itself to penetrate
unexploited markets.
All this factors are responsible for effecting change in every
organization. In management of change the organizations top
executives should ensure that enough resources flow towards
the process of change. As earlier stated different companies
have to adopt different change strategies depending on the
nature of the environment they operate in and the and by
applying different principles and guidelines.
Company Overview
Towers Watson was formed by the coming together of Towers
Perrin and Watson worldwide in 2010. This merger led to the
biggest consulting firm across the globe with regard to revenue.
For many years Towers Watson has been providing solutions to
many organizations through the use of some measures that the
organization have put in place. The organization is looking for a
better way to maintain their employee’s compensation which is
one of the organizations top challenges. Towers Watson
operates in 35 countries across the globe and it has over 14000
thousand employees scattered around the world. The company
headquarter is in New York. The company pride in its quality
and extensive services to its clients. Their staff operates with
the highest degree of integrity and professionalism.
The company delivers best service to the clients and ensures
that the employees have the best environment to operate in.
Towers Watson encourages teamwork between different
departments and inside these departments. Being one of the
leading organizations in the world it has set up standard

benchmark for success to be followed by both clients and staffs.
In order to remain at the top the company has seen it prudent to
package better remuneration for employees and initiate health
reform compensation. Each of the customers will be supplied
with organizations software for easier connections and
operations.
The organization always consults in every matter to ensure that
there is smooth working relationship with its clients and
customers. This will ensure the accuracy of information and
data sent to the clients. In order to restructure their consulting
principle the organization has ensured that it complied with all
the government regulations.
Diagnosis
effecting change at Towers Watson
Towers Watson feels that they are being exploited and that they
are working for long hours without necessarily accomplishing
their task. They feel much stressed by the organizations work
schedule. These employees attitude have greatly lowered the
morale within the organization. This attitude has drastically led
to a drop in productivity because of absentness due to mental
and psychological disorders caused by stress. There is a disaster
in waiting whereby there could result a mass employees exit
from the organization. This could lead to huge cost required to
hire new staffs. The organizations turnover has not lead to
similar profit margins. This scenario is what is causing
exploitations of employees because new cannot be hired.
Employees in the organization have been complaining about
communication breakdown, this have made them lost on the
direction the company is headed and they have also complained
that the management is turning a blind eye on their grievances.
More frustrating is the fact that the management effects some
changes without consulting them. The organizations have
however come up with a strategy that will enable smooth
running of the organization.
The change will be effected right from the top managements

operation which has been responsible for bureaucracy within the
organization to the communication structure, the technology to
be adopted and other structural changes. This change will affect
both domestic and international organizations partners. Many
factors from within and without have made the company change
its strategy.
The company has to effect both HR and management strategies
changes to enable for smooth running. This strategy will ensue
that the process of change is incorporated within the company’s
layout. In the process of carrying out these changes it is only
prudent that the management consults the employees and seeks
their views and opinions on especially whether these changes
will affect them in any way. It is also proper that the employees
are informed of the timeline of the suggested changes. The
management has however ensured the employees that they will
be receiving an update regular on the progress and that they
have avenues that they could submit their feedbacks.
For efficient change there is need for visionary leadership and
in light of this the organization will be hiring new manager to
oversee the whole process of change with a vast experience in
similar organization and having worked on similar project. The
new manager will ensure that the scheduled change timetable is
stacked to and that the process in completed on time.
Kotter’s 8-Step Approach
The towers Watson is ready to start organizational change
process that will see the organization attends to its client
efficiently. The changes have made it difficult from some
employees to adopt. But the company promise not to keep the
employees in the dark in the process of effecting these changes
will enable winning of some employee’s confidence. This
theory of change was introduced by John Kotter dwelling more
on the leadership and change management style. Kotter
formulated the eight steps that will help organization carry out
the change process more smoothly. In the case of Hewitt

Associates, Kotter’s model can be of great benefit for the
company to avert any kind of resistance from employees and
clients and go ahead to implement successful changes.
Creation of Urgency
this concept was central to kotter’s model for change. Before
any change is initiated it is wise the company knows its
objectives and what it desire to achieve by initiating this change
process. With towers Watson for example the objective of the
company is to ensure that there is a timely and effective flow of
information both from top down and from bottom up. The
objective is also to ensure that there is a swift response to
clients concerns and requests. Change is a process that start
from an individual and after some time it becomes a tsunami
that no one can resist within organization. Towers Watson staffs
differ both in their reputation and capabilities. By making they
work as a team the organization will be better off in terms of
response to emergencies. The initiator of the change should be
the same person to see through the whole process of change. He
must be centrally involved in every step.
For change to succeed it has to be benefiting the target
customers and clients, they must be aware and be informed of
these changes not to be caught unaware. Company must be
visionary to create a clear path to its objective. Change should
be to achieve the vision and mission of the company so for any
change to succeed the vision and mission of the company must
be in focus. Towers Watson mission statement is to deliver best
service to their clients. The firms should revisit their mission,
vision, value statements and strategy which is aimed at
encouraging employees Empowering Others to Act on the
Vision
The Company has to get rid of any obstacles that may hinder
further progress. The company will change structures and
systems that are likely to undermine the current vision. Also
Hewitt will encourage non-traditional and risk taking ideas,
actions, and activities

.
Communicate the Vision
it is very important for organization to communicate both to the
clients and employees its new role with regard to changes. It
should communicate the new vision and strategy. Passing of this
information should be done in new way not the older method.
Employees also have to be educated on their new roles because
it is obvious the role won’t remain the same there has to be
adjustment to fit the new system. There should also be a
strategy to tackle any resistance from within to the new
changes; some individuals are very powerful in opposing
changes. Some towers Watson employees will feel the change
very unnecessary and it will be up to the management to ensure
that there are some short term goals that can easily be achieved
in order to motivate them and embrace the changes. Rewards
will the greatest source of motivation.
Institutionalize New Approaches
There is need to communicate often to the clients and the
employees the progress and the gains of the new changes so as
to keep them motivated and supportive to organization
initiations. There should be changes in terms of leadership that
will fit the new system approach. Some behaviors that doesn’t
have foundations on the social norms and shared values will be
gotten rid of when the pressure of change subside. The changes
should not be anchored on the organizations culture so that the
coming generations will not be identifying themselves with new
approaches. There will also be problems with the succession
because the boards of directors are not integrated as part of
renewal effort.
Conclusion
This paper has elaborated on the stiff competition in modern
organizations that have force organizations like towers Watson
to effect change. Different steps were highlighted that have
been developed to guide in the change process but these
different steps depended on the nature of Towers Watson its

size and industry it is operating in. some Researchers have come
up with the best methods that can a times be difficult to
implementation and therefore need a well versed individual to
guide change within the organization. This paper also looks at
the various reasons why a change was needed in the
organization and the way that should be affected. It also
explored the plan that Towers Watson employ to effect change
as well as looking at the ways Towers Watson adopted the
changes.
This article on innovation states that there should be
management influence on innovations direction but the truth is
that innovation is very dynamic and does not necessarily need
to be directed. This is supported by the author’s assertion that
the first two innovative approaches never worked for the
industries and business corporations that rushed for it in an
effort to step up their successes. The two were Open Innovation
that helped some organizations and other was Crowd Sourcing
for innovation that is still being talked about to date. The
argument that the old way method of innovation is brought more
returns to the business sectors is not entirely true because the
problem is not the method of innovation that was
disadvantaging modern industries but it was the way of
adjusting it to the current technology. Modern innovative
methods is very effective but a times leading to low returns
because a lot of money often goes to innovating that become
extremely difficult to recover. As it is today more corporate are
investing a lot of money in research and this investment does
not guarantee success. Whenever there is a breakthrough with
regard to innovation the competitors will take up the new
invention and start competing with the inventor disadvantaging
them.
The eight stages cannot be banked on to guarantee success or
returns in that sense. Like I earlier stated the innovative process
should border on luck and should be flexible with the dynamics
in the modern markets, it should therefore not be guided but

guide itself. The use of example of Einstein and Edison supports
my earlier assertion that the article should not see pre managed
management of innovation as leading to any success because
this through great men set for themselves the path to follow that
led to their success. Their innovative process was not pre
determined by copying the processes already in place but it was
informed by self motivation to achieve their goals.
The argument by the author that the only guarantee for business
growth is either mergers and acquisitions or innovations is
false. Some business succeeds without either of the two. Some
just take up the strategies and innovations of other who took the
lead and lead them in competition. Innovation cannot be relied
by many modern businesses because they are mainly focused on
short term success and innovation can take long time before any
meaningful progress is realized. It is true by the author to
postulates that empowering of employees is the best way to
innovation. This is because it id s the employees who are more
conversant with the system he corporation is using and they are
the ones encountering challenges posed by the current system
and in that light they are the best suited to drive innovation
forward. The main reasons why many CEOs still not sure on
how to carry out innovations is because of the system they are
adopting that they are made to believe it is the only sure way to
succeed in innovation. Each business entity or corporation
should invent for themselves the best methodology to carry out
their innovation based on the nature and status the corporations
are in.
CREATING A VISION FOR YOUR FIRM
The author is not right to paint vision formulations a waste of
time. Visions and mission statement are very important both to
stake holders and customers alike. This is because it is the
vision that will guide the direction of the company and any
stakeholder can know the direction the company is headed. The
author is also wrong that a lot of energy is spent on vision
statement and not on the strategy because it is the vision which
is the direction and focus of the company that will guide the

strategy formulation. There can never be a strategy when there
is no direction to head, so vision is more important than
strategy; it is the software part while the strategy is just but
hardware.
The article is right that planning and strategic planning are two
different and distinct features because the other which is
strategic planning lays out the vision of the company and it
involves a lot of specifics with regard to time and methods to be
adopted. The attacks on lawyers based on the argument that
some have worked for non-profit organization is not entirely
true. Working on non-profit organizations does not make one
lees important in formulating strategic plan because strategic
plan depends on what one wants to achieve. In case of working
for non-profit organization the focus is different from
maximizing profit and will call for skills that are important at
that moment. In fact working for both could be interpreted to
mean having amassed a wide range of experience. It is true that
we should take seriously presumptions for our own firms and
that every strategic plan should start from point A to point B
and it need an experienced individual to do that. The
formulation of the vision should also take-in to serious
consideration the fast changing world market and changes in the
consumer’s preferences and tastes. The vision should not be
unrealistic by focusing on for example 30 years ahead because
many happening some are unexpected some may be expected
will be at play. The author is also realistic by saying that by the
company knowing what the desired outcome should be this will
be the standard benchmark to come up with the strategy to
achieve it. And like I earlier argued the vision is key before
deciding on the strategy to achieve that vision. Without vision
or rather the desired outcome it will be impossible to design a
strategy. More time should be taken therefore on coming up
with the vision and mission statement of the company because it
is the key to the success of the company. With good vision the
strategy formulation will become easier. Vision will sell out the
company and the more the time taken to design it the better will

be the future of the company.
MGT 680
Written Assignment 1
1. What are the central issue(s) in the case?
The central issue in the case was the overtime pay dispute
which cost the company millions of dollars. The company had
to pay back to the managers. The managers didn’t have
executive powers to hire and fire and they had to do themselves
some manual work that was supposed to be performed by
subordinate stuffs.
2. What are the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and
threats of the company?
The strength of the company is that it has an upper hand in the
competitive industry by offering a more convenient shopping to
customers with backing right beside the stores reducing hours
required to walk by customers. It is more convenient in
comparison with larger stores like wall mart. The closer
proximity to customer’s location also puts the company at an
exceptional position to market itself as more convenient place
to shop for moms. The other strength is its reducing cost of
operation especially with installation of new lighting to save on
cost of energy. The company has also expanded 4 states with
thousands of locations across America. This expansion have
increased its operation base and widening its profit base too.
One of the company weaknesses is its inability to capitalize on
foodstuffs which is profitable venture in current times. It also
doesn’t make use of website sale which many consumers see it
as more convenient. The move by the company to offer
convenient shopping by setting up parking next to store is not as
good move as website sale with door service delivery. Amazon
for example will be preferred more because of its convenience.
The company has a lot of opportunities especially if they

introduce website shopping. Website shopping will enable the
company widen further its customer base because many
consumers have become used to online shopping. It has also
more opportunities in the foodstuff industry. This will be
convenient because of its close proximity to consumer’s
locations making it easier to deliver.
The company’s’ threat is increased competition from some
smaller stores that are closer to the consumers and more
convenient per se. the other threat is its inability to go online
and introduce online shopping. Website will enable consumers
search for what they want if they are available in the stores, this
will be more convenient as opposed to travelling to inquire the
products and service available.
3. Comment briefly on the financials of the company between
2006 and 2008.
The company growth between 2006 and 2008 was not good
enough. There was a slight increase in sales yet the overhead
costs could have also increased further making a slight
difference in terms of profit.
4. What would you have recommended to the leaders of the
company as a way forward at that point in time?
The way forward should be to halt the expansion a little bit and
instead focused on online sales and shopping. This is the
greatest opportunity in the modern market. Expansion should
come after winning the total loyalty of the current customers. If
their loyalty is not won then customer base could reduce in the
process of expansion.
The adoption of more accountable healthcare system seems
inevitable especially with the very comprehensive value based
reimbursement of this new replacement of the old free for
service program. Some leading providers within the
organization are sometimes however divided on what right
response should be. Accountable care organizations have been a
move lauded by many as the only replacement for earlier free

for pay. Some provider’s organization has reviewed extensively
with the experts in healthcare sector the viability of this
program and they gave a go ahead note. This experts and other
that have researched on the program gave their insights by
addressing hospitals, doctors and individuals seeking for the
services and their insights help provider organizations construct
a common culture that supports the creation of value for
everyone.
Accountable care organizations were developed by center for
Medicare and Medicaid which is an agency within the
department of health and human service to help hospitals,
doctors and other health care providers coordinate well when it
come to providing care for Medicare patients. This formation
was part of the final regulations under the affordable care act.
The formation of ACOs became an incentive to healthcare
providers because it provides a platform where they can
coordinate the administration of care to the individual patients
across these different healthcare structures and between doctors
and hospitals. ACOs are rewarded by the Medicare shared
saving program if they put patients first and provide standard
service top individual patients at a lower cost. To participate in
ACOs is voluntary for those healthcare providers interested in
this kind of arrangements. Center for Medicare and Medicaid
service in coming up with the policies to regulate the program
Ensured that all stakeholders in the healthcare sector were
involved. All the federal government agencies were closely
involved so as to ensure that there was inter and intra agency
contribution towards the implementation of this shared saving
program. Center for Medicare and Medicaid service ensured that
it encouraged all the healthcare providers to review these
program regulations and to subsequently make an effort to join
it.
The process of participation in the shared saving program is
easy all providers who want to join just come together to

become Medicare ACO, and ACO must apply to center for
Medicare and Medicaid service ACO that has been in existence
will not be obviously registered into the program. Center for
Medicare and Medicaid service will accept ACOs that are
eligible and meet all the requirements and those that have at
least 5000 free for service patients and agree to remain in the
program for at least 3 years. These participants in the shared
saving plan as ACO will be receiving payments under Medicare
free for service rules. Affordable care act require ACOs to set
up a body to represent ACO service providers, beneficiaries of
Medicaid and Medicare and suppliers. ACO has a very huge role
including responsibility to set up a process to ensure that there
is quality evidence-based medicine, make patient engagement
interesting to patients. It is also ACOs duty to ensure that care
is well coordinated and that there is internal report on cost and
quality.
The new program regulations is similar to the current Medicare
free for service payments whereby the Medicare is paying for
suppliers and this healthcare service providers for the service
and items they provide to the patients under free for service
payments system. However ACOs don’t just receive shared
saving but it has to be vetted by CMS using the benchmark
standard they have develop, this standard will ensure that only
the best service provider is allowed to offer this program. ACOs
also accept responsibilities and are ready to be held accountable
for loses in the course of service delivery. The modality for
determining who to give service among ACOs is the cost that
the patient in free for service will incur in comparison to eh
amount it will have incurred in the absence of ACO. The cost
should be lower in order for the benefit of ACO to be felt across
and to attract more service providers to join in. the benchmark
also consider the characteristic and other critical issues that are
capable of affecting the health care service. This
Benchmark is updated for each performance year within the
agreement period.

106 new ACOs in Medicare have currently ensured that close to
4 million individuals under free for service scheme have access
to standard care that is well coordinated care across United
States. Since the introduction of this program expenditure has
been increasing by small margin with an increase by just 0.4%
in 2012. Growth in Medicare spending has hit historic low
currently.
Though there are a lot of critics on the program it is still too
early to gauge the effectiveness of accountable care
organizations but no one can stand and claim that the program is
off and running. They have made a significant gateway in very
short period of time and many magazines recently have been
offering insights hailing the impact and contribution and
significant improvement the program brought to the health
sector. There are over 300 ACOs today operating in 48 states
signifying a rapid pace that the programs have taken. The
models developed are to ensure that there is effective
coordinated care and improve the individual’s health. No one
has been sure whether the models will be able to lower cost
within a short time.
All is not well however since the introduction of the program.
Some accountable care organization have dropped out of the
program since joining including three that were set to check on
the payment system and the delivery model, this polite program
was carried with a small group of standard providers believed to
be best prepared to handle the operational demands and
financial risks. The three organizations were Genesys PHO,
Franciscan Alliance, and Renaissance Health Network.
Socialization is a process by which individuals learn the social
skills for need to integrate well to the community or society.
These rules are imposed from outside unto individual or they
are self imposed by individuals. Socialization is an unconscious

process by which a young born child internalize societal norms
believes and values. Evaluative, affective and cognitive are the
three key processes of socialization. Socialization study on the
emotional link between members of the society and also is a
process of learning how things are done. It is a learning
process the child goes through to become a member of a society.
With socialization an individual will learn how to carry out
specific activities that society expects of them to undertake.
There are agents of socialization and they are different with
regard to the type of the society. Family is the key agent of
socialization because the child is brought up in a family
implying that family is the major agent of socialization greatly
responsible of whom an individual will become in the society.
Family is also the first agent of socialization. The society
complexity determines the kind of socialization agents that will
emerge. There are different units of socialization that vary with
complexity. We are living currently in a very complex society
of which the educational system is the key socializing agents
while in the old societies the major socializing agent is clans,
and lineages. Socialization is a process that is not quick, it take
years.
Socialization process is a continuous process with no certain
beginning and end. However the scholars in the field of
sociology have come up with some stages of socialization, the
oral, anal and oedipal stage. The family is very central to the
socialization at every stage. The first stage of socialization
involves sole interaction between a mother and a child with the
rest of the family not playing any role at this stage. The child
at infancy can’t pay attention or recognize anybody other than
his mother. Second stage starts after the first year and ends
when the child is 3 or more years. This stage is very critical
because it is the first time an infant separate the role of the
mother and his own role. A child is also made to learn some few
things with application of little pressure on the child. The third
socialization stage begins at age 4 and end at age 13. The third

stage ends at puberty stage. At the third stage the child become
a full member of the family and can identify his role as a family
member. A child at this stage basically identifies himself with
the role assigned to her. The fourth stage begins at puberty
when a child wants freedom from parental control. He has to
choose a job and a partner for himself. He also learns about
incest taboo. At this stage a child can separate the role
dedicated to him with the role played by different members of
the family.
Socialization according to me is the process whereby an infant
must go through to become a viable member of the community.
I also understand it to be a process essential for an individual to
become a functional member of the society.
Resocialization is the process by which adults adjust to new
groups or changes in life circumstances. Social roles are
drastically changed or rather altered. Sigmund Freud
psychoanalytic theories divide the individual’s personality into
id, ego, and superego. It differs from other theories because this
theory postulates that if the superego does not develop enough
to overcome the id there will emerge antisocial behavior, a child
must therefore develop normally. This theory has some
similarities and differences with Lawrence Kohlberg moral
development theory. The similarity for example is the fact that
this theory states that children develop their ability to be
critical and to act morally through different stages. If this stage
is not followed adolescent might not come to the realization that
society and parents have set up some rules to be followed and if
they are not followed it will lead to bad behaviors society do
not approve of. Whereas boys tend to use formal rules to decide
what is right or wrong, girls tend to take personal relationships
into account. There are more similarities however than
dissimilarities because both involve a child socialization to
become a responsible adult with specific roles in the society.
Children go through the 3 main stages of socialization to
become integrated members of the society.

Mental health welfare has come a long way since the colonial
period to today in this paper I will trace that advancement and
changes that has been bought to the sector. Overall individual’s
health depends on mental health and it is prudent that stringent
measures are put in place in terms of policies that will ensure
that there is an effective mental health program in place to
benefit everybody. Mental health is basically ensuring that
there is prober individuals mental well being. The mind is the
part of a human being that does a lot and responsible for almost
every other function in the body so its well being should be a
priority. It determines the way someone behaves and thinks. It
determines how individual balance between activities in life and
psychological well being. Inn developed world United States
have highest number of people being diagnosed on mental
health matters in the developed countries.
Today the way mental health is being defined is different from
the days back, a lot have changed overtime. It is currently being
defined in the way it have effects on the poor and the
unemployed. Several policies have been set up overtime to
address this mental health problem. It will be going through
these policies and how it has addressed the mental health
welfare and how the same policies have changed overtime. To
be addressed in this paper is also the current state of mental
health welfare in the United States and what factors led to it.
Mental Health Definition:
As per the current definition it is the level of psychological well
being of an individual. Another definition could be a state of
mental order. Mental health is also an individual’s ability to
enjoy life and cope with daily challenges stresses; it is an
individual’s ability to be productive in its undertakings and
make positive contribution to the society, and be able to balance
between life activities and paying attention to psychological
health. It is also defined as expression of emotions and ability
to cope with pressing demands in the daily living. Anxiety
disorders, bipolar disorder, depression and schizophrenia are

examples of health disorders that are being addressed by
policies that have been developed overtime. Mental health can
further be defined as an act to shield the mind from influences
and incidents, that can prevent individuals energy, development
or quality to perform.
Before the American Revolution there were no facilities to
address mental health problems in place. In 1676 Massachusetts
became the first state to enact laws that will guide provision of
care to the mentally ill in the state, what prompt this move by
Massachusetts was the fact that there were a lot of individuals
that were facing mental related health problems and they kept
increasing in number. The statute was enacted to ensure that the
mentally challenged are specially treated. In 18th century there
was a mass campaign to identify individuals with the same
mental challenges and tougher measures were put in place
including fines for those who try to hide individuals with the
problem. From then is where the high level treatments were
started and keep on being updated to date. Dorothea Dix is very
popular in the role she played in 19th century to bring the
healthcare for the mentally ill to the current state; she carried
out an effective campaign to ensure that the mentally challenged
were well taken care of. Before the 19th century Dorothea Dix
campaign individuals who had metal problems were left on their
own yet they could not afford things such as clothing, food,
shelter and money. Her campaign led to more facilities to gather
for these individuals and quite a number of the patients were
admitted but with this other problems emerged. With patients
being admitted rising rapidly in number the number staffs he
were present couldn’t manage and there was need for more
hiring of staffs. William Sweetzer defined clearly the term
mental hygiene to mean promotion of positive mental health.
New York in the same 19th century started caring for the poor
and insane people following the passage of New York state care
act. In the year 1901 national committee for mental hygiene
were funded by Clifford beers and at the time the first

outpatient mental health clinic was passed in United States.
This changes and developments were picking pace because other
stats were following suit and with growth of people facing this
problem every other state saw the need to care and mass statutes
enactments were passed in different states.
New situations have kept on emerging and have to be dealt with
accordingly. Each period have seen emergence of this people
with mental health and at every situation and period different
ways through enactments of different laws have been devised.
The motivation behind policy developments and statute
enactments are the need to sort the issue of these members of
the society not being productive. What has also been changing
is the definition of the problem and different development and
changes have led to definition that is associated with stress,
disability and abnormal individual’s culture.
To also address mental health welfare of individual poverty was
seen as a contributor to the rise of the problem. Poverty causes
a lot of problems across the globe. Poverty depends on the
income ones earn and an individual is said to be poor if she is
earning what is considered below the poverty line. Poor mental
health leads to poverty and at the same time poverty can be a
determinant of poor mental health status. Money or its absence
however does not cause mental illness. There were measures in
US in the early 20 centuries to uplift people out of poverty
because it was seen that poverty was synonymous with
psychiatric disorders. Some could argue that those who were in
upper class sought for treatment earlier and the problem
couldn’t manifest. Majority of people also committing suicide
are either unemployed or seriously ill. Also quit worrying was
the fact that children in the poorest households are three times
more likely to have a mental illness than children in the best-off
households.
Pennsylvania hospital opened first mental section in 1756 and 7
years later another mental section was opened in Virginia, a
state hospital. Moral treatment principal also led to

development of the first asylum in America in the state of
Philadelphia, this event took place in 1817. And in 1843
Dorothea Dix famously known for revolutionizing the mental
health welfare sector in united state carried out a massive
campaign to ensure that the mentally ill were well gathered for
and administered to special treatments. Many state mental
hospitals were opened due to her extensive lobbying to the
legislators of different states to enact laws to better this mental
health sector in their various states.
Eliza Packard, who was a lawyer and women right activist, was
accused of insanity and was committed against her will by the
husband. The argument the led to this was used as evidence that
she was mad. The cause of the argument was property dispute
with her husband, later Packard law was passed in Illinois
named after her. New York started caring for the mad people
who were poor following the passage of New York state act of
1890; it was a total and complete care. Mental health movement
begun in 1908 after a book titled a mind that found itself was
published by Witthingham Beers Clifford, the book described
the ordeal she passed describing that the condition in the mental
hospital was unacceptable. Sterilization of defective involving
mentally was constitutional zed in United States following the
Supreme Court ruling in 1927 a case beating buck against bell.
Action for mental health was deinstitutionalized in 1961.
Congress have also been passing several other mental health
acts including the one that was passed in 1963, this law of 1963
prompted to shutting down of several psychiatric hospitals
across unite states. In 1975 community program were created to
support the mentally ill this project was initiated by national
institute of mental health, it basically provide financial support
to communities to enable them establish good mental healthcare
service centers, the funds the organization also provide were
used to help patients adopt and cope well with the society.
There used to be common house discriminations against the
insane in United States but that was before the passage of fair

PSYC101 WorksheetTotal Points possible 90Place your firs.docx

PSYC101 WorksheetTotal Points possible 90Place your firs.docx

Recommended

Recommended

More Related Content

Similar to PSYC101 WorksheetTotal Points possible 90Place your firs.docx

Similar to PSYC101 WorksheetTotal Points possible 90Place your firs.docx (18)

More from amrit47

More from amrit47 (20)

Recently uploaded

Recently uploaded (20)

PSYC101 WorksheetTotal Points possible 90Place your firs.docx