Ethics And The Ethical Obligations Of The Researcher

Ethics And The Ethical Obligations Of The Researcher
1. What role does ethics play in the business research process? Be sure to specify this role for each major step in the business research process.
In general terms, Ethics are the norms for conduct that distinguish between acceptable and unacceptable behaviour.
Business research is defined as the application of ethical standards to human actions in the exchange process.
Ethical principles include Honesty, Objectivity, Integrity, Carefulness, Openness, Respect for Intellectual Property, Confidentiality.Ethics plays a very
important role in many phases of the research process.
As a researcher:
Three stages involved in the ethical obligations of the researcher:
1)Before the Research Project: During this crucial period, the researchers interview key decision makers to gain sufficient knowledge of the situation.
Key here is to translate normal decision issue into a researchable proposition. After study, researchers should honestly assess their capabilities and if
they lack, they have to decline the project. Decision makers and researchers should have the understanding of when the research is required. Before
beginning a project, the decision maker should be clear about
a)What information is unavailable which the decision maker needs?
b)How to use that information which is gathered
c)Time taken to get that information and cost?
d)Is there any profit or potential benefit which exceeds the cost
e)If competitors have the info? If so, how it affects their performance.
f)
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Social Responsiveness: A Personal Statement
The week following the presidential election of Donald Trump was particularly difficult for me. Although largely concerned of his fit for office, I was
most concerned about how to address his presidency with the Latina students in my after–school program. I worried specifically about how they were
handling his election in a county where over 60% of the electorate voted for someone whose primary platforms were mass deportation and wall
construction. The Monday following the election, I walked into the classroom intent on ensuring the safety of my Latina mentees only to find that they
had found it within themselves. The two girls, who I would later find out were cousins, demonstrated the kind of unconditional love and support that I
hoped to... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The program and associated faculty have demonstrated a continued vested interest in the use of research to describe, evaluate, and intervene in diverse
communities. Through this exceptionally rigorous program, I hope to gain skills in social policy development, applied participatory research, and
community intervention and development. I find my own learning style reflected in the teaching style of the program and look forward to the
possibility of acquiring hands–on experience as I advance my theoretical understanding of community psychology and

The Educational Researcher: Review and Response
2.1 Forum Analysis
A. Research and Identify: Background / History of Forum
Although the Educational Researcher does not have a stated political position and is not interested in politics on the surface, some political ideas and
opinions are very evident within its pages. In my opinion, the Educational Researcher tends to lean more towards the liberal/progressive side, because
the articles they publish tend to have some very progressive ideas, theories and research. The journal also tends to side with educators and professors
who for the most part usually lean a little to the left.
The Educational Researcher is published nine times during the year. The fact that the journal only has nine issues makes the subject matter more
valuable. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Ferguson (6). The idea of the education system having an economic debt talks about the differences in funding between schools predominately
serving White students and students of color. This is shown in examples like Chicago public schools (which are 87% Black or Latino) spending
only $8,482 per student while the neighboring schools of Highland Park (which are 90% White) spending more than double that amount, $17,291
per student; and the differing earn ratios connected to the amount of education one receives (6). The sociopolitical debt deals with the exclusion of
communities of color from civic processes. This can be shown from the large number of changes in voter registration in the time before and after
the 1965 Voting Right Act (7). The moral debt is described as the contrast between what we know is right (values) and are actual actions. A prime
example of the moral debt is a U.S. government study of syphilis where the treatment was withheld even after a cure was discovered (8). Much like
all of these examples, debt as a whole has many different forms from monetary to services to a life debt.
Warrants: Analogies can help us better understand abstract or unknown concepts by defining and comparing them in the terms of a known idea or more
concrete example.
Debt is something owed to a group, individual or company in reparation of services, goods, money, or involvement.
2.3 Summary

Researcher-Practitioner Personal Statement
I am interested in pursuing a Ph.D. program in clinical psychology, specifically the discipline of psychopathology. This field of study is
particularly appealing to me due to the profound knowledge it can bring to society. Understanding the causes of mental disorders, such as anxiety
disorders, personality disorders, schizophrenia, and many others, is crucial as well as developing treatments to help such individuals cope with their
illnesses without the illnesses taking over their lives. I aspire to be a part of this process to help others and to help society progress, as a whole.
Professionally, I am striving for a career as a researcher–practitioner. I also plan on going into academia, later on, as a professor of psychology. I feel the
latter

The Survey Method Of Choice For A Researcher
There are many situations that make conducting an interview the survey method of choice for a researcher. The interview can be completed
face–to–face, either individually or as part of a focus group, or it can be completed by telephone. All of these methods allow a richer opportunity to
gather information in a more open–ended fashion, allowing the interviewer to take note of body language, tone of voice, and other aesthetic aspects of
the participant. Salant and Dillman (1994) recommend face–to–face interview surveys when respondents are unlikely to respond willingly or accurately
in writing, when the questionnaire is complex, and when projects are well–funded and include professional, experienced interviewers. Face–to–face
interviews are generally preferred over telephone interviews, since body language and other nuances can be more closely monitored. Ng and Coakes
(2014) point out that not all the data collected will be numerical, and contextual and textual data can also be analyzed. Brace (2004) also makes note
that being in the same room allows the interviewer to use prompt cards and other visuals that would be inhibited over the phone. Focus groups, on the
other hand, allow the advantage of a face–to–face meeting while making good use of time and cost by having several people in the room together. This
setting helps weed out extreme views, creates a forum for discussion and argument in a controlled setting, and can stimulate opinions and ideas through
a group

Defining Happiness Complex Is Everyone You Know If Someone...
The first issue that makes defining happiness complex is us wanting to know if someone is happy. We want to know what that person is feeling/mood
about there own satisfaction with their own life. Of course that person might already be happy at that exact moment about there life. There might be
times where that person has a mood way opposite of their satisfaction with life. We want to know which dimension will win in deciding if the person is
happy or not? The second issue that makes defining happiness complex is wanting to know who gets to decided if a person is happy. Do we really
think that an outside observer can make a conclusion about if someone is happy or unhappy just by looking at them? Also do we really think that
happiness is something that a person can decide for themselves? The third issue that makes defining happiness complex is that some feelings are very
similar. Happiness and contentment may have the same definition to some people, while other people have different definitions for both. Is
contentment a happiness or is it a whole different emotion/meaning? Can we put a person that describes themselves as "content" in the same category
as the other people who describes themselves as "happy"?
2.) One of the many definitions of Operational Definitions is a "positive mood in the present and a positive outlook for the future" (Achor, 2010, p.39).
Operational Definitions are important to studies in psychology because what we might learn about a concept from a study

Persuasive Writing : An Inexperienced Researcher
Research is different from other forms of persuasive writing in that it relies on facts that have been acknowledged by the individual's peers as truths
regardless of what they believe in. When writing a research paper, your peers must be able to understand your reasoning that can be supported by
varied forms of data such as figures, tables, images, etc. Your success is dependent on allowing your peers to validate your reasoning, and you being
able to evaluate your findings. A researcher's ability to describe their project in one sentence can be used to determine how experienced they are. An
inexperienced researcher starts with a simple topic that does not question or state specifically what the project is about. This results in a report ... Show
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In academics, conceptual questions are the most common, and in occupations, the most common questions are practical. Conceptual questions help
readers by informing them more clearly of what their research topic is. When conceptual questions are answered, the reader better understands the
subject and is able to reevaluate their thinking so they can theorize the topic in their own words. Researchers that work in the field of social or natural
sciences tend to ask conceptual questions. Practical questions indicate what readers should do to improve or fix a situation. For example, practical
questions can be used to prevent risks from occurring. A person may refer to an instructional manual when they have car trouble to determine what is
specifically wrong with their car, and how they can fix the issue. Researchers that work in business, health care, and engineering tend to ask practical
questions. Applied questions are quasi–conceptual and quasi–practical. These questions require researchers to increase their knowledge by reading
other papers to solve a problem or issue. This does not offer a solution, but it helps to reach there. Researchers in business, engineering, medicine and
the government try to understand and obtain as much knowledge as they can before trying to solve an issue. Research is not as straightforward as one
may think. There are five requirements to

Special Education Critique and Limitations Cited by...
Critique and Limitations Cited by Researchers The studies reviewed were qualitative in nature, therefore they are considered subjective. Berry (2008)
made a statement regarding author bias noting the inherent weakness of qualitative analysis. The author sought to counter this weakness by
quantifying test units through the use of computer software programs.
Both Cook et al. (2007) and Gojkovic (2007) suggest future validation of the rating scale should involve observation of student–teacher interactions.
They also suggest rewording the prompts in order to yield greater variance in the teacher ratings. Further research opportunities are also used to
determine the reasons for teacher ratings of indifference toward included students ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In one study, Carter et al. (2009) noted that the teachers they interviewed and observed were trained to use a specific model for collaborative teaching.
Since all teachers were trained in this model, and required to implement it in their classrooms, teachers showed a bias toward the model in place. This
skewed information towards the use of one particular method of teaching special education students.
Critique and Limitations Noted by Group Members
One important limitation of the research reviewed was location; it was also found that small sample size is also a hindrance on accuracy of
research. Because many authors (Smith & Smith, 2000; Carter et al.,2009; Burke & Sutherland, 2004) only used teachers and students in one area or
one school, the sample of participants was also very limited. Teachers who have worked with other teachers for several years can influence each
other's views, so it would seem logical that teachers in common areas had common views. Short and Martin (2005) performed research in one high
school in a rural area of the United States. Their findings were limited to the teachers in that particular school; findings showed many of the general
education teachers had shared negative views on including special education students in a general education class. Similar findings were also noted in

Plagiarism In The Bedford Researcher, By Mike Palmquist
In "The Bedford Researcher," Mike Palmquist (2015), identifies the consequences regarding work that has been plagiarized, and plagiarism is taken
very seriously, because it guards intellectual property, and recognizes academic work has owners, this "protects an author's time and energy that is
invested into creating a document" (p. 127). Plagiarism can be an accidental or deliberate use of someone's else's ideas, thoughts, writings, and
evidence without giving credit to the source(Palmquist, 2015, p. 127). According to Palmquist (2015), accidental or unintentional plagiarism is the
most frequent form of plagiarism, which is caused by an author failing to cite the sources they used within their work correctly, therefore failing to
recognize

Adhd Is The Most Commonly Diagnosed Mental Disorder
ADHD in Children
In the Article, ADHD in children, Valerie Strauss states ADHD is the most commonly diagnosed mental disorder in children. ADHD is a commonly
research topic, many teachers and parents Strauss defines ADHD as brain–based medical disorder that affects the behavior of people across age,
gender, intelligence and socio–economic lines. Kids with ADHD may daydream a lot, talk too much, fidget, frequently forget and lose things, display
impulsivity and risk–taking behavior and have trouble making transitions (ADHD in Children). Strauss also interviews Ned Hallowell, calling him a
leading researcher on ADHD. Strauss lists Hallowell's credentials, stating he is an adult and child psychiatrist, founder of Hallowell center for
cognitive and emotional studies in Sudbury, Mass and he served as a faculty member of Harvard Medical school from 1983 to 2004. In his
interview, Hallowell states parents need to know basic foundations about ADHD and furthermore discusses people who founded this country were
indeed inflicted with ADHD, as these people were dreamers, visionaries and gave an example of a founding father, Edison, who was clearly afflicted
with ADHD. He states to make sure that this ADHD is not a defeat disorder, but rather as a disorder in which changes the way a child thinks.
In this Article, Journalist Strauss is trying to highlight parents and teachers alike to not understand how the mental disorder ADHD works and prove
ADHD is a 'real' disorder, disproving

Questions On Current Related Researches Essay
CURRENT RELATED RESEARCHES
Onosanya, a senior lecturer in the department of sociology in Lagos State University stated that the following preparations must be made by the
researcher during personal interviews address terms of confidentiality, explain the format of the interview, indicate how long theinterview usually takes
tell the interviewee how to get in touch with you later if they want to ask them of they have questions and never to rely on your memory to recall their
answers she stated that if al these are observed the interview will be a successful one.
APPLICATION IN MY CURRENT WORK PLACE
Mostly we employ closed, fixed response interviews whenever we are conducting researches in our work place. Here, all the interviewees are asked
the same questions by the researchers and the same alternatives answers are presented to them to choose from. Sometimes, we employ standardized,
open ended interviews where they are expected to say 'yes' or 'no'. The authority make sure that wrong questions are not asked and they make sure the
interviewer tries to convince the interviewee that research is important and has a worth while value to the society.
USEFULNESS OF THIS CONCEPT TO THE CURRENT WORLD
It provides responses that are very detailed to the researcher; the responses are quick too which helps on quick collection of information.
It captures emotions and behaviours. Although it is expensive and there could be lack of trust and cooperation.
(4)

Prejudice: A Problem With an Unknown Origin Essay
In the Scottsboro Trail of 1931, nine black teenagers were convicted for rape because of the color of their skin, even with evidence proving them
innocent. This case has been used for years as an example of how relevant prejudice has been in America's history and continuously around the world.
Researches have been trying to find the origin of prejudice to try to make a solution for prejudice. There are numerous theories, but the three likely one
were discovered by three separate groups of researchers.The researcher's findings are discussed in "The Evolution of Prejudice– Biological" the idea
prejudice comes from evolution, "Authoritarian Personality AJC– psychological" the idea it is an effect of childhood, and "Basis of most prejudices ...
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Since monkeys have a social society that is similar to humans, it suggests prejudice is not unique to humans, and its origin could be evolution (Grewal).
An alternative theory to evolution being the start of prejudice is the idea that having an Authoritarian Personality is the cause. For example, in the
article "Authoritarian Personality AJC– physiological" researchers have investigated what type of person in a democratic society is prejudice. They
discovered that "where a youngster is subjected to harsh discipline and is deprived of deep affection and understanding, he grows up with a feeling
of a world dominated by inexorable power" (Hanft 3). The child spends their whole life trying to be dependent on others, trying to find someone to
represent their parents. This kind of emotional detachment is relevant in all aspects of a person's life especially their attitude towards other people.
Since they were deprived of emotion during their childhood, they have a difficult time feeling compassion for other people, so "he tends to lump
people into categories and to label them accordingly" (Hanft 3). People with an authoritarian personality feels prejudice towards other groups because
they have no way of relating to them. They make reasons in their heads for other peoples faults, in order to prove their own beliefs true. The
psychological effect of having strict parents, and growing up to have an Authoritarian Personality, according to

Research Methods Of Being A Good Researcher
Jennifer Montas Research Methods Exam 10/15/2015HEA 602
Section 1
1.Part of being a good researcher involves the ability to follow certain values when doing research, such as being organized, persuasive, detail
oriented, honest and ethical. A good researcher will not only think outside the box but they will also keep an open mind. Having these characteristics
are important as they allow for new possibilities to occur. Being passionate, knowledgeable, along with creative are also additional components of
being a good researcher, as they allow the researcher to express their ideas demonstrating the knowledge they gained and passion ... Show more content
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A course in research methods can also show the health educators what behaviors and attitudes are related with health problems, and it can also expand
their health knowledge.
3.Empirical research study is based on observation, which involves several steps. These steps include: First a problem stating in which the topic
or problem is identified. During this step one identifies whether the problem is researchable, and the resources needed to conduct the study. The
next step in empirical research is background and assessing prior research, during this step the history of the problem is done and what other needs
to know is assessed. A detail review of the current and prior research on the subject is also done; this is done in order to determine what is already
known about the topic and what questions still remain unanswered. Purpose and Hypothesis is another step in empirical research study; this step
examines and identifies the independent and dependent variables of the research. It also identifies what the research is for and how it should be
carried out. Operation is next in the steps involved in empirical research study, during this step a research proposal is created. It provides a description
of an overall strategy for doing the research. All related data are included in this step. Conducting the study is the next step; once

Postmodern Perspectives On The World 's Partnership With...
in partnership with the researcher, decides how to study the problem –what information to look for, methods to use, ways to gather information, how to
conduct analysis, how to use the knowledge gained, and decide what actions to take (Park, Brydon–Miller, Hall, & Jackson, 1993). Philosophically,
PAR finds that the emphasis that postmodern perspectives place on 'text' is limiting. There is a lot of concern with discourse and narrative but little
concern for the relationship of this to 'knowledge in action'. Bradbury and Reason (2006) discuss that postmodern perspectives help us see 'through
the myth of the modernist world' but do not 'help us move beyond the problems it has produced.' (p.6). They suggest instead a participatory
worldview which is systemic, holistic, relational, and experiential. The participatory worldview sees that we participate in our world so the reality we
experience is a 'co–creation'. Shotter (1993) argues that 'there is a kind of knowledge one has only from within a social situation, a group, or an
institution, and thus takes into account...the others in the social situation.' (p. 7). Knowing in this sense is not a thing but results from the 'process of
living'.
A participatory worldview is also a political statement as well as a theory of knowledge. The political aspect of participation supports people's right
and ability to have a say in decisions affecting them. It insists on the importance of bringing to the forefront the voices of those

Throughout The Study Of Diseases Researchers Have Developed
Throughout the study of diseases researchers have developed a number of strategies in order to implement programs and methods in order to
decrease the causation of diseases. One must assess in order to decrease or control the occurrence of a disease you must know your incidence rate
in order to estimate risk such as the probability of disease in an individual or group. One must also analyze incidence which is defined as a count of
new cases of disease. Poliomyelitis also referred as Polio for short was once one of the most feared human infectious disease. However, now with
proper immunization is can be completely preventable. The polio vaccination was developed in 1955(U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.
(2006, October 11)).... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
(2015, February 26)). Furthermore, Walter Cannon developed the term homeostasis, after expanding on Bernard's original ideologies and
findings(Kotas, M. E., & Medzhitov, R. (2015, February 26)). Curt Richter then developed the notion that homeostasis could be regulated based
on behavioral responses(Kotas, M. E., & Medzhitov, R. (2015, February 26)). In homeostatic systems there are controlled variables and regulated
variables(Kotas, M. E., & Medzhitov, R. (2015, February 26)). Controlled variables are activities or rates of the processes that contribute to the
stability of regulated variables and regulated variables are physiological variables that are maintained at a stable level(Kotas, M. E., & Medzhitov,
R. (2015, February 26)). Homeostasis is based on positive and negative feedback from the mechanisms within the body(Kotas, M. E., & Medzhitov,
R. (2015, February 26)). A disturbance in homeostasis would be the onset of disease. The immune system in the body produces antibodies in order to
maintain homeostasis(Kotas, M. E., & Medzhitov, R. (2015, February 26)). During the disease state cells are compromised, altered and
destroyed(Kotas, M. E., & Medzhitov, R. (2015, February 26)). The disease state produces a severe interruption in homeostasis(Kotas, M. E., &
Medzhitov, R. (2015, February 26)).Once the disease state is over homeostasis returns(Kotas, M. E., & Medzhitov, R. (2015, February 26)). The
pathophysiological impact on the body system affected in

Literature Review. In The Field Of Neonatology, Researchers
Literature Review
In the field of neonatology, researchers need to come to a consensus regarding the management of neonates given antimicrobial agents. According to
Soll & Edwards, physicians initiate most antibiotics for suspected infection of early onset sepsis rather than proven infection, leading to overuse of
medications (2015). Antibiotics are begun empirically based on risk factors such as maternal signs and symptoms (Soll & Edwards, 2015), even
when the overall effects are more concerning considering the likelihood of an infection is small (Higgins et al., 2016). Schulman et al. (2015) &
Puopolo et al. (2011) believe that extra doses of antibiotics increase the patients' cost and length of hospitalization in addition to ... Show more content
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As a result, there is a need to study variation in thresholds for starting and stopping antibiotics and also emphasize the importance of only using
potential harmful therapy when there is a clear benefit (Soll & Edwards, 2015).
Antimicrobial resistance. Overtime, microbes adapt to certain drugs causing them to mutate and resist drugs that would otherwise kill them or limit
their growth (CDC, 2017). This resistance makes it harder for the body to fight infection since the existing drugs are less effective. Antimicrobial
resistance affects over two million people in the US every year and of these two million, more than 23,000 die as a result (Michaelidis et al., 2016).
Seemingly, the number one cause of antibiotic resistance is use of antibiotics, followed by the spread of resistant strains (CDC, 2017). The CDC also
claims that resistant organisms require more costly and toxic alternatives and therefore, doctors should only prescribe antibiotics in appropriate
durations when needed (2017). Colgan & Powers (2001) adds that appropriate prescribing of antibiotics may slow the rate of resistance. Unfortunately,
physicians do not optimally prescribe antibiotics about half of the time (CDC, 2017), so antimicrobial resistance continues to be a growing issue in the
field of medicine.
Average length of stay and cost of hospitalization.

The Norm Of Reciprocity Is Explored By Female And Male...
Introduction:
Because humans are perceptive animals, people would mirror their reactions with people around them. These responses allow people to feel as if they
are following a social norm by not doing anything different from others. In this experiment, the norm of reciprocity is explored by female and male
researchers to not only investigate the truth of this theory, but also observe the between gender differences to various facial expressions.
Hypothesis:
According to the norm of reciprocity, people are more likely to put the same expression as they see on others because In terms of the difference
between the reactions for female and male researchers, both genders will most likely receive a smile more from females and the other ... Show more
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In the end, there were 257 students who completed the experiments, which means the results were concluded from a total of 1542 subjects and
responses.
Results:
The overall results collected by 257 students for each of the expression is roughly 2.8 for frown, 3.2 for neutral, and 3.9 for smile, each data at a
statistically significant p–value of 0.001. This result disproves the norm of reciprocity theory in the hypothesis since a frown received a response
closer to neutral.
Amongst the statistically significant data, male researchers received more smiles from the opposite gender when making a neutral and a smile
compared to its own gender at p<.01 for female researchers is receiving more smiles from the opposite gender when making a neutral face. In
perspective of the difference between female and male researchers, females received more smiles from the same gender while male researchers
received more smiles from the opposite gender. These data sets confirm the part in the hypothesis about men being less likely to offer a smile.
Discussion:
While conducting the experiment, there were still a few challenging factors. It was reported that making eye contact with passerbys was relatively
difficult. Most people were either occupied by their phones or directly avoided eye contact. This makes the willing passersby a selective group of
individuals who were comfortable in exposing themselves at a level of

Should Animals Be Used for Research? Essay
There are several types of animals being used for research, but not surviving the test. Animals are similar to human beings; they have hearts just like
human beings. Researchers have absolutely no sympathy for these animals, including the vicious ones. All animals need some type of affection from
humans, or else there is a high possibility the animals will not survive. Personally, animal researching should be banned, but doing so, the researchers
would have to find something else or someone else to test the products on to make sure the products are useable to humans. The reasons for animal
researching are understandable and could change a person's decision whether or not they would want to ban animal testing. Scientific knowledge is ...
N.p.. Web. 29 Jan 2014. <http://www.animalresearch.info/en/designing–research/why–animals–are–used/>.) Several pros say that animal researching
is acceptable, but that side of the situation does not provide any decent reasoning or proof. The cons have good reasoning and proof. Animal
researching has not saved many lives like one of the comments say. Animals are very different from humans, so they make poor testing subjects. One
of the cons on the website states "Animal testing is cruel and inhumane." Below the comment they explain that most animals are tested while being
awake, without any anesthesia for relief. Testing animals might would be bearable if they put them asleep before putting them in pain. Testing drugs
on animals can result in false test results. "The 1950s sleeping pill thalidomide, which caused 10,000 babies to be born with severe deformities, was
tested on animals prior to its commercial release. Later tests on pregnant mice, rats, guinea pigs, cats, and hamsters did not result in birth defects unless
the drug was administered at extremely high doses." The comment above is proof that all tests that are tested on animals may not be accurate results,
and could be harmful to many human.("Animal Testing." ProCon.org. N.p., 1 20 2014. Web. 29 Jan 2014. <http://animal–testing.procon.org/>.)
Millions of animals are still being used in a wide variety of researches. "Purpose–bred birds, rats, and mice, as well as fish and other cold–blooded

The Researcher Intends To Collect Information Related To
The researcher intends to collect information related to the participants' use of andragogy in middle and high school instruction. Study participants
identified are current and past middle and high school level classroom teachers; a classroom teacher is defined as an educator who actively works
with students. A previously validated and published survey has been chosen; teachers will be sent a survey link with a brief description of the survey
and asked to complete and submit anonymously. Initially, several school districts are chosen and letters to the superintendents will ask permission for
the survey to be sent via district email. Ultimately, teachers will also be allowed to forward the survey to others. Geographical or other identifying...
This will separate the responses into PBL/IB and non–PBL/IB for comparative purposes.
Measures of Study
The researcher intends to distribute Gary J. Conti's Principles of Adult Learning Scale (PALS), a published instrument available for public use (Conti,
1982). The Principles of Adult Learning Scale was developed and designed to survey educators to see how instruction matched the factors identified.
The survey is 44 items and is "valid and reliable as testing by juries, observations and statistical analysis" (Conti, 1982, p. 135). Initially, Dr. Conti
validated the survey through work with three adult education professors. Items were analyzed and edits were suggested. He then worked with ten
"well–known adult education professors" (Conti, 1982) in various locations throughout the country, and chose professors he thought had a variety of
philosophical ideals. Content validity was secured using field tests in public education, while criterion validity was tested by comparison of scores to
another validated survey. Reliability was based on the test–retest comparison, using Pearson correlation. The table below reflects the values of each
piece of the survey. Questions were clustered into "Factors" as indicated below.
FactorMeanSD
Learner–centered activities388.3
Personalizing instruction316.8
Relating to experience214.9
Assessing student needs143.6
Climate building163.0
Participation in the learning process133.5

Genetic Research : Genetic Researcher
Introduction: My topic for the paper is study on Genetic Researchers. A genetic researcher or a genetic scientist analyzes hereditary characteristics
to develop new pharmaceutical and agricultural products. They also work in clinical settings, as counselors for genetic diseases or physicians
administering genetic treatments. A genetic researcher also alters genes in order to improve the biological capabilities of humans, plants and
animals. In this field, the main goal is to help people lead quality lives. A genetic researcher is on a path of constant discovery of new combinations
and permutations which can enhance the efficiency and optimality of its area of use. For example, trying to improve the quality of genetically
modified seeds for better and more efficient growth of plants. The best part of this work is it is not monotonous, because every new combination
yields different and fascinating results, and can mean revolution if implemented successfully by myself. Secondly, the work is highly practical, as
most of it is in a laboratory and based on experiments. This would give me great deal of room for using my brain in unconventional ways. Thirdly,the
job is tech savvy. Be it the use of complex computer algorithms in bio–informatics or programmable centrifuge techniques, it will help me get exposed
to the latest technology in application areas of electronics and computers. To be a genetic researcher, a candidate needs to have a good all–around
education. Another

Biographical Essay: Whale Researcher
"Mom I wanna be a whale researcher!" exclaimed Alaina Kelly who was a regular 12 year old girl with a light coffee like brown hair who wanted to
help whales. She found a company who wanted 12–18 year old people who would specialize in whales. One day she woke up and said, " I want to work
for that company.
She started studying all about the whales and worked so hard. She started taking classes to get into the company and kept talking about how she
was going to do that. Her teacher told her," You're going to do great on the exam soon, you are going to join those kids who are working with
whales right now." "Thanks I'm going to work hard!" Alaina exclaimed. It was one more week until the exam and she was never so nervous. Every
time she tried to study, she would get too nervous because the exam was coming up, sooner and sooner. She told her teacher," I'm too... Show more
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It's now 11:30. "Thump thump thump" said her floorboards. She was walking even more intense now that it was almost here. It was 12:01 and the
mailman hasn't been here yet. There was a knock on the door and she ran to the door. She opened it and saw her teacher. "Ahhh look at what I have, I
hold in my hand the letter from the whale company!" her teacher exclaimed. "Yayy let's open it" Alaina exclaimed.
She slowly opened it and it read," Alaina Kelly we regret to inform you that you did not exceed the company's expectations." Alaina's face darkened
and began to cry. No don't worry you are very talented and you just have to stand up for yourself." the teacher said.
She began to cheer up and decided that the next day she would go to the company and demand for them to give her the job. She woke up the next
morning and met her teacher outside because they were going to go together. There was a knock on the door. she went to the door and opened it. It
was her teacher. They greeted each other and then took

Research Assistant History
The research done by Molony and Hammett looked into how research assistants are compensated for their help in the field. These two also research if
the wealth asymmetry has any affect on the relationship between researcher and research assistance. The history behind research and research assistant
relationships has a great deal to do with the history and the colonial era transition of researchers.
In places like South Africa, the white researcher has less of an advantage in conducting research because populations are based on color and if you are
white then you do not get as many opportunities to view the cultures of other people. Unlike in Tanzania, the transition from their colonial era was
smooth and comfortable. Tanzanians enjoy working with and helping the white foreigners conduct research because it helps them learn English and
understand the white culture. In Tanzania, "the wealth and power ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Research assistants should also know how to assimilate themselves in different areas and groups also known as a "gatekeeper". A "gatekeeper" is
needed in the research process to be able to visit locations unknown to the researcher or where the research would not have been able to go without the
help of a research assistant. Other factors of selecting a research assistant include "knowledge, race, age, and gender" (pg. 296). Gender plays a
major role in anthropological research assistants because taboos of opposite sex can cause complications of the research. Even if it is easier for a
male to work with a female because female assistants are able to enter new territory and communicate with people a male could never have talked to,
it is just easier to work with an assistant of the same gender so no complication arise in a concerned family of the research

The Nurse's Role as a Researcher
Nurse Roles
Nurse's Role as a Researcher
According to Smeltzer, Bare, Hinkle and Cheever (2009), "the primary task of nursing research is to contribute to the scientific base of nursing
practice." Nurses are increasingly being called upon to read nursing literature and where appropriate, conduct research studies in a way that allows them
to apply gathered information to practice. As Smeltzer et al. (2009) further point out; the need for constant studies cannot be overstated when it comes
to the determination of the effectiveness of not only nursing interventions but also nursing care. Thus nurses must also be consumers of the study
findings. In that regard, a nurse in today's care setting should ideally be detail oriented, analytical, creative and inquisitive. Further, it also does help for
nurses to be familiar with both the language of research and the research process.
Nurse's Role as a Collaborator In basic terms, collaboration means working with others in an attempt to accomplish a common goal. A nurse in today's
nursing environment must be able to engage in joint decision making especially as part of a team. A nurse should also be able to collaborate
effectively with other stakeholders including but not limited to relevant agencies, patients as well as families so as to ensure that appropriate action is
taken through joint decision making.
Nurse's Role as a Clinician Nurses possess a wide range of skills that enable them to offer individuals and their

Problems Associated With The Researcher
concerns (Todres, 2007). Todres (2007) and McCormick (2010) suggest the researcher can remedy this by staying in connection with his or her
own 'felt sense'. On the other hand, words can work between the researcher and the participant in a shared way. Just as words are a bodily
experience for the participant, they are for the researcher as well. When words work for the participant, they also work for the researcher not only in
deepening the researcher's understanding, but in becoming aware of the 'lived sense' of his or her situation (Todres, 2007). In embodied inquiry, the
researcher's task is to be open to the process in him or herself in which the words do not just make logical sense, but which 'open up the possibility of
seeing something together' (Todres, 2007, p. 39), a sense the researcher understands in an embodied way. Embodied understanding does not mean that
the researcher has the same experience, but it means that the words show the researcher 'something more that involves a bodily sense of being present
to the whole situation' (Todres, 2007, p. 39). Another dimension of inter–embodied understanding is that it seems to help the participant's ongoing
ability to bring his or her sense to language. New meanings can be experienced as 'making sense' by the participant and the researcher. There are
possibly new meanings to be expressed from a situation and the process of sense–making allows these new meanings to appear. According to Todres
(2007), languaging

Pursuing A Career As A Researcher
When I earned my B.Sc. degree in Naval Architecture & Marine Engineering, I had to take a major decision: start professional life or opt for
graduate school. To me, the choice was simple. Being encountered numerous research works of different disciplines and after doing some research
myself, I realized the value of research in advancing knowledge and how challenging research can be and have set my mind upon pursuing a career as
a researcher. Hence, despite having two joining letters in my hand, my lifelong aim of acceding in the academic arena and doing advanced research
directed me towards the graduate education without a single moment of hesitation. As a reasonable step towards this objective, I want to have a Ph.D.
degree, involving myself further into the torrent of knowledge. From an early age, the beauty of mathematics and physics mesmerized me. I remember
buying higher level books on mathematics in the hope that I could learn unique methods or theorems that no other students of my class knew.
Consequently, this fascination for mathematics led me to study in Bangladesh University of Engineering & Technology, the oldest and the most
reputed engineering university of Bangladesh. I proved myself in the most competitive admission test, where, in a single year, less than top 1%
students have the opportunity to attend, among them less than 10% get selected for BUET. On top of that, I studied the unique discipline of the
country–Naval Architecture & Marine Engineering,

Researcher Identity : Reflection On Identity, And Identity
Researcher Identity Memo
As I reflect on my individualities, I must take into consideration, all of my life experiences that have had made significant impacts on my vivacity.
One's identity is constructed by several different characteristics and attributes that are not limited to just their uniqueness's, such as appearance or
things that can be seen. As a white female born and raised in San Antonio, Texas, I sometimes feel discouraged, as though I don't have an exciting
identity to expose; However, I was lucky to be raised in a city that is known for having a large Hispanic cultural influence. Many of these influences
were adopted into my family and have resided with me; So, regardless of where I live, they will always be a part of who I am.
Growing up white, I never fell victim to racism or segregation, and sadly, I believe I was ignorant regarding these issues until I reached college. My
sister and I were raised in the lower–middle–class by a single mom; But, we were fortunate to be born into a large family that has always supported
each other in times of need. Being raised in the middle–class society, I never went without. My mother raised me in a nurturing way, but also believed
in tough love in order to create a resilient young woman ready to tackle the world. Through my college education, I have recognized that I was born
with white privileges that were given to me rather than something I earned. Coming from a large, tight–knit family, one of the most

Issues Surrounding Narrative Design Essay
Narrative design is useful to the advancement of educational research because the stories collected have the power to communicate key information
otherwise not possible through other research designs. Through stories it is possible to learn about "personal account about classrooms, schools,
educational issues and the setting in which they work" (Creswell, 2008, p. 511). Everyone has a story to tell about incidents, events and experiences
whether long or short that are useful in understanding occurrences within a given context. With the information provided through storytelling,
researchers are then able to engage in the restorying process to gain a better perspective of the individual's story. Yet despite its wonderful offerings,...
This is a major concern to researchers, especially because they "rely heavily on self–reported information from participants" (Creswell, 2008, p. 522).
Based on my personal experience, two common reasons why people provide false data is to provide a happy conclusion, which makes people
comfortable, or to victimize because they seek attention. Fortunately, researchers may use several techniques to address the issue of collecting false
data. The techniques used include "the collection of multiple field texts, the triangulation of data, and member checking" (Creswell, 2008). These
techniques are useful to review and assess the data collected through stories as false or reliable. On the one hand, multiple field texts provide data from
various sources, triangulation, and member checking assist in confirming the data provided as well as the findings as per the interpretation of the
researcher (Creswell, 2008). Even though gathering stories poses a threat to the study, these techniques are useful to the researcher as he or she ensures
the validity of the research. The second issue in gathering stories traces back to the concern of whether or not the participants are "able to tell the real
story" (Creswell, 2008). At times, presenting the real story is dangerous to the participant because of the degree of detail and information provided as
part of the story. For example,

Research Design : The Journey Of A Novice Researcher
Reflexive Research Design: The Journey of a Novice Researcher
Methods of Inquiry
When selecting a research approach, Creswell (2014) outlines criteria that affect the choice of one approach over another. I have already discussed
how my worldview, personal experiences, and identified problem of practice and the questions affect my research. The design, methods, and audience
of my emerging research will also be considered in terms of choosing a research approach.
Emerging Design
When considering my inquiry, qualitative research is the approach usually associated with the constructivist worldview (Creswell, 2014; Mertens,
2015). For my research this will mean recording, analyzing and uncovering the deeper meaning and significance of inclusion in the French immersion
context and how this translates into best practices. If I examine the purpose of action research as described by Hendricks (2013) as "for practitioners to
investigate and improve their practice" (p.3) then my research could also fit into this approach. I have chosen not to involve participants other than
myself and will conduct an independent study using data from existing studies and I may also choose to include personal reflections on my own
practice. This would allow a thorough investigation of my topic and allow me to present, analyze and discuss information and existing ideas in the both
the qualitative and quantitative literature from the patterns that emerge.
Does this self–study qualify as action

The American Researcher Analysis
Through the changing times scholars trusted that Emerson upheld the genuine free autonomous man that ought to run with his very own intuition as
well as quit listening to Europe's convictions being not all that free and restricted. (Emmerson claims "Regardless of what sort of individual/man you
possibly, any man can accomplish and in addition overcome whatever arrangements they have set in their psyche to do.) Free has a large roll in the
meaning of opportunity, "with no deterrent that does not emerge out of his own constitution." Courageous; for apprehension is a thing, which a
researcher by his exceptional work puts behind him as fear will dependably springs from a lack of awareness. However, another indication of our
times, likewise has been set apart by a comparison of political... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Furthermore, "The American Researchers" entry had openly touched on the convictions of how any individual was single, them they were to run with
their primal nature that can tackle the recently discovered unconquered area. Waldo Emerson, had contemplative logic effectively had offered more
self– worth for the private man that would allow him to gain an open entryway of mindfulness along with overhauled version of Jefferson's mission for

Beauty and Body Image in the Media
Review Of Literature
Beauty and Body Image in the Media ( Men )
Review – 1
From the ,
Journal of Marketing Communication
Vol. 11. No. 1. 3–19. March 2005
Idealized images of the male body in advertising: a reader–response exploration
BY– RICHARD ELLIOTT & CHRISTINE ELLIOTT
Warwick Business School. University of Warwick, Coventry. UK. Harris Manchester College University of Oxford. Oxford. UK
Introduction :
This is a study which particularly focuses on how men are being portrayed in advertisements
This study has used an interpretative methodology for exploring men 's reactions to the representation of male bodies in advertising, particularly when
men are portrayed in a sexual or naked pose and complimented ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
To date then, very little is known about how men react emotionally to the portrayal of male bodies in advertising. There is a suggestion that some of
the men in the study by Researchers Kimmel and Tissier–Desbordes demonstrated a fear of admitting a feminine side to their self–image .
Methodology of the research :

In order to do a study of portrayal of men in advertising these researches have done this research with
Two main research questions
1. How do young men respond to the representation of male bodies in advertising, particularly when men are portrayed in a sexual or naked pose?
2. How do young men negotiate the sexual meaning of advertising images in a social setting? setting?
One–one interview
They researchers had conducted this one to one interview because, they have said that the one–to–one interviews would allow trust to be established
and allow the exploration of underlying motivations, beliefs, attitudes and feelings .The researches had conducted twelve in–depth interviews, which
ranged from 40 minutes to 2 hours in length. The ages of the respondents varied from 18 to 31 years, with the majority of respondents being in their
early twenties. The interviews were audio–laped and transcribed

The Forth Chapter Of The Curious Researcher
The forth chapter of the Curious Researcher is filled with tons of valuable information. In the beginning of the chapter, Ballenger talks about how its
greatly beneficial to include yourself into your essay and says you don't necessarily have to include the word "I." He explains that the author of the paper
has the decision of whether or not to include the word "I". I thought that this was very intriguing due to the fact he stated that, it is very easy to use the
word "I" repeatedly. He explains when you do that when writing an essay, your essay can sound very repetitive like it were a list or a bibliography and
the reader could easily become bored from reading it. Another point Ballenger talked about was procrastination. Procrastination

Researcher Position Case Study
Researcher Position
The researcher in this study was once a member of the USM and after leaving the USM did attend a southern university. However, this transition
occurred over a decade ago and is unlikely to have a negative impact on data interpretation, but rather offers the researcher insight to this process and
the trust of participants that other researchers might have. Because of a potential to have some researcher bias though the researcher will utilize peer
review of the data to ensure that themes that are found exist in the data and are not created by the researcher.
Participants
After obtaining institutional review board (IRB) approval the researcher recruited participants from the undergraduate research pool of a large ... Show
The researcher noted seven participants were white and two were latinx.
Procedures
The researcher asked participants to come to a private office to complete a semi–structured interview with the researcher. The interview guide approved
by the IRB and used throughout all the interviews included the following questions:
1.What was your job in the military, how long did you serve and what was the highest rank you held?
2.What year did you leave the military and did you every receive hazard pay during service?
3.What did being a soldier/sailor/airman/marine mean to you?
4.In what areas of your life do you still see elements of your military training?
5.What is the most poignant memory of leaving the military and transitioning to military life?
6.What has been the easiest part of becoming a student at the [university]?
7.What has been the most difficult part of student life at the [university]?
8.Tell me about a classroom discussion where you did not agree with another student, what did you do or say?
9.Tell me about a discussion outside of the classroom where you disagreed with another student, what did you do or say?
10.What are the challenges in communicating with those who have not served in the military?
11.Is there anything else you would like to tell me today?
This interview guide was not all–inclusive of the questions asked of participants, but served as a starting point to begin discussions and allowed the
research to be reflexive and still consistent

Erik De Haan, The Lead Researcher
Literature Review
Erik de Haan, the lead researcher, is a well–published author and holds a PhD in psychophysics. Vicki Culpin is a coach practitioner and lecturer who
holds a PhD in Psychology from Lancaster University, and Judy Curd is a research analyst who focuses on the development and application of
assessments and tests. At the time of publication, all three authors of the reviewed research article were employed at the Ashridge Centre for Coaching
in the United Kingdom (2009, p. 43–44).
As three coaches–in–training at Queens University, we attend class each week to learn coaching techniques for facilitating desired change for current
and future clients. To better understand the perspective of the individuals on the client side of the coaching equation, we complimented our class
studies by exploring the modern qualitative research of Erik de Hann, Vicki Culpin, and Judy Curd. In this paper, we synopsize their research, offer
thoughts and comments about various aspects, and offer thought provoking questions and areas for future investigation.
Article Summary
The purpose of the research outlined in the article was to determine specific factors that constitute a helpful executive coaching experience through the
perspective of coaching clients (de Haan et al., 2009, p. 25). As the authors extensively explained, there is sufficient prior research focusing on the
client satisfaction and professional performance impacts of coaching, but there is a gap in the research

Research Methodology For A Researcher
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY Research methodology involves the design which a researcher ought to use to study a topic of interest. It
therefore involves the procedure by which researchers undertake their work and the framework within which is conducted (Rajasekar et al., 2013;
Remenyi et al., 1998). Research Methodology aids research planning, if properly design it will enable a researcher to arrive at results or findings and
tools that can either be used to disprove or approve such knowledge. (Nachamias et al., 1996; Saunders et al.,2003). This chapter outlines data
collection procedure as well as how data is analyse for this study. These involve choice of the sampling frame, sampling techniques, how interviews
were designed and conducted as well as questionnaire administration, time horizon, transcription of interviews and analysis of responses, ethical
concerns and limitations of the methods. Qualitative Research Methods Qualitative research method was chosen for this study. It involves an
interpretative inquiry and a naturalistic approach to an area of study (Denzin, & Lincoln, 2005; Qazi, 2011). Researchers therefore make an
interpretation of what they observe, hear, and understand (Creswell 2003). Qualitative research method was suitable and adopted to deal with the
study objectives since the research was more naturalistic, participant driven and comprehensive (Ciceu, 2015) as well as inquiring. Methods of Data
Collection For the purpose of this research survey were

Dr. Ryan Hernandez ( Dry Lab Researcher )
Week in the Life: Dr. Ryan Hernandez (Dry Lab Researcher)
Some outside of academia think professors or researchers do not do very much work, and instead are paid to sit around and think. While this belief is
often directed at those in the humanities fields, the Academic Senate followed around UCSF Associate Professor Ryan Hernandez, PhD, to see what he
actually addresses in a week.
The population geneticist is a professor in the UC San Francisco School of Pharmacy, Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences and
serves as a core member in the Quantitative Biosciences Institute and the Institute for Human Genetics.
While his daily duties differ, his weekly duties follow a similar schedule. From professor and researcher to family ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Daily Schedule
While Hernandez's daily schedule varies, it does follow a similar time pattern. Hernandez's day begins much earlier with him waking up around 5
a.m.–7 a.m. Then, he responds to work emails or plays with his two young daughters and completes other morning duties.
Next, at 8:30 a.m., he drops off his eldest daughter at school and heads to work. Due to a long commute from the East Bay, Hernandez tailors his day
to fit around a time that avoids heavy traffic and allows him to spend time with family.
"I leave work around 2–4 p.m. and use the next hours to spend time with my family and after my daughters go to sleep, I start working again from
home," Hernandez said. "I don't get a lot sleep, but that is because I value family time, and so I sacrifice sleep in order to spend time with my family."
At home, he works until 11 a.m. or midnight. Hernandez's research is computational, which allows flexibility for him to work from home, whereas a

Is The Social Problem The Researchers Are Investigating?
Corey Bates Argosy University Sociology in A Global Perspective M1A3 10/15/2014 What is the social problem the researchers are investigating?
What is the research method (i.e.: survey, participant observation, experiment, secondary sources) used by the researchers? What were the results or
findings of the research? What do you think would be a good solution to the social problem? Whitebeck, L. B., McMorris, B. J., Chen, X., & Stubben,
J. D. (2001). Perceived discrimination and early substance abuse among american indian children. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 42(4),
405–24. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com/docview/201656961?accountid=34899 1: The main point of this article is based on trying to find
out that 195 American Indians from 5th grade onto 8th grade and how they deal with certain issues on their Midwestern Reservation. 2: The
exploration group was welcome to take a shot at the three reservations, and tribal resolutions were acquired before application for financing.
Admonitory sheets on every reservation gave oversight and affirmed all polls and methods. Last regards from tribal governments were gotten before
meetings started. Composed reports, for example, this one were perused and sanction by consultative sheets preceding being submitted for production.
Among the assertions made with the interest tribes was the state of tribal secrecy. A long time of scientist misuse have made suspicion and alert among
American Indian countries concerning

Becoming A World Class Fertility Researcher
Introduction
At a certain point I stopped feeling anger and started feeling determined. Listening to my loved ones' experiences of misogyny, homophobia,
transphobia, sexual assault, and domestic violence made me mad. Furious, actually. As a college student, I sought to understand these issues through
my studies. And I turned to activism. As a young professional, I dedicated my work to addressing inequalities. My aim is to become a world–class
fertility researcher and to leverage my research to improve individual lives in our society. How I came to realize research could be a tool for change
and my decision to pursue graduate studies is where I will start my essay.
Pathway to Graduate Studies: A Life Changing Realization
When I ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Structural, institutional, and cultural barriers habitually made my work ineffective and, at times, futile. Working in broken systems without the ability
to change the underlying dysfunction was unsatisfying and frustrating. The inability to have broad societal impacts as a direct–service provider led me
to change paths.
I began working as a Health Policy Fellow at The Dartmouth Institute for Health Policy and Clinical Practice (TDI). In contrast to my prior
experiences of research, TDI's research was dynamic and engaged. For example, research completed at TDI resulted in the conceptualization of
Accountable Care Organizations (ACOs), which have been widely implemented throughout the United States as a part of the Patient Protection and
Affordable Care Act. During my two year fellowship, I used research tools to study the impact of these new reforms on vulnerable populations. I could
see how research informed, tested, and changed policies with widespread effects.
In my free–time, I remained active working on issues related to gender inequity. I conducted data base management and data cleaning for a
reproductive rights research intern for a small reproductive health information organization. I also provided support for educational events, such as film
screenings, for an Action Team of Planned Parenthood of Northern New

Why Do Researchers Utilize Sampling?
1. Define sampling. Why do researchers utilize sampling?
A. Sampling is a selection of a smaller percentage of individuals from within a larger population that is used to estimate the attitudes and
characteristics of the whole population. Sampling saves time and money which is always a good thing, and allows for more manageable research. It
may be almost impossible to identify every member of a population/group some may be too large, for example, if you were conducting a study on
high school students as to whether they bring lunch to school or eat at the cafeteria, and this research was conducted for the entire state of Texas. Well,
it would take an enormous amount of manpower and money to survey every single high school student in the state plus you would have other factors
to consider as well. Then you would run into managing issues with such a large endeavor, so choosing a sample or small representation of individuals
from the larger population is more ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In a probability sample each element or unit of the population have a known chance of being selected for the sample study. Probability samples also
permit a precise estimate of parameters. Since all elements have an equal chance of being selected for your survey, you can randomly select
participants without missing portions of your population; you have a complete sampling frame. With probability samples you can generalize your
results from this random sample. With Non–probability samples some people have a greater, but unknown, chance than others of selection into the
sample study. Nonprobability samples are used when there is not a complete population list available. Some units are unable to be selected; therefore
you have no way of knowing the size and effect of sampling error. Nonprobability samples are not random and often bias; you cannot generalize your
results to an entire population with a high level of confidence. Probability samples are the best for the purpose of making valid

Coding Using NVivo Is Useful to Researchers Essay
Coding Using NVivo Coding is an important step in qualitative research. One could describe it as the preparation of research data for analysis.
Similarly, it could be thought of as the categorizing of data, the providing of structure and organization so that the researcher is able to make sense of
the information. In other words, coding is the systematic process of "condensing extensive data sets into smaller analyzable units through the creation
of categories and concepts derived from the data" (Lockyer, 2004). In addition, coding assists researchers in "getting a sense of the data; checking out
the quality of the information...collected; [and] getting a sense of the whole" (Patton, 2002, p. 440). According to Creswell (2013), it is also... Show
However, I had lost all data (apparently it was corrupted in the process) I had been working with and practicing on. When it was operating, the
program was rather helpful. I was able to import and code the data easily as well as edit, delete, recode, reclassify, etc. Compared to coding by hand,
the coding process was less cumbersome as it eliminated a lot of scrolling up and down to add, list, or view labels/categories. While I decided to code
my data manually, mirroring the coding I had done during the hand–coding assignment, I experimented with the auto coding features. The outcomes
were different from what I expected, but simultaneously illuminating by providing me with a different view of the data collected. In addition, I
really appreciated the coding stripes when viewing the coded document as it provided a visual indicator of what codes had been used where.
Advantages and Disadvantages Advantages of using software to code data include data collection and storage, as the software permits a variety of
information, data, and content types to be collected and stored together. It also allows the researcher to link information, nodes, or documents with one
another for a more holistic analysis. Compared to coding by hand, software often provides a researcher with additional tools for coding and analysis
(i.e. auto coding) that s/he would not otherwise have. It also permits the

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