Five Points Sociology

Five Points Sociology
The Truth: Irish immigrants were driven to America by the potato famine of the 1840s. This caused
a massive influx of immigrants to New York City who were forced to settle for the cheapest and
shabbiest lodgings in a poorer area of the city, known as Five Points. These kinds of conditions
resulted in dirty, overcrowded spaces with relatively poor standards of living. Men typically worked
at a trade, what we would now consider blue collar, or working class jobs, to provide for their
families. Due to the fact that in this time, women were still not welcome in the workplace, many
unmarried or widowed women were forced to turn to prostitution in order to support themselves.
Gangs were formed to promote political candidates, and sometimes fought among themselves. There
was also a building known as the Old Brewery, where more than 1,000 people supposedly lived. It
was torn down in the 1850s so that the land could be used for a mission to do charity work. In the
1890s, Five Points was converted to factories and public buildings, essentially ending the Irish
occupation of the area. The Civil War began in 1861 and lasted until 1865, covering the majority of
the events in the movie. In order to recruit enough ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The living conditions presented in the movie are an exaggeration of how most people actually lived,
and there wasn't as much crime and violence as the movie suggested. Although there were gangs
that fought periodically, they were mostly Irish, so there wasn't as much ethnic conflict as there was
in the movie. The gangs were formed to promote political candidates, which they did show in the
film, but they didn't fight for reasons other than politics, and their fights weren't as bloody. The Old
Brewery that the Dead Rabbits use as their headquarters was a real building, but it was torn down
roughly ten years before the events of the movie took place to be converted into a religious
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...

Essay about From Ireland to America
America is the world's melting pot. American heritage stems from all over the world. The Irish are
the second largest group to immigrate to the United States, and they have left their mark on the
American culture (Gavin 7). Kevin Kenny argues that "The Irish immigrants of the famine era were
the most disadvantaged the United States had ever seen." The Irish potato famine was caused by a
fungus that caused the potato to rot in the ground. Between the years 1845 and 1850 over one
million Irish died of starvation. Another one and a half Irish immigrated to other countries. Since
their main source of food was gone they became refugees of the famine. If they had not left they
would have died of starvation or diseases. The journey to America ... Show more content on
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The poor people of Ireland were dependant on the potato because they were easy to grow, lasted a
long time, and the only crop the British left for them ("The Irish Potato Famine, 1847"). In 1845 the
potatoes started to rot in the ground. Over one million Irish men and women died of starvation. The
famine also caused many diseases like Typhus (Mintz). Many of the people who were starving and
infected tried to escape Ireland by going to the United States. The Irish at this time were
predominantly catholic. Joseph O'Grady says, "Their deep respect for Christianity, bordering on
blind fanaticism, gave the Irish their own hope – peace and happiness in the next world" (31). The
Irish had very tough lives in Ireland when they were under the control of the British.
The journey to America was very long and rough. The Irish immigrants were refugees of the potato
famine. If they had stayed in Ireland, they most likely would have died. Since the poor people of
Ireland were dependant on potatoes they had to escape or choose to die. Another threat to the Irish
was the deadly diseases caused by the famine. The famine helped spread diseases like typhus,
cholera, dysentery, and scurvy all over Ireland. Over 1 million people died of these diseases or
starvation (Mintz). The ships they came over on were often called coffin ships. The tickets for these
ships were very expensive, and most Irishmen could not afford to go to

Narrative Essay On Irish Dance
Day 6: I was served a traditional Irish breakfast this morning, and aside from the puddings (which
weren't too bad), it was similar to a traditional breakfast I get at home. After breakfast, we boarded
the bus and headed for Glenveagh Castle. The castle itself was beautiful, from the elaborate
interiors, to the stunning gardens and trails, and the gorgeous scenery. The castle even has a curse
attached to it, showing how Irish culture is fond of myths and superstitions. After we left the castle,
we went back to the community center for lessons in Irish culture and dance. Although it is not the
most common spoken language in Ireland, Gaelic, is the national language of Ireland. Having their
own national language would promote nationalism within the country, giving the people something
of their own that wasn't established when Brittan took over. I was as good at learning Gaelic as I
was with Spanish, terrible, after the session all I could remember was how to ask for a pint and how
to ask for food. Out of the two sessions, I was far better at the Irish dancing. The session itself was
one of the most fun things I did in Ireland, learning the various dances and the meaning behind
them. Irish dancing, like Gaelic, is very important to the Irish people, even our language instructor
know some of the Irish dances. That was not the only place that I saw Irish dancing, it was common
at pubs when bands were playing and even people in the crowds joined in. The Irish dancing itself is

Causes Of The Potato Famine
What was the cause of the potato famine. Well Ireland was hit by an airborne fungus that turned the
potatoes to mud before they got out of the ground and rotted them quicker. Potatoes were the main
food in Ireland especially for the poor. Without potatoes many died while others immigrated. The
potato famine caused a lot of death, immigration, and also got help from surrounding areas. Many
people immigrated , some just sooner than others. " Between 1845 and 1870 there were at least three
million Irish immigrants"(Famine,Irish. The Oxford Company). This shows how devastating and
terrible the famine was to drive three million people out of their own country. "Landlords would first
make phony promises of money, food and clothing, then pack

Essay about Scotch-Irish Cultural History
1. The Scotch–Irish were staunch libertarians, and acted upon their feelings. Sex ways and dress
ways had close ties to each other in the backcountry. To talk about sex and sexual behavior was also
acceptable in this culture. The dress women and men wore was meant to arouse the opposite sex.
Anglican missionary Charles Woodmason wrote, "They draw their shift as tight as possible round
their Breasts, and slender waists (for they are generally very finely shaped) and draw their Petticoat
close t their Hips to show the fineness of their limbs– ... –indeed nakedness is not censurable
without ceremony." Woodmason was appalled at how these women carried themselves, but to the
women, they were sexy. Men even dressed in ways to show off ... Show more content on
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In contrast to boys, girls were taught to be self–denying, and to be helpers to men. Corporal
Punishment of children was even condemned even though practiced in the home. Even though there
were many questions to be asked before some could marry, Quakers did believe in love before
marriage. They believed that love should be "pure" and not tainted by the craving of flesh. To marry,
couples needed permission from their families and community. Unlike in Virginia, Quakers forbade
first cousin marriages, and discouraged marriages between second cousins. In Quaker households, it
was more of a partnership between the husband and wife than in those of Massachusetts and
Virginia. In the Delaware Valley children spoke of their "father and mother's house."
The Quakers had a saying: "In souls there is no sex." This meant in their culture, men and women
were equal. Unlike Puritan culture, women could preach to men and women, and in a public setting.
That same quote went for sexual relations in marriages. Sex in Quaker culture was looked upon as
just for the purpose of conception of children. To do otherwise was looked at as fornication. To have
sex just for pleasure was also fornication. Even married couples would restrain from having sex with
each other if the woman was not in time to get pregnant. Married couple also occupied not only
single beds but slept in separate rooms. Quakers

Irish Immigration In The 19th Century Essay
An American Immigrant Journey: A Look at Asian and Irish Immigration in the 19th Century Many
different people have many different stories to tell when talking about how they ended up in
America. Some people had the choice to migrate to America in hope of a better life, while others
were forced against their will to do so. Being "American" in America seems much more than just
being a United States citizen, it has to do more with how they fit in with those who call themselves
American. Re–word The Irish immigration in the 19th century was a necessary move for those who
wanted to live. Ireland underwent a famine and many of the Irish were starving and dying due to
lack of nutrients and disease that took over Ireland. Many Americans had problems with these new
Irish immigrants simply because it seemed like they provided America with no benefit at all. Not
only did the Irish come to America not being able to provide benefit for the country, but they were
also very Catholic while in the 19th century, America was a Protestant country. These are two
probably probable? reasons the Irish were discriminated against throughout the 19th century. When
they first arrived, to the Americans, it seemed like the Irish could not be trusted. ... Show more
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Other countries had recognized America to be the land where anything is possible, that and there is
an "American Dream" possible to achieve. Both the Irish and Chinese immigrants wanted to become
wealthy and live a better life than what they had in their home country. Although the Irish had their
own adversity to deal with, the Chinese also shared some of the same challenges but also
encountered different ones. Unlike the Irish, they the chinese were good for work, meaning that they
could provide benefit to wherever they worked. The Irish lied about their previous work experience
in order to work to and support themselves and their

Essay on Brian Friel's Translations
Brian Friel's Translations
Brian Friel's play Translations was the first production of the Field Day Theatre Company in Derry
in 1980, which Friel co–founded with Stephen Rea. It describes the beginning of the process of
Anglicization in a relatively remote Gaelic–speaking area during the 1833 Survey of Ireland, in
which the English mapped Ireland, both culturally and geographically. Years of concerted
anglicizing of the Irish by the British early in the 19th century led to the widespread fall into disuse
of the native Gaelic tongue. National schools teaching exclusively in English began to open during
the Survey of Ireland, and English culture encroached rapidly into Ireland. William Butler Yeats and
Douglas Hyde write from the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Hyde's speech argues that the Irish had by that point indiscriminately adopted all that was English
with little thought as to its value, that the Irish had "[ceased] to be Irish without becoming
English."2 He criticizes those Irish who claim to hate British dominance, yet speak only English,
anglicize their Irish names, and remain ignorant of Gaelic literature. His central view is that the
Gaelic language is the most important aspect of an Irish identity distinct to that of the British, and
that only a return to Ireland's native language can halt the process of Anglicization. However, he is
careful not to make the claim that nothing English is of value, but emphasizes the necessity of not
neglecting that which is essentially Irish.
The history of Ireland is one of early scholasticism and rich culture in times when the rest of Europe
had less of a literary and artistic tradition. By the time of Hyde's speech, the nation had become "one
of the least studious and most un–literary"3 countries of the area, and he claims that the fault lies in
a divergence from "the right path."4 Progressive Anglicization has led the Irish to forget their own
culture and its traditions. The British claim that because the Irish have forgotten much of their
language and customs, they should be content as an integral part of the United Kingdom, and

Noel Ignatiev's How The Irish Became White
Centered around the Antebellum era, Noel Ignatiev's How the Irish Became White took place during
the height of Irish immigration to the United States, where millions crossed the Atlantic in search of
economic prosperity and other central pillars of the American Dream. However, Ignatiev asserts that
those traditional American values were originally inaccessible for the newly arrived Irish
immigrants. Shown by the virulent opposition toward immigration, Ignatiev highlights how the
growing fear of foreign intrusion and ethnic tensions threatened to rape the superfluity of many Irish
immigrants and their opportunity to uncover prosperity and freedom in America. Not only did How
the Irish Became White uncover the brutal oppression and widespread xenophobic sentiments
towards the Irish, it also shows how they eventually gain a level of economic opportunity by
cultivating a scene of whiteness that embodied contemporary American values and briefs. In the
book, Ignatiev demonstrates how Irish immigrants gained the privileges associated ... Show more
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During a time of heightened racial tension between whites and blacks, the Irish sought to cement
their status amongst natives by supporting and inciting race riots like the New York City Draft Riot
of 1863. While the riot originally began as an anti–draft protest, it quickly grew into a political
campaign and racial warfare against black laborers. Along with racial slurs and "torching homes of
poor African Americans", the Irish also lynched colored orphans and racially mixed couples (New
York Times). The shift to being a member of the oppressing class marks the success of the Irish in
cultivating whiteness and acceptance. They found a common alliance with white natives. In order to
preserve their own economic advantage and employment opportunities, they had to create political
and social barriers for

Irish Influence On American Culture
The word Irish may suddenly pop into your head and all you can think about is a malevolent drunk
Irish. However, this typical stereotype is far from true. Another stereotype may be that all Irish men
and women are considered to be inherently lucky. This stereotype– unlike the first one– may be very
accurate. Looking at the history of the Irish, many events attest to countless times of ill–fortune such
as: prejudice against Irish, prejudice against Catholicism, and loss of land. Looking at this on a more
global perspective, the Irish had unfortunately lived in lands that did not belonged to them; instead,
foreign individuals– the British, the Vikings, and many other conquerors. Like many individuals
throughout the world, the Irish was expected to conform, adapt, and furtively become a part of the
community around them. However, little did the conquerors know, the Irish had one crucial
advantage: hope. They survived all the prejudice against them, they survived starvation, they
survived war, and most importantly, they survived life. All this was able to become reality due to
hope. Maybe the Irish are not very lucky, however, the Irish constantly remained hopeful and
optimistic through all the unfortunate events they encountered. Instead of saying the "luck of the
Irish", one ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Long story short, the history of the Irish and America had ultimately ended with the Irish
immigrating to the free and moral America– making up a vast number of the population. During the
1700's, the wave of Irish immigrants was ubiquitous and constant. At the end of the day, America
had little knowledge that the constant flow of Irish immigrants affected both diversity and religion.
America had already been accustomed to Protestants and Catholics, however, the Irish had found a
way to modify the surrounding customs and

The Irish Poetry and Postcolonialism
Ireland was a British colony for more than seven centuries, for this time it was hidden their native
identity, as well as their language. The British colonizers imposed not only their language but also
their culture. In 1922, it was signed the Treaty in which Ireland was considered a free state. As and
introduction to Heaney poems, I will use a poem of Yeats, who is the poet that starts to talk about
postcolonial themes. Maybe Yeats was one the most important figures in the reconstruction of the
Irish identity. He represents the relationship between Ireland and Britain in his poem "Leda and the
Swan". The first publication of this poem was in the radical magazine "To–morrow" in 1923. Some
years later it was republished in the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Therefore, the poet pretends it is to get back to his roots, as it is showed in line 15–16. By God, the
old man could handle a spade Just like his old man.
Both his father and his grandfather are working the land, that land which has a special meaning to
the Irish identity because it is the place were they were born and it was free of the British control.
The "new potatoes" in the poem represent the new expectation to Ireland. However, the Irish
identity is not the only interpretation of poem. It is also represented the opposition between the
cultural life and the life of hard work in the land. Heaney does not think he will be able to use "the
spade" like his and his grandfather, that means he is not going to dig with a spade but he is going to
dig into the historical present of Ireland with his pen which is the weapon that he uses against the
British colonization. In his poem "A Northern hoard" he talks about the Irish Great Famine of 1845 ,
in which many Irish died and many other had to leave the country. In the first part of the poem we
can see which is entitled "Roots" makes reference to the "old Gomorrah" which the town that was
punished by God. This town was devastated for the Flood like Ireland was devastated by the plague.
In these four poems the author always uses the first person narrator who gives a sense more personal
of the poem. The poet

Analysis Of Fagles 's ' Antigone '
While Ismene 's language relies heavily upon a Northern Irish dialect, differences between Paulin 's
Ismene and Fagles ' go further. In Fagles 's Antigone, Ismene is a voice of reason in contrast to her
rash and hot–headed sister. She advocates prudence as "sensible". Paulin 's work offers an Ismene
translated not only linguistically but also in personality. As this Ismene warns Antigone, she thinks
only of the punishment. Her concern is not that the two would defy the state but that they would die
–and in a most unpleasant manner. Her speech emphasizes the concern for them rather than the state
as she stresses how "we 'll" die and repeatedly speaks of what will happen to "us". These lines
clearly mark a point at which Paulin chose fidelity to Ismene 's Irishness over fidelity to Sophocles 's
politics. However, these lines also raise questions about the nature of Irishness. Is Ismene 's rational
response, in the original, inherently un–Irish and untranslatable into an Irish context? And, if so, is
Paulin suggesting here that the Irish are the overly–emotional and hot–blooded people that
stereotypes have made them out to be? More than a simple substitution of standard English for Irish
English, Paulin 's translation raises such questions throughout. As he translates, Paulin displaces
Irishness, removing it from a familiar context defined by Irish/English dichotomies, character
stereotypes, and the trite settings and practices expected of conventional Irish plays.

The Change of the Irish Question between 1800 and 1922 Essay
The Change of the Irish Question between 1800 and 1922
The Irish Question changed dramatically between the years 1800 and 1922. The Anglican
Ascendancy meant that Ireland was governed indirectly from England. The Ascendancy angered the
Catholics, limited their rights and made them pay taxes to the Protestant church. This led to
dissatisfaction amongst Catholics culminating in the 1798 Rebellion. This caused the British
Government to become more involved with Ireland, as they began to fear that Revolution could
occur. It revealed to them the weaknesses of the existing, divided system in Ireland and the need for
the Question to be addressed.
The Act of Union represented the first phase of the Irish ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Emancipation would be the focus of the Irish Question from this point onwards.
Daniel O'Connell became the key individual at this point as he formed the Catholic Association in
1823 and he believed that Emancipation was a step towards Home Rule. He campaigned by using
peaceful methods and mass organization. This was therefore a new way of addressing the Irish
Question and gaining middle class support, which wouldn't want to support violent rebellion that
might harm their property. O'Connell convinced the population that there was a link between
political equality and economic prosperity, by saying that if they got the vote they would also gain
economic benefits and the Ascendancy would end as Catholics gained positions of power. The
'Catholic Rent' of one penny a month was introduced, which was paid by the Catholics to fund the
Catholic Association. This separated the Catholics and Protestants further as it alienated Protestants.
It made the Irish Catholic Church a vital part of the movement, because priests were required to
spread the message and help collect Catholic rent. The Catholic Association organised open public
meetings in which O'Connell was the speaker, who hinted that if the British Government did not
adhere to the Irish demands the

The Irish Potato Famine
Research Paper: Irish Potato Famine
"Beginning in 1845 and lasting for six years, the potato famine killed over a million men, women
and children in Ireland and caused another million to flee the country" (The History Place–
Introduction). During the 1840s many Irish citizens lived in poverty. For food, the Irish relied almost
entirely on potatoes because of their low cost and nutritional value. Then a devastating potato blight
began in Europe in 1845 and destroyed the crops every year until 1851. Due to Ireland's poor
government the citizens we not able to recover from the famine quickly.
Before the famine in the mid–1800s, "many English politicians and social reformers began to think
that Ireland was a nation in need of transformation, that it's people now needed to be yanked into the
modern world by tossing out the old Gaelic traditions" (The History Place–Before the Famine). The
English reformers wanted to end Ireland's "cycle" of poverty and misfortune because in the "1800s
poverty was thought to be caused by bad moral character" (The History Place– Before the Famine).
The English politicians and social reformers also wanted to change the laid–back lifestyle of the
Irish peasants. " They professed the virtues of hard work, thrift and self–reliance and regarded the
Irish as totally lacking in these qualities, a point of view also shared by many British officials and
politicians" (The History Place–Before the Famine).
Ireland's population doubled to over 8 million

Irish Culture in America Essay
Irish Culture in America
I. Introduction
The history of Ireland is diverse and fact is mixed with fiction. Through the years in which Ireland
had a famine, many people migrated over to the United States in order to have a better life and gain
some prosperity. When they arrived they were met with less than open arms, but rather a whole new
world of discrimination. I will be discussing the summary I have done on the discrimination of Irish
in America today, followed by my reactions, two other Irish blooded reactions, the history, identities,
and transitions, of these people of which I learned through doing this research.
II. Research Summary
The readings on Irish immigrants in America led me to understand the racism and culture ... Show
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Not all the Irish drink and the stereotype is false in many cases pertaining to Irish Americans.
Another value of the Irish is uncertainty avoidance, "which concerns the degree to which people
who feel threatened by ambiguous situations respond by avoiding them" (Martin & Nakayama,
2000, 70). This leads the Irish to "prefer to reduce rules, accept dissent, and take risks" (Martin &
Nakayama, 2000, 70). This can be supported by the massive immigration to the United States during
the Potato Famine. Many Irish took to the seas during this period, and it was a great risk for so many
to cross a sea and enter a world new to them, breaking away from the British power that controlled
their lives. This emigration also demonstrates a sense of free will, which encompasses the need for
change and to continue trying even if you fail. I noticed that the Irish are perceived as a group that
works hard for what it wants and doesn't seem to give in to the norms of society. The new vision of
Irish immigrants seems to be much healthier than that of previous generalizations. The action and
doing value, which is entangled in the values, seems to be present in the lives of Irish immigrants,
"The young Irish coming over here today are much more sophisticated, more educated, and more
ambitious " (Krim & Early, 1995, p.33). There is a definite sense of the contact hypothesis in the
Santa Clara Valley, where cultures seem to

The Identity Of Ireland : The Impact Of Irish Identity
Near the turn of the twentieth century, Ireland had a crisis of identity. In 1890, the most influential
Irish Nationalist politician and champion of home rule, Charles Stewart Parnell, was denounced by
the Catholic Church of Ireland over the Divorce Crisis, something the church saw as an immoral
affair. The issue of Parnell's morality split the Irish public's opinion on what was fundamentally
most important: Religion or State Freedom. The political progress that was made towards a freer
Ireland came to a momentary halt. Nationalists and artists alike attempted to construct a cohesive
narrative about Irish identity to bring their people together to oppose British colonial rule.
William Butler Yeats, the major Irish poet from this era, constructed Irish identity through images of
beautiful pastoral landscapes and Celtic myths. He drew upon revivalist sentiments to call citizens to
action. John Millington Synge, an influential playwright and anthropologist, based his work on the
life and language of Irish peasants to illustrate a raw image of Irish men and women. As Scott W.
Klein writes in his essay "National Histories, National Fictions: Joyce's 'A Portrait of the Artist as a
Young Man' and Scott's 'The Bride of Lammermoor,'" "The Celtic Revival attempted to produce a
new Irish culture in the absence of compelling political cohesion after the death of Parnell" (Klein
1017). The creation of essential "Irishness" was central to the goals of building a strong nation.

Irish Immigration To America Essay
Ireland in America
The United States has always been known as "The Land of Immigrants." People from all parts of the
globe have traveled to America, to be free from oppression, disease, and hunger, or simply to start a
new life. Many different people of different culture, race, and religion have made their mark and
helped to shape the American culture. One of the most influential immigration movements in
American History is the Irish Immigration. During the 18th century the Irish slowly began their
migration to America. Centuries of oppression from Protestant English rule had forced them to live
very poor lives under strict rules, in some cases having to renounce their Catholic beliefs and having
to abandon their Gaelic ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The women worked manly as servants called "Brigets," to upper class families.
In the south, mainly New Orleans, the Irish lived in the swampland, living with diseases such as
yellow fever and malaria. The Irish men were looked at as lower than slaves, as one historian puts it
"If a plantation owner loses a slave, he loses an investment, If a plantation owner loses a laborer he
can just find another" (Walt). Because of this, many were put into very dangerous jobs.
In cities such as Boston and New York, Irish immigrants were packed into slums and many still
were dying as a result of hunger and disease. The Irish were discriminated against, mainly for being
Catholics in an almost exclusively Protestant society. Many factories and employers posted signs on
their doors, "workers wanted, no Irish need apply" (Considine 5). With the low wages that the Irish
were earning (although much higher than they would receive in Ireland), one would think that the
money would all be spent on feeding and housing the worker and their family, but this was not the
case. "Through backbreaking sacrifice, they were able to send home a few shillings or pounds at a
time until a sister, a brother, a mother, father, daughter, aunt, uncle, cousin or friend had enough
money to buy the ship ticket" (Considine 46). This devotion of the Irish to their family and their
fellow countrymen is a remarkable aspect of their culture.
From the depths of

Summary Of Brian Friel's 'Translations'
The play 'Translations' is set in a Gaelic–speaking, Hedge school in Northern Ireland, 1833. Brian
Friel explores the modernization affect individuals and communities that occurred as a result of the
conquering English language. He examines how language shapes reality, whilst questioning the
assumption that any two people can share the same reality; ideas can be translated between cultures
without necessarily being altered. The play offers a parable about the fate of a parochial attitude for
those who are not familiar with Irish history. Brain Friel is considered to be "concerned with the
nuances of both personal and cultural–national identity and its relation to colonial dispossession,
issues of home, language, tradition...' (Bertha 2006, 154). Friel writes a story of how one nation lost
its language, culture and literature as a result of being conquered by another. He explores the reasons
behind this loss and the ways in which society can overcome this sense of isolation.
There is a sense of forced assimilation through the loss of the Irish language, with the reoccurring
feeling of isolation appearing to be the result. A lack of mutual understanding is present between not
only the British and Irish but also the Irish themselves, for there are common disputes about
conforming to the English language. "The native language declined, not as an outcome of British
policy so much as because an entire generation of the Irish themselves decided no longer to speak it"
(Kiberd 1995:

Urbanization Of The United States
When we take a look on our current life, we definitely will not be strange to everything surrounding
us. But what if we lived in the past and traveled to the present, we must be shocked by this great
urbanization in our city. What is urbanization? Urbanization is defined as the process by which
towns and cities are formed and become larger as more and more people begin living and working in
central areas. In Boston, the government sets up a freedom trail that reflects the history of the United
States. However, there is also a latest freedom trail that is constructed by my own, which shows how
urbanization in Boston was going step by step. The core factors indicated by this new freedom trail
are trade, immigration, education and manufacturing. Long Wharf is the first stop. It was
constructed around 1710 in downtown Boston. Why does Long Wharf play a determined role in the
development of urbanization? Going through the history, when the British colonists came to Boston,
they were seeking to find clean water for survival. They began to set up home around the
Quonehassit and then built Long Wharf. From the geographical point of view, Long Wharf was at
the mouth of several rivers extending inland, which made a naturally ideal port. At the time of the
society and even today 's society, trade is essential in the survival of the community. By looking at
trade between one colonial and another colonial, and between the New England region and the other
countries, Long Wharf

Great Potato Famine Essay
The Irish Potato Famine occurred in 1845 and had killed tons of people. Over 750,000 people had
died and more than a million had emigrated. At the time Ireland's population was only about 8
million so this famine had devastated many families. The people of Ireland at this time were so
dependent upon the potato that it was a main staple. The Irish would consume the potato with almost
every meal, and for some the potato was the only food that they were ever able to eat. The famine
was produced by a protist called Phytophthora infestans (P. Infestans), when it was introduced from
central highlands of Mexico. The potato blight originated from Mexico, and then spread to America.
Since Britain and Ireland did many trades with America there ... Show more content on
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When the winters were harsher in the 1700s the Irish would use them for food in the winter, when
all other sources of food were scarce. Thanks to Ireland's weather conditions the potato was very
easily grown and could be produced in mass amounts. By the end of the 1800s the potato was a
main staple for the Irish and they would eat the potato as part of their daily lives. Eventually, the
poor people of Ireland would rely on the potato as their only food source. The land consolidation
laws forced the farmers to grow potatoes in a tightly packed space, as you don't need much room to
grow potatoes. A lot of potatoes good fit in one acre of land and could feed a family for a long time.
Since, the potatoes were all grown in one confined space the P. Infestans had a very easy time
spreading to each potato, thus resulting in P. Infestans spreading to different fields. "The pattern of
consolidation, making larger farms from smaller farms, increased competition for land and pressure
to acquire land." (p. p12.nysed.gov) Land consolidation was making the most effective use of space
for a farm. So instead of growing the potatoes properly spaced apart, they would be all jammed
together in tighter rows. Also, not much land was available so the land that was available was fought
over my English landlords. This led to much political debate in Ireland at the time, so instead of the
politicians contributing

Irish Immigration To America
At the time where America was well into the industrial revolution, it was also entering a different
time period in our nation's history. It was the beginning of Irish Immigration. During this time,
however, the immigration census was not what it was before when people first started coming to
America. The population of immigrants was outnumbered by women. Irish women immigrated to
America to start a new life, full of opportunities. Some women, however, experienced low points in
their new found lives, while others flourished in the Americas. The potato famine was the start of it
all. Families in Ireland were starving, had contracted diseases, and were dying and having no hope
of livelihood. It did not just kill thousands of people, but it also ... Show more content on
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They were harder to come by, but more profitable in the long–run. A lot of other immigrants did not
see domestic service as the best job opportunity, however Irish women thought it as a lifestyle that
was more like the ones they had in Ireland. Meaning, they did familiar jobs that Irish women would
have done before they emigrated to the Americas. Such as: cooking and cleaning, running the
household and caring for the children. Young American women refused to do the housewife jobs
that Irish women so happily accepted. "Native–born Protestant girls in the nineteenth century found
the notion of domestic work so odious, so demeaning, so beneath their sense of self that they in fact
often took lower paid jobs in the mills and in factories and even willingly accepted less as a
seamstress and needle women rather than humiliate themselves in someone else's home."(Diner 81)
Irish women were not afraid to do any kind of work that was unwanted by others, they did it for
money that will make their loves more prosperous. The women had a much easier time finding work
than Irish men, because Americans had a desperate need for any kind of house help, or

Irish Famine Essay
The Irish Potato Famine was a period of starvation, disease and emigration, and was known as one
of the biggest tragedies from 1845 to 1847. Many people depended on potato crops to survive;
however [comma] the potato crops acquired blight, a disease that caused the potatoes to rot while
still in the ground. No good crops could be grown for two years [comma] causing Irish tenant
farmers unable to pay rent and was forced off their land causing over 21,000 people to die of
starvation. The Irish Potato Famine caused many people to leave Ireland to seek work overseas in
areas such as England and America. The Irish Potato Famine had a big impact on the history and the
economy of Ireland.
The Irish Potato Famine caused great losses and created ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In 1841 to 1850, the loss of potatoes caused about 1.3 million people to emigrate overseas, 70%
went to the U.S.A., 28% went to Canada, and 2% went to Australia. During the emigration of
Ireland many people had to pay for their own fares to emigrate to the U.S.A., Canada, and Australia.
The Fares that were paid for emigration by landlords were only about 3% and these people were
usually sent to Canada because these were the cheapest fares, and they were usually sent overseas
on coffin ships. To emigrate to the U.S.A was a little more expensive, usually the ones that could
afford to pay a little more to emigrate went to the U.S.A. to seek work. Irish immigrant labor in
America consisted of unskilled factory workers, which also included children; and Irish males
provided much of the labor to construct railroads. Many Irish women could speak English, helping
women get jobs as servants in the homes of wealthy second and third generation Americans. In the
1800's The Irish Potato Famine caused many to die of starvation forcing others to emigrate, leaving
about 5 million people in Ireland; in 1845 about 8.2 million, and in 1851 about 6.2 million.
Presently there are about 5 million people residing in Ireland and another estimated 20 million Irish
scattered throughout the world.
In Ireland some of the Irish could not pay rent to their landlord because of the terrible tragedy of the

The Rise of Irish Nationalism in the Nineteenth Century Essay
Discuss the significance of the political developments within revolutionary and constitutional Irish
nationalism from the period 1798 to 1867
Word count 1592
The nineteenth century was a revolutionary and constitutional period in Irelands history, that
somewhat shaped the Ireland that we live in today. This essay will explore the political
developments, within revolutionary and constitutional Irish nationalism in the period 1798 to 1867.
The late eighteenth century marked the beginning of what was to map Ireland's future through the
nineteenth century and to the present day. Ireland at this time was a deeply divided society.
Catholic's and Presbyterians made up eighty five percent of the population, yet they had no power
what so ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Ulster Protestants now came to regard the union as the essential basis for their prosperity. (Beckett
1981).
The first threat of nationalism after the union came in the form of an uprising by Robert Emmet.
Emmet had a poorly armed army and almost certainly knew that chances of success were faint. But
his rebellion was not about success. It was to remind everyone that 1798 was not forgotten and he
wanted to spur on the rebels in their quest against the British. Emmet was evidently captured and
sentenced to death. He did however have one small victory in his final speech. He requested that 'no
man write his epitaph until his county be free'. This speech had long lasting historical value,
motivating republicans and nationalist movements from then to the present day.
Daniel O'Connell became a great political influence in Ireland during the 1820's. He had a
significant effect on the political landscape in fighting for the rights of Catholics. He brought the
grievances of Catholic's to the forefront of constitutional Irish nationalism. The creation of Catholic
rent and linking politics with religion made great strides in his campaign for Catholic Emancipation.
O'Connell had always said that emancipation was only the first stage in his programme and that
repeal of the union was his ultimate goal. He didn't believe in the rebellions that went before him.
He always felt it was best to assert themselves politically rather than use

History Of Irish Immigration To America
Immigration of Irish to America
Out of all the topics we have discussed these last five weeks, I have to say the history of the Irish
coming to America is the one that I can relate to most for many reasons. One I am an immigrant
who came from Central America for the same reasons the Irish came and two I know what it is like
to live in a country where hunger for my family was pretty much every single day. The Irish came
with a dream at a time when America was being built. I have learned about so many injustices
against the Irish. Labor abuse was horrible, but I also know that it was better maybe then what was
happening in Ireland with the prosecution of their religion. With the lack of food due to the potato
famine. With the hourly deaths

Irish History: The Fenian Brotherhood
A large part of Irish history revolves around Ireland's long and bloody fight for independence from
Great Britain. However, what many people do not know about this conflict is that it did not only
play out in these two countries, but was carried over to North America during the 19th century by
the Fenian Brotherhood. During that time many Irish people doubted a rebellion in their own
country could be successful, because the British military proved to be too strong and unwavering.
The Fenian Brotherhood approached the problem from a different side by attacking British colonies
in Canada in order to pressure Great Britain into releasing its claim on Ireland. These attacks were
called the Fenian raids on Canada and occurred between 1866 and 1871. ... Show more content on
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At that point the American government had started taking actions against the Fenians, but on June 7,
1866 General Samuel Spiers still managed to march into Canadian territory with 1,000 men.
However, when Canadian forces approached, the Fenians, who were low on ammunition and
supplies, promptly surrendered, marking the end of the 1866 raids. In 1870, Samuel Spiers
attempted another raid on the same region, which ended in the Battle of Eccles Hill, where he was
utterly defeated again. A fifth and last raid was started a year later, in 1871, by John O'Neill who
tried to invade Manitoba near Winnipeg with about 35 men, but they did not even manage to move
outside US territory and failed

The Scots-Irish People
The Scots–Irish people are one of the most fascinating groups to grace the shores of North America.
Natives of two different countries and always along the borders, these people were fiercely
independent and accustomed to hardship. Protestants who lived along the border of Scotland and
England, they were sent to Ulster during the reign of James I of England. Within a couple of
generations, rising rent costs, difficulty with the native Irish Catholic population and poor crops set
the Scots–Irish on the path towards North America. When they first arrived in the colonies, they
were simply Irish. It wasn't until the Catholic Irish began to arrive after the potato famine that the
term Scotch–Irish came into use to differentiate between the two

How To Write An Essay On Irish Travellers By Gmelch
Imagine a life of travelling the countryside, going wherever you wish in a canvas topped caravan
pulled by your loyal horses. This is and was the life of the Irish population known as Travellers. In
their book Irish Travellers, sociologists Sharon Gmelch and George Gmelch record their
observations of one of the least studied ethnic groups today. In their research, they learn a about the
benefits and hardships of a life on the road, the prejudice from settled folk, and the unique struggles
of adjusting to stationary life under forced government housing. This book shows the unique and
deeply personal experiences of Travellers, allowing them to speak for themselves with meticulously
documented interviews, in addition to seeing high quality photographs ... Show more content on
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Between the two of them, they have written twenty–one books on various cultures and ethnic
groups. At the University of San Francisco, they teach several classes on women's and cultural
studies in addition to anthropology. Their research of Irish Travellers was made into an acclaimed
documentary called Unsettled – From Tinkers to Travellers. They first traveled to Ireland to study
Travelers in the 1970s. After their first trip, their second trip in 2011 would seek to answer "[h]ow
has settlement changed Traveller's lives and their understanding of who they are? How do different
generations of Travellers make sense of it all?" (Gmelch 7). These questions were motivated by the
recent change in Ireland of "Ireland [joining] the European Economic Community... which boosted
the country's economy," with the side effect "that Travellers in Ireland were no longer nomads...the
vast majority live in houses" (Gmelch 7). This represented a major change for the Travellers, who
had likely been a nomadic people throughout the majority of Irish history. With these questions in
mind, Mr. and Mrs. Gmelch set out to do their

History Of The Irish Famine
The United States had a huge impact on Ireland. It can be stated that it started off with the Americas
shipping potatoes up to Ireland. The Irish became dependent on the spud as there were many
available and the variation in meals you can prepare with them. One can boil them, mash them, or
stick them in a stew along with many other delicacies. By 1845, 40 percent of the country's
population routinely lived almost entirely on potatoes.
Along came Ireland's great famine between 1845 and 1952. This famine not only killed through
starvation, but also with terrible illnesses and bone deterioration. These diseases included, but were
not limited to, typhus, scurvy, syphilis, osteomyelitis, tuberculosis, and rickets. These people were
not getting

Background to Irish Nationalist Movement Nineteenth...
Background to Irish Nationalist Movement Nineteenth Century
Since the application of the Act of Union at the turn of the nineteenth century until 1923 the whole
of Ireland was an integral part of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. For a vast
majority of this period Ireland was rule by Parliament in Westminster. According to Allen and
Unwin the Irish Question was the greatest problem facing the British government in the late
ninetieth and early twentieth century, yet the nature of the problem of Ireland meant that it was
almost an impossible political issue to resolve as, no one solution would satisfy both the British
electorate and the Irish population. Prior to the Irish War of Independence there had been mounting
tensions ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
De Beaumont highlighted how the poverty in the country was exasperated by tough British rulw,
'Today the Irishman enjoys neither the freedom of the savage nor the bread of servitude.' (Allen&
Unwin, 43) Even the official Report of the Commission ordered by Prime Minister Robert Peel to
establish the root of the difficulties facing the agricultural sector in Ireland highlighted the extent at
which the working people were suffering at the hand of poverty more than any other labourers in
Europe. (Allen & Unwin 44) 'The reluctance and disgust with which Thomas Carlye regarded
Ireland was characteristic of educated English opinion in 1849 as it would have been
uncharacteristic in the first half of the decade' (Lengal, 97) Prior to the famine the British public
looked upon Ireland as a nation with similar aspirations as themselves, although undeniably poverty
stricken, the British felt that under union Ireland was experiencing vast moral and economic
improvements and that as a state it could be utilised to demonstrate new liberal ideas.
Famine
The nineteenth century saw lots of hardships for the Irish nation. Throughout the period of 1845–
1852 a famine struck Ireland and destroyed a significant proportion

Booming Agriculture: Mesopotamia, Gold Rush, and Potato Plant
The historical land of Mesopotamia significantly contributed to early civilization in relation to its
close proximity to the Tigris and Euphrates rivers and rich fertile land it provided. The rivers offered
the people of Mesopotamia fertile soil, irrigation water for crops and fishing, and also supplied an
abundance of wild barley and wheat for food or could stored as a food supply. The first settlers of
Mesopotamia learned to cultivate and harvest crops, which would provide a bountiful supply for
food. This enabled the people to settle and create villages, which eventually led to larger
communities and cities. People no longer had to move throughout the land hunting animals in order
to feed but instead could live off the land and in ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Though many centuries have past and the people of Mesopotamia are long gone, the civilized world
continues to build from the adaptation of their systematical way of life. B. The Potato plant can be
traced back many centuries and is thought to have originated in South Americas. The Incas in Peru
were the first known to farm the potato. The Incas had learned to preserve the potato for storage by
dehydrating and mashing potatoes into a substance called chuñu. Chuñu could be stored in a room
for up to 10 years, providing excellent insurance against possible crop failures. (Chapman, n.d.). The
popularity of this plant may be related to its relatively low maintenance in planted and growing. It
also provides a good source of nutrition. The seeds or tubers of the potato plant are easily planted
and or can be stored for use at another time. This provided farmers the ease or regrowth when
potatoes supplies would begin to diminish. There are thousands of varieties of potatoes, which today
can be found all across the world. In the 16th century, the Spanish Conquistadors brought the Potato
back with them to Spain after their voyage to South America. In Spain it grew slowly in popularity
and it was not long before the Potato made its way across Europe. Europeans also gradually gained
acceptance of the Potato plant, as it was a good source of food and growing the plant was relatively
low maintenance. As Potatoes spread across Europe, they eventually made their way

Editorial: Ireland’s Past? Essay
Editorial: Ireland's past?
The popular cliché about the island of Ireland being a place that the flow of time has left beyond is
endorsed by a variety of perspectives. Emigration has made such a huge impact on Irish history that
the Irish diaspora and its descendants far outnumbered the inhabitants of the Ireland of Ireland itself,
and many of those outside Ireland who claim Irish descent remain emotionally attached to a
conception of the "old country," whose image in their minds is strongly associated with the distant
experiences of their ancestors. The Irish tourist industry, conscious of the lucrative market linked to
such conceptions, has repeatedly packaged the country as characterised by a slower, almost pre–
modern pace of life, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Its recent experience of rapid economic growth (the so–called "Celtic tiger" economy), has
facilitated the representation of its people as enterprising, at the cutting edge of technology and
artistically creative.[5] In stereotype, Irish people have long been depicted as a people characterised
by bouts of Bacchanalian hedonism, often lubricated by the consumption of alcohol, and this too
may be conducive to the exciting image of a free, untethered people. The Irish Republic's recent
strong commitment to a closer European union has led some commentators to see the country as a
society able to embrace a new post–national era without the historical hang–ups of more established
European powers, not least its neighbour, the United Kingdom.[6] The contrast has been emphasized
in recent times by the Irish economy's catching up to and outstripping of the UK's per capita Gross
Domestic Product.[7] Finally, in recent years, with the vaunted peace process, Ireland has been seen
as a society able to achieve an allegedly breathtaking transcendence of historically entrenched
animosities.[8]
To those of us who live outside of Ireland, the Ireland of our imaginations is in many cases a
pastiche of such contradictory images. The existence of such contradictions suggests however that
such stereotypes do not always have even the bare grounding in reality that lazy adherents assume
they must have. Ireland is in fact, like many societies, a delicate blend of old and new.

Analysis Of The Mccord Museum Of Canadian History
Canada is a multicultural nation whose population was vastly built through the immigration of
peoples from around the world. The McCord Museum of Canadian History explores Canada's
multiculturalism through several exhibits. The museum was brought to life by David Ross McCord
who wished to "shed light on the history and cultures of his country and thus bring its people
together." The Museum features several exhibits which are physically available at the museum, and
some of which are available online. One of the online exhibits entitled Being Irish O'Quebec
explores the impact in which Irish culture has had on the province of Quebec from past to present.
Many years ago, Irish people departed from their home country to escape difficult times and find a
bright future in Canada. Many of the Irish immigrants settled into the colony of New France, which
is now known as the Canadian province Quebec. The Being Irish O'Quebec Exhibit at McCord
Museum pushes the idea that the Irish are one of the most significant ethnic groups in Quebec, both
in the way of numbers and historical impact. The Exhibit depicts Irish immigration to Quebec using
artifacts and images. These artifacts and images as well as the information that comes along with
them demonstrate the struggles and successes of the Irish peoples at this time. The Being Irish
O'Quebec Exhibit's main argument is that the Irish had a major contribution to Quebec's identity as a
province. The Exhibit claims that the Irish are

19th Century Ireland Research Paper
Ireland is a country that is known for it's strong Irish heritage. Ireland struggled to become
independent from Britain. When Ireland was controlled by the queen it was taken advantage of
unfairly. Britain demanded exports from Ireland as a part of the unfair sanctions imposed on them.
Ireland had to obtain a specific amount of abundant resources to keep the British homeland both
secure and well. Ireland was fed up with European dependence upon them but they could do nothing
about this because of lack of strength against their controller of the time, Britain (Braa 2). One thing
that most countries relied on that the Irish supplied was the Potato as it was vitamin rich and
inexpensive compared to other food, so when a famine of the crop came ... Show more content on
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In 1798, 100,000 Irish revolted in an attempt to end all British rule was brutally crushed by the
opposition. As a result of this, two years later Britain introduced the British Act of Union in which
Ireland was a part of the United Kingdom Penal laws against the Catholic Irish lay law from 1695
all the way until 1829 in where Ireland emancipated itself but because of the Irish lay low tactics,
this was not the biggest of deals at the time. "by the mid–1800s, many high–minded English
politicians and social reformers began to think that Ireland was a nation in need of transformation,
that its people now needed to be yanked into the modern world by tossing out the old Gaelic
traditions." Many at the time thought of Ireland being old fashioned and needed modernizing.
English protestants were fed up with Irish "dawdling" doing essentially "no work". With such a
bountiful amount of crops in before years of the famine (1820–1835), Irish society grew to an
astonishing 8 million citizens and growing. With the increase in people, Britain passed The Act of
Union, greedily taking most of Ireland's profits. Even though free trade was allowed between the
two nations and tensions were at a low, Britain used Ireland as a sort of waste land for its surplus of
resources. When industrialization began to play a huge factor in British success, it ended famous
Irish linen and wool services putting many out of work. When the British conducted the "Poor
Enquiry" survey in 1835, it concluded up to 75% of Irish were out of work and this needed to
change. Under intense pressure from English Reformists, the British government enacted the Poor
Law Act of 1838 in which Ireland was subsided into 130 unions (essentially counties) in which there
was a board of director for each with tax payers, government officials, and the hard working class
(men, women and children

Irish Immigration To Chicago Essay
The history of Irish in Chicago follows a similar pattern to one alike the Irish in other American
cities where they settled in large numbers. Many early immigrants created a visible Irish community
which was sustained by many different key structures, this community stayed relatively together
into the early–twentieth century. After that, many of the descended Irish immigrants gradually began
to mold into a more general Catholic American subgroup, though a smaller core of very ethnic Irish
still remain to this time. The early irish immigrants in Chicago had an immense effect on Social,
economic, Religious and political factors in Chicago.
In the 1830s and 1840s, the growth of Irish immigration occurred with significant numbers of Irish
coming to Chicago. Due to the Great Famine in ireland, the number of Irish coming to Chicago
grew exponentially. In the 1850's, Irish immigrants were responsible for about one–fifth of Chicagos
population. Though the number of Irish immigrants in Chicago kept on increasing and getting larger
until the end of the century, the percentage of the Irish in the city's ... Show more content on
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They would take the poorly paying jobs that required little skill such as jobs in brickyards,
meatpacking plants, etc. They would settle in the neighborhoods with less money, like Bridgeport on
the South Side or Kilglubbin on the North. It was in one such neighborhood on the South Side of
Chicago where the Great Chicago Fire of 1871 started in the barn of 2 Irish immigrants, Patrick and
Catherine O'Leary. The economic status of the Irish Immigrants improved as time passed. The
newer generations of the Irish seems to be better off than their parents economically and
educationally. At the end of the century, the Irish in chicago were still very much a part of the
working class and much of them still lived in

Taking Ireland For The Irish Essay
Another cause common to both groups of nationalists was "getting Ireland for the Irish", as
O'Connell said during his efforts for Repeal, or ensuring that the Irish people had control of their
own affairs. This might not seem like a major problem today, but at that point, Ireland was being
governed from another country that many felt didn't have their best interests at heart. William Ewart
Gladstone, the British Prime Minister in 1886, brought up this issue when introducing the first
Home Rule bill to the House of Commons. Because the law came to Ireland "with a foreign aspect,
and in a foreign garb", it didn't feel to the people to be truly Irish law or coming from their needs.
Because of this, even legislation with good intentions were met with distrust and displeasure. He
argued that sometimes it wasn't enough that the laws were good; they needed to come from the right
source as well. There were, however, points to be left to the Crown, including imperial affairs, the
armed forces, and foreign relations. They also shouldn't pass a law favoring one religion over
another. The Home Rule Conference agreed on these points, asking only for control over domestic
affairs to be placed in the hands of an Irish Parliament. They also agreed in the belief that increasing
Irish autonomy would strengthen and honor the Crown rather than weakening or degrading it.
An Irish government was also a goal of the revolutionary nationalists, though they supported a
different form, which will be

The Irish Easter Rebellion 1916 Essay
The 1916 Irish Easter Uprising
Ever since the occupation of Ireland by the English began in 1169, Irish patriots have fought back
against British rule, and the many Irish rebellions and civil wars had always been defeated. To quash
further rebellion, the Act of Union was imposed in 1800, tying Ireland to the United Kingdom of
England, Ireland, Scotland and Wales. Laws discriminating against Catholics and the handling of the
Irish Potato Famine of 1845–50 led to increased tension and the proposal of introducing Home Rule
gained support.
In 1913 there was a general strike of workers in Dublin led by James Connolly of the Irish Transport
and General Workers Union (I.T.G.W.U.). This action was followed by the 1913 Lock–Out during
which ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
...they have left us our Fenian dead, and while Ireland holds these graves, Ireland unfree shall never
be at peace.
It was a call for a blood sacrifice in order to free Ireland from British rule. In organising an uprising,
the funeral was proof that the Volunteers could organise when secretly directed by the I.R.B. and on
St. Patrick's Day (17th March), Connolly took his Citizen Army on a tour of key Dublin sites which
could be used as strategic strongholds during an uprising.
However, there were many difficulties in organising and executing such a rebellion and one thing
the rebels needed were weapons. Sir Roger Casement had organised for a shipment of as many as
200,000 rifles to be smuggled into Ireland on a "neutral" German freighter, the Aud. But when
Casement arrived in Ireland on a German submarine he was arrested immediately and the freighter
was intercepted by the Royal Navy and scuttled itself. Another attempt was made to gain large
quantities of arms and ammunition during the actual uprising from the arsenal at Phoenix Park
known as Magazine Fort. However this was not very successful and the rebels seized only a few
rifles.
Throughout the organisation of the rebellion, Eoin MacNeill, leader of the minority Volunteers had
to be kept in the dark about the I.R.B.'s plans because he believed that his Irish Volunteers should
only rise in arms if a British

What I Learned From Class
Last year I came across a shocking discovery. One that made me question my ethnic background as
a whole. My biological father told me that he is originally from Ireland and at the age of 9 he moved
to America. When my dad lived in Ireland he lived with my grandparents eventually his mother
moved to America; after the divorce. Since his father was unable to take care of him he was put in
an orphanage, since they had no knowledge on where his mother was. Eventually, after 4 years he
was adopted by my grandmother who lived in Brooklyn, New York. My grandparents were on
vacation in Ireland when they met my father visiting an orphanage and decided to adopt him.
However, my father told me about Ireland and how the lifestyle he was custom to in Ireland is
completely different from the lifestyle he had to grow accustom to in America. Some of the stories I
was able to draw a comparison with to what we learned from class. The first story I was told is that
he was not the only child in the orphanage moving to America from Ireland. There was a group of
eight that flew together and escaped the lonely life of being by themselves. Shortly after moving to
Brooklyn, New York, my father started to attend public school and mentioned how public schools
were completely different than the schools he attended in Ireland. After doing research I found out
that in the 1980s schools in Ireland were receiving a large amount of funds from the government
(Carone 5). However, Ireland's school system into

The Call for the Gaelic League Essay
The Call for the Gaelic League
What would the United States be like if Americans couldn't practice their customs, culture, or even
appreciate their heritage? Granted the United States is a "melting pot" for several ethnicities, but
some native countries and cultures have faced this type of dilemma. The Spanish influence on the
Aztecs and the English on Native Americans are two examples of this imperialistic move. If only
these cultures had a strong network of men and women who devoted their lives towards keeping
their culture and history alive for future generations. The Gaelic League was based upon this
definition. Bringing together a network of Irish speaking teachers, priests, and writers, the Gaelic
League taught thousands the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The congestion led to the activation of the Irish Poor laws in 1838 by Great Britain's Queen Victoria.
These laws were enforced in an attempt to promote emigration to areas like the United States and
Australia. All the outcomes of the Famine were not necessarily negative. One such incentive was
modernization. According to Garvin, "Ireland has been a modernizing society since the Famine, and
the tragedy of the Famine was itself the occasion of a great modernizing change" (469). The demand
for an institution of education was in order.
To answer the demand would eventually lead to, "The Gaelic League, the dominant institution of the
third revival," (Hutchinson 484) with the second revival being the Irish Protestant/ Catholic
liberation of 1829. With the loss of so many people, religion became a large part of the community.
Such a devastating event left the Irish vulnerable to outside influences, especially the British. A
powerful nation could easily push its culture, society, and government on a weak country like
Ireland in the mid to late 1800s. To counter the British, religion took on a stronghold on Irish living.
The Catholic Church, through the work of dedicated priests throughout the southern regions of
Ireland, grew in popularity and even united small rural towns. This action rebuilt trust in
communities and aided the most devastated of areas. The major Christian groups, Irish Protestants
and Catholics, would be among the

The Causes Of The Easter Rising
The nativist social and cultural revival preached antagonism towards the social and cultural forms of
Great Britain. In this way, the Irish language and literary movement can be seen to have not only
encouraged Irish nationalism and separatism, but also fed the flames of Anglophobia which can thus
be interpreted as a catalyst in inspiring the imaginations for those who later led the 1916 Easter
Rising. The revival of Irish language and literature had a notable effect on the course of Irish politics
leading up to partition. It ultimately brought forth a keener understanding of Ireland's culture,
traditions, history and grievances, and romanticised Irish traditions separate to those of a greater
Britain. Moreover, it enabled Ireland's demand for more freedom to gain increasing empathy
throughout the world. It was public opinion that converted British politicians to the view that at least
some measure of independence to Ireland should be given.
Much of the Irish nationalistic traditions romanticize the heroism of failed attempts by outgunned
individuals to overcome the powerful British state. While there had historically been numerous
armed rebellions against the British, the development of formal paramilitary organisations in the
years leading to partition was an anomaly, and one driven by a resort to arms by the unionists. A
nationalist secret society, the Irish Republican Brotherhood (IRB), was formed in 1858. Known
popularly as "the Fenians", this group carried out a

Irish Song History
Irish songs not only reflect Irish history, but take record of it. Whether it is a rough new beginning or
a gruesome battle being recorded, care is always given to portray the emotions of the event. Though
the music varies in instrumentation and complexity, the purpose is always served. For example, the
song titled The Digger's Song or The World Turned Upside tells the story of the English civil war. A
group of sharecroppers was trying to reclaim the land and use it as a common land to feed and house
all, not believing that land could be considered property. This plan was destroyed by the self–
involved royalty and landowners. The people continued to rebel and eventually their homes and
crops for their families were destroyed. Other examples

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