Exothermic Reactions

Exothermic Reactions
Introduction: There are five types of chemical reactions that can occur; synthesis (A+B=C),
decomposition(C=A+B), single replacement (A+BC=B+AC), double replacement
(AB+CD=AD+CB) , and combustion. A combustion reaction consists of a hydrocarbon plus oxygen
gas which yields carbon dioxide and water (CxHx +O2=CO2+H2O). Another characteristic that can
distinguish between types of reactions is whether they are endothermic or exothermic. Exothermic is
a process that releases heat due to the surroundings being a lower temperature than the
object.Endothermic on the other hand, absorbs energy through heat from its surroundings, the object
is at a cooler temperature. Some commonly known processes that are endothermic are sublimation
and evaporation . Some examples of exothermic ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Condensation is the change from a gas to a liquid. For a gas to become a liquid the particles must
lose energy and come closer together. The particles will slow down and eventually become a liquid.
This is an exothermic change because the particles lose energy
Aerobic respiration happens inside our body everyday, just like other chemical reactions. Aerobic
means "with air" meaning that this type of respiration needs oxygen for it to occur so it is called
aerobic respiration. Aerobic respiration is the process most living things undergo to use food energy.
Aerobic respiration takes place in the cytoplasm, the inner cell space. Cells break down food in the
mitochondria which then produces 36 ATP. The first step is glycolysis, the second is the formation
of acetyl coenzyme A, then the citric acid cycle, and the fourth is the Electron transport system. In
the process of Glycolysis, a six–carbon glucose molecule is converted into two, 3–carbon molecules
of pyruvate. This process occurs in the cytoplasm. 2 molecules of ATP are consumed in order to
begin this process, while four molecules of ATP and 2 molecules of NADH are
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...

Organic Reaction Lab
INTRODUCTION In this experiment, we have determined the equilibrium concentrations of
products and reactants in several organic reactions, involving acetic acid, methanol, methyl acetate,
and water. The acid and alcohol react to form an ester and water, and the ester hydrolyzes to produce
the acid and alcohol3. These reactions continue in the forward and reverse directions until
equilibrium is achieved. The equilibrium constant, K, is a measure of the relation of the activities
between products and reactants in a reaction, in which the chemical potential of the forward reaction
is equal to that of the reverse reaction. This value may be used to determine the expected yield of
products in a reaction with different concentrations of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In pure solids and liquids, the free energy doesn't change from their standard values, so their
activities are considered to be "1". Although the greatest accuracy in calculating the equilibrium
constant may be achieved by measuring the activities of materials used in a reaction, it may be
approximated closely in most reaction mixtures by the use of their concentrations, which is what
was used in our calculations. In the reactions studied, equilibrium is often reached quite slowly, and
so a catalyst (HCl) was used to increase the reaction rate. This acid was present in high enough
concentrations to affect the value of the equilibrium constant of the total reaction, but its effects
were consistent enough between reactions that the approximate value of the equilibrium constants
are still valid.
MATERIALS AND METHODS Safety goggles are to be worn at all times when performing this
experiment. The experiment requires a burette; 5–mL pipette; 2–mL pipette; 1–mL pipette; fourteen
50–ml glass–stoppered bottles; 0.5 N sodium hydroxide; phenolphthalein, methyl acetate,
concentrated HCl, glacial acetic acid, and absolute methanol. Six solution of 3N HCl were prepared,
and mixed with methyl acetate and the other materials in varying proportions. A seventh solution
had equal amounts of 3N HCl and water. All solutions were allowed to react in a warm location for a
week, with occasional shaking. The number of moles of the

Chemical Reactions And The Chemical Reaction
Introduction
Chemistry is a branch of science commonly defined as "the study of the structure, properties, and
reactions of the chemical elements and the compounds they form" (The American Heritage Science
Dictionary, 2002). This definition is very general and covers a range of study areas, including those
that are an asset to society. Chemical reactions are studied by many chemists as they common
occurrences in everyday life (Stewart, 2014). Without chemical reactions people would be unable to
perform simple tasks that are essential for quality of life and even life itself, such as cooking,
lighting a match and breathing (Helmenstine, 2015). A chemical reaction occurs when a chemical
change takes place, producing new substances. However, all chemical reactions are different and
vary greatly in the time it takes for them to occur (Chem4kids.com, 2015).
A Reaction rate is the speed it takes for a chemical reaction to occur. That is, how fast a reactant is
used up or a product is formed (BBC, 2014). Rates of reaction are essential in important tasks such
are medicine administration and it is therefore crucial for scientists to understand how they work
and what affects them (Lofts, 2012). The mechanics of reaction rates is based around the theory of
collision, proposed by Max Trautz and William Lewis in the early 1900's. The theory suggests that
reactant particles must collide for a chemical reaction to occur, the more collisions that occur, the
faster the reaction rate will

Displacement Reactions And The Single Displacement Reaction
Introduction
There are two types of displacement reactions : One type is called the single displacement reaction,
the other is called the double displacement reaction. During a single displacement reaction, an
element substitutes another element in a compound, creating a new element and a new compound as
products. In most single displacement reactions, either a metal replaces another metal, or a non–
metal replaces another non–metal. The more reactive element takes the place of the less reactive
element in the compound, otherwise the reaction will not occur. The general chemical equations of
single displacement can be: A (metal) + BC → AC + B,
A (non–metal) + BC → BA + C. Double displacement reaction is a chemical reaction, where the
positive ions of two different chemical compounds exchange and produce two new compounds. The
products may contain a precipitate. The general chemical equation of double displacement is: AB+
CD → AD + CB
The purpose of the lab is to observe the reactants and the products of three chemical reactions and
determine which type of reaction occurs in each chemical reaction.
The solubility tables can be used to help better determine the reaction types. The solubility tables
refer to the solubility of ionic compounds in water. By using the solubility tables, we can know
whether a compound is soluble or insoluble.
Materials and Methods
See Inquiry Investigation 5–C, pp. 211–212 (
Test Tube Reactants Description of reactions Description of Products

Chemical Reaction Of Chemical Reactions
Introduction:
A chemical reaction is the process of rearranging the atoms in reactants to create new and unique
substances known as products (3). Substances are either a chemical element or compound, which
cannot be broken down into simpler substances by normal chemical procedure (3). Reactants are
substances that undergo specific changes in the process of a reaction while products are the final
product of the reactants when the chemical reaction is completed. In a chemical reaction the least
amount of energy needed is known as activation energy. Activation energy is the amount of energy
required for a chemical reaction to undergo its operation (6). In mathematical expressions or
equations the letter E is depicted as activation energy ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
For example, when coffee is boiled the taste becomes bitter.
There are six different types of chemical reactions, synthesis, combustion, decomposition, single
displacement, double displacement and acid base. The synthesizing of a reactant, also known as a
synthesis chemical reaction, is when a new chemical compound is being created into a more
complex form than what it was before.
B + E + N –––> BEN
A combustion chemical reaction is when oxygen or O is joined with a different compound in order
to form water and carbon dioxide. Combustion reactions release and produce heat meaning it is
exothermic. Decomposition reactions are the reverse or complete opposite of a synthesis reaction. In
a decomposition reaction a complex molecule is broken down into simpler forms. (9)
BEN –––> B + E +N
A single displacement reaction is when substances flip flop with one another in a compound. The
key to single displacement reactions is the movement of electrons from one element to another.
Elections are negativity charged particles and particles make up atoms. (9)
E + BN –––> EN + B
A double displacement reaction is when anions, a negativity charged ion, and cations, ions which
contain more protons giving them a positive charge, of two separate molecules switch places
creating two new sets of unique compounds. (9)
JA + CK –––> JK + AC
Finally the last type of chemical reaction is an acid base reaction. An acid

Chemical Reactions. . A Chemical Reaction Is A “Chemical
Chemical Reactions
A chemical reaction is a "chemical change that occur when chemical bonds between atoms are
formed or broken." The substance that goes into a chemical reaction is the reactant, and the
substances produced produced at the end of the reaction are known as products. Chemical reactions
are all around us constantly occurring, anything from a candle burning to the rusting on a fence are
examples of a chemical reaction. Chemical reactions can be noticed by Chemical Change some
example of chemical change are change in temperature, change in color, bubbles, precipitate, light,
and odor.
Chemical reactions such as combustion or fire, fermentation and the reduction of ores to create ...
Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Compounds are formed by combination of atoms in simple ratios to give compound atoms." The
theory was the basis of modern chemistry Dalton's theory provided a basis for understanding the
results of earlier experimentalists, including the The Law for Conservation of Matter and the Law of
Constant Composition, which stated all samples of a substance have identical elemental
compositions. These theory's and experiments defined the concept of chemical reactions.
Thousands of known chemical reactions occur in living things, in industrial processes and in
laboratories. To more easily predict the outcome of chemical reactions a basic system of
classification was put in place for chemical reactions. The system categorized the reactions into five
different groups Synthesis, Decomposition, Single–Replacement Reaction, Double–Replacement,
and Combustion reactions.
When scientists are creating new compounds from other substances, chemists say they are
synthesizing a new material. A synthesis reaction is a reaction where two or more elements or
compounds combine to from one compound. This reaction type fallows this general form A + B =
AB
Where A and B can be either compounds or elements. For example 2Na + Cl = 2NaCl
These reactions are

Chemical Reactions And Chemical Reaction Types Essay
Abstract
This paper is about chemical reactions and chemical reaction types. All the data gathered was from
conducting multiple experiments. Each experiment was performed carefully and analyzed to obtain
the necessary information for the paper. That information included the four signs of a chemical
change, the rnx type, and more.
Introduction
A chemical reaction is a process in which elements or compounds react with one another to create
new or different substances. There are two parts to a reaction. Those two parts are the products and
the reactants. The reactants are the chemicals or chemical compounds that are going through the
reaction itself. The products are chemical elements or chemical compounds that are produced as a
result of the reactant or reactants reacting. There are four key indications that there's a chemical
reaction is taking place. Those four signs include a change in color and/or odor, formation of a
precipitate or a gas, the release or absorption of energy (light, heat, electricity), and if the reaction is
irreversible. Along with this information, there are ways to predict the products of a reaction.
When dealing with chemical reaction there are equations called chemical equations. Chemical
equations give the reactants and products of a chemical reaction. When given just the reactants of an
equation, you can predict the products by balancing each side of the equation. The products and
reactions are separated by an rnx arrow

Chemical Reaction : Chemical Reactions
Chemical Reactions
A chemical reaction is a "chemical change that occur when chemical bonds between atoms are
formed or broken." The substance that goes into a chemical reaction is the reactant, and the
substances produced produced at the end of the reaction are known as products. Chemical reactions
are all around us constantly occurring, anything from a candle burning to the rusting on a fence are
examples of a chemical reaction. Chemical reactions can be noticed by Chemical Change some
example of chemical change are change in temperature, change in color, bubbles, precipitate, light,
and odor.
Chemical reactions such as combustion or fire, fermentation and the reduction of ores to create ...
Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Compounds are formed by combination of atoms in simple ratios to give compound atoms." The
theory was the basis of modern chemistry Dalton's theory provided a basis for understanding the
results of earlier experimentalists, including the The Law for Conservation of Matter and the Law of
Constant Composition, which stated all samples of a substance have identical elemental
compositions. These theory's and experiments defined the concept of chemical reactions.
Thousands of known chemical reactions occur in living things, in industrial processes and in
laboratories. To more easily predict the outcome of chemical reactions a basic system of
classification was put in place for chemical reactions. The system categorized the reactions into five
different groups Synthesis, Decomposition, Single–Replacement Reaction, Double–Replacement,
and Combustion reactions.
When scientists are creating new compounds from other substances, chemists say they are
synthesizing a new material. A synthesis reaction is a reaction where two or more elements or
compounds combine to from one compound. This reaction type fallows this general form A + B =
AB
Where A and B can be either compounds or elements. For example 2Na + Cl = 2NaCl
These reactions are

Chemical Reactions
Every chemical reaction that exists is one of two things, endothermic or exothermic. The Greek root
therm means temperature or heat, which tells us that there is energy exchange! Endo means within
while exo means outside, so these types of reactions are the opposite. Endothermic reactions are
those which absorb heat during the reaction. They take in more energy than they give off, which
leaves the surroundings cooler than the starting point. Evaporation of water by sunlight is a great
example. The sun and the liquid water combine and the water absorbs energy and eventually
becomes as gas. Exothermic reactions are exactly the opposite. While they take some energy to get
going, called the activation energy of reaction, these reactions give off heat during ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
Fire made by wood, photosynthesis, aerobic cellular respiration, anaerobic respiration, and digestion
are types of early reactions. Rust coming from your bike, batteries for your electronics, combustion,
and soaps and detergents are types of modern day reactions. In a chemical reaction, the molecules of
one substance break apart and join together with those of another substance to create a different
compound (combination of molecules). Many chemical reactions are non–reversible changes.
(factmonster.com) You can't turn a baked cake back into its raw ingredients. Some chemical
reactions can be reversed, and re–formed into the original substances. These are reversible changes.
Substances are either chemical elements or compounds. A chemical reaction rearranges the atoms of
the reactants to create different substances as products. (britannica.com) Burning fuels, smelting
iron, making glass and pottery, brewing beer, and making wine and cheese are some examples that
chemical reactions that have been known and used for thousands of years. Chemical reactions are
everywhere on the earth, on land, in the ocean, in the atmosphere, and in living systems. Physical
changes include

Example Of Exothermic Reaction
An exothermic reaction is one in which there is a release of energy (usually heat) from the system
(Ashworth & Little, 2001). In other words, the energy of the system decreases, and thus H is
negative. Because heat is being transferred out of the system (i.e., the reaction requires no external
energy source), exothermic reactions are self–sustaining (Ashworth & Little, 2001). Notable
examples of exothermic reactions include combustion reactions, where oxygen (O2) reacts with
another substance, usually to form carbon dioxide and water (CO2 + H2O) (Kung & Lerner, 2014).
Combustion can be seen in many facets of everyday life, from wood fires to the engines of many
vehicles (the combustion of gasoline has the following chemical equation: 2C8H18 + 25O2 + 2N2
12CO2 + 4CO + 4NO + 18H2O + heat–this illustrates the convention of placing "heat" in a
chemical equation, which, if listed as a product, is an indicator of an exothermic reaction; this
equation is also an example of incomplete combustion, since an ideal combustion reaction would
have no products save carbon dioxide and water; often, the oxygen fueling a combustion reaction is
consumed before complete combustion can occur (Lew, 2015)). On a smaller scale, exothermic
reactions can be used to create heating devices such as hand warmers, which can be calibrated (by
analyzing the change in heat of the chemicals involved in the device) to produce an optimal amount
of heat. [SOME MORE] Endothermic reactions, conversely, are

Chemical Reactions Of The Chemical Reaction
In all living things, there are chemical reactions that happen within these living organisms to help
them either break up energy or use the molecules for other bodily functions. One of the main
chemical reactions are caused by something called Enzymes. Enzymes are basically catalyst that are
organic which are made up of hundreds of amino acids and are pertained as fairly large (Biology
Department, n.d, p.34). Similar to other catalyst, enzymes have the capability of fulfilling their
function without allowing themselves to be consumed as well as disfigured. Enzymes can also carry
on their function without changing the chemical equilibrium between reactants and products
(Cooper GM, 2000). Enzymes main function is to help quicken the chemical reaction rate. These
enzymes work in a way where there is a little area that is comparable to a depression. This
depression area is known as the active site which is where the enzymes bond to. "The binding of a
substrate to the active site is a very specific interaction" (Cooper GM, 2000). On top of the
acceleration of chemical reactions, the enzyme has two other parts as well. The second function of
enzymes is that they have specific reactants that they work with and these are called the substrates.
These substrates help produce products for living organisms. Lastly, enzymes work in a way where
if one was missing, the end product could be catastrophic. "Enzymes are regulated from a state of
low activity to a state of high activity and

Reaction Rate Of Clock Reactions
Introduction:
Investigations into the mechanics of chemical kinetics can reveal invaluable information relating to
the rates of reaction. There are numerable applications of reaction rates, knowledge in this area is
pivotal for industrial, commercial and research sectors. Thus, allowing them the ability to
manipulate a variety of factors of chemical reactions with the use of reaction rates. In the scope of
the kinetics of clock reactions, there is a range of information that can be obtained about reaction
rates (Shakhashiri, 1992).
A clock reaction is characterised by an abrupt colour change following an established time lag
(Lente et al, 2007). The induction period in a clock reaction is a result of low concentrations of the
clock chemical (i.e. the chemical that enables the final reaction). The induction period ends after the
total consumption of a limiting reagent, which initiates a short increase in the rate of product
formation, resulting in a visible colour change (Schmitz, 2010)(Lente et al, 2007). The reaction rate
of clock reactions is subject to factors including temperature, concentration, catalysis and inhibition.
These factors can be manipulated, thus changing the length of the induction period in a 'clock–like'
manner (Shakhashiri, 1992).
Changes in the rate of reaction can be described in terms of chemical equilibrium. "Chemical
equilibrium is a state in which the forward and reverse reactions take place at the same rate"
(Wilbraham et al, 2002). The

Chemical Reaction Lab Report On Chemical Reactions
Komal Patel
Chemistry Honors
Period: 5
February 29, 2016
Chemical Reaction Lab Report
Introduction
A chemical reaction is when substances (reactants) change into other substances (products). The five
general types of chemical reactions are synthesis (also known as direct combination),
decomposition, single replacement (also known as single displacement), double replacement (also
known as double displacement), and combustion. In this lab, the five general types of chemical
reactions were conducted and observations were taken before, during, and after the reaction. Then
the reactants and observations were used to determine the products to form a balanced chemical
equation. The purpose of this lab was to learn and answer the question: How can observations be
used to determine the identity of substances produced in a chemical reaction?
Results
Chemical Reactions Conducted in the Lab (#1)
Station:
Type of Reaction:
Balanced Chemical Equation:
1
Synthesis Mg
2Mg(s) + O2(g) MgO(aq)
1
Synthesis Mg and water
MgO(aq) + H2O(l) Mg(OH)2(aq)
2
Decomposition
NaHCO3
2NaHCO3(s) CO2(g) + H2O(l) + NaCO3(s)
3
Decomposition H2O2
2H202(aq) 2H2O(l) + O2(g)
4

Single Replacement
Cu
2AgNO3(aq) + 2Cu(s) 2Ag(s) + Cu(NO3)2(aq)
5
Single Replacement
Zn
Zn(s) + 2HCl(aq) H2(g) + ZnCl2(aq)
6
Double
Replacement
Na2CO3
Na2CO3(aq) + Ca(NO3)2(aq) CaCO3(s) + 2NaNO3(aq)
6
Double
Replacement
NaOH
2NaOH(aq) + CuSO4(aq) Cu(OH)2(s) + Na2SO4(aq)
Combustion
Methane Gas
CH4(g) + 2O2(g) CO2(g) +

Chemical Reactions Lab
Jack Zhou
Eric Lonrenzo
Chemistry section #
Date
Chemical Reactions
Introduction: The purpose of the lab was to create and observe the 4 kinds of chemical equation, and
to identify reactants and products of those reactions. The four kinds of chemical reactions are
synthesis, decomposition, single–displacement and double–displacement.
Materials: Bunsen burner, sparker, tongs, 5 test tubes, scoop, wooden splint, lead(II)nitrate,
magnesium wire, copper(II) carbonate, hydrochloric acid, zinc, potassium iodide, test tube tack,
googles, apron, gloves and a metal test tube holder.
Methods:
Experiment 1: Synthesis 1, Obtain a piece of magnesium wire. 2, Light the Bunsen burner
3, using the tongs, hold the wire in the flame of the burner. Do not ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
After the reaction, the remaining aluminum was blacked and bubbled. Heat was also produced by
the reaction, its chemical equation is 2Al + 3CuCl2 ––––> 3Cu + 2AlCl3.
The fours experiment was complex and is Pb(NO3)2(aq) + 2KI(aq) ––––> PbI2(s) + 2KNO3(aq), it
is a reaction became the color of the solution turned yellow.
Discussions. The first experiment was clearly a synthesis, as the Magnesium and the flame reacted
and combined, forming 2MgO. The reason of the 2 Mg is because all chemical equation must be
balanced, and the total electron number must be zero. A O have a –2 charge, while Mg have a +1
charge. The sign that this was a chemical reaction is the formation of a new solid, and the flashes
and heat produced during the reaction.
The second lab was a decomposition, as when the Copper (II) dioxide was heated, it broke down
into carbon dioxide and Cupper (II) oxide. It fit into the AB––>A+B formula for decomposition.
The indicator that a reaction had occurred is the smell and the change of color.
The third experiment was a single displacement reaction, as it fit into the AB+C––>AC+B
formula.The Al was added with CL, while the CuCl just became Cl. Of courses that wasn't the
equation as it still needs to be balanced of the

The Effect Of A Clock Reaction On The Reaction Rate Of A...
A clock reaction is a form of chemical reaction where multiple reagents are placed together with no
apparent change after a time lag until a dramatic colour change appears – called the induction period
(King, Preece and Billingham, 1999). This abrupt colour change can be due to the limiting reagent
being fully consumed which allows the remaining chemicals to react resulting in a colour change.
Specific kinetic and stoichiometric conditions are required for this standard clock behaviour to
occur. Clock reactions can be highly useful to investigate rates of reaction as the rate of the colour
change may differ due to varying factors.
The reaction rate of a chemical reaction can be defined as the speed in which the reaction occurs.
The speed ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Figure 1: Effect of order on the reactant (UCDAVIS 2, 2017)
Typically, the order of a reactant does not go beyond a second order. The greater the order is, the
greater the increase in reaction rate when the reactant is doubled. The sum of the order of reactants
for the experiment is then the order of the overall reaction (UCDAVIS 2, 2017).
The two methods to determine the rate law of a kinetics experiment is by initial rates and by
integrated rate law. To utilise the initial rates method, multiple experiments can be conducted with
differing concentrations and measuring the initial rate for the reactions (Yamauchi, Nord and
Schullery, 2016). From this, the reaction order for the corresponding substance can be calculated
and the rate constant can be found. However, the method of initial rates requires the chemical
reaction to be fairly slow and since several experiments need to be executed, it is not an ideal
method.
The integrated rate law method utilises integrated rate laws in comparison with the collected data
relating concentration and time during a kinetics experiment (SparkNotes, 2017). This method finds
the order of the reactant by plotting the time versus a function of the concentration data and using
trial and error with a selected rate law. If the integrated rate law is correct, the data points will
appear linear and if it is not linear then

A Chemical Reaction
Introduction: In everything there are things called particles; and sometimes when two particles meet
a chemical reaction occurs. Also, with different strategies the chemical reaction can be sped up or
slowed down. This is measured with reaction rate which is used to measure the length of a chemical
reaction.
The denture cleaning tablets consist of many ingredients; some of the active ingredients include
sodium bicarbonate, citric acid, sodium perborate, sodium polyphosphate, potassium
monopersulfate, EDTA (Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid). The denture cleaning tablets were
invented in the 1930s by a man named Alexander Block. (Denture cleaner, 2013)
It was predicted that the reaction rate would change due to ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
If the concentration of the solution is increased the particles have less room to move around which
creates a greater chance of collisions. The surface area of the reactant greatly affects the speed of
which it reacts because if the reactant is grinded up or cut up the solution has more room to get to it.
The reaction rate can be calculated by the formulae; rate of reaction = total amount of reactant used
or product made ÷ time taken. (Collision theory and rates of reaction, 2013)
Question: What is the reaction rate for Denture Cleaning tablets in 5 different temperatures of
water?
Hypothesis: It was hypothesised the colder the water is, the slower the tablet dissolves and the hotter
the water gets, the faster the tablet dissolves. This is due to the particles heating up and getting
excited thus separating the particles faster. It was suspected that the 20°C tablet in water would
finish dissolving at 6 minutes, the 40° would dissolve at 4 minutes and the 50° would dissolve at 2
minutes. Also it was suspected that the 30°C tablet in water would dissolve after 4 minutes and the
60°C would finish dissolving after 1 minute.
Table 1:
Risk Analysis
Hazard Consequences Precautions
Hot Water Burns to self Wear apron and safety goggles
Hot Plate Burns to self Act with caution make sure equipment is turned off when not in use
Breakable Equipment Cuts to self and expensive to replace

Chemical Reaction : Chemical Reactions
Background Information: A chemical reaction is the change of a substance into a new one that has a
different chemical identity (Chemical Reaction , 2015). It rearranges the atoms of the reactants to
create different chemical elements or compounds. Chemical reactions occur because an atom is
trying to get a full outer shell of electrons. A chemical reaction is usually accompanied by easily
observable physical effects such as the emission of heat and light, precipitate, gas and colour change
(Factors that affect reaction rates, 2015). When a chemical reaction is complete there will be
stability, no further charge and no energy being released or absorbed. The rate of a chemical reaction
is the speed at which the reaction occurs. Some reactions are essentially instantaneous while other
may take decades. The factors that influence that the rates of chemical reactions include the
temperature, the solvent, surface area and the presence of a catalyst (Factors that affect reaction
rates, 2015) . Temperature increases the average kinetic energy making it move faster and collide
more frequently, increasing the reaction rate (Reaction Rates, 2015). Solvent viscosity is the density
and thickness of the solution. The more viscous the fluid, the more dense it will be and so it will
take longer to diffuse causing the reaction time to be slower (Factors that affect reaction rates,
2015). The surface area is increased by grinding or cutting the substance into smaller pieces. If the
surface

Magnesium Reaction
Magnesium reaction with Oxygen under the high temperature
Introduction
The aim of the experiment is to observe how Magnesium reacts with the Oxygen under the high
temperature and to calculate percentage yield of the product.
Magnesium (solid) + Oxygen (gas) ⟶ Magnesium Oxide (solid)
2Mg (s) + O_2(g) ⟶ 2MgO (s)
Results
Crucible with the lid on was weighted, mass 1 – 18.43g.
Magnesium inside the crucible with the lid on was weighted, mass 2 – 19.09g.
Crucible with the lid on, containing Magnesium, was placed on the pipe clay triangle. Bunsen
burner was lighted with gentle blue flame, later increased to a roaring flame (with the air hole fully
opened) to get reaction going. Soon the crucible heated up, the lid was lifted gently ... Show more
If 48g of Mg produces 80g of MgO, than 1g of Mg produces: (80.6 g)/(48.6 g) = 1.66g of MgO.
So if started with 0.66g of Mg, this means 0.66g x 1.66g = 1.0956g of MgO should have been
received. (Theoretical yield)
Percentage yield of MgO = (1.01 g)/(1.0956 g) x 100% = 92.18 %
The percentage yield of the product is quite high, this shows that experiment was 92.18% accurate.
This reaction caused a chemical change. When Magnesium reacted with Oxygen new compound
was formed called Magnesium Oxide. Magnesium Oxide was solid, it changed the color to
white/grey as well as increased in weight by 0.35g. Magnesium and Oxygen bonds where broken in
order to compose another new compound. Magnesium being a metal, positively charged, had 2
electrons to give away, and Oxygen being nonmetal, negatively charged, had 2 spaces for the
electrons to join. So the bond between these two elements is ionic bond, which made Magnesium

Oxide really strong compound, because both elements are oppositely charged ions. This is why it
would be really difficult to pull them apart, as well as the melting point is really

Chemical Reactions Lab
The purpose of this lab is to become more familiar with the products of different types of chemical
reactions by conducting several chemical reactions and observing the changes that occurred. In
addition, by performing various experiments, the observations will help in writing chemical
equations, which represent the process involved in a chemical reaction. Overall, the chemical
changes observed throughout can determine the products that are formed from the reactants. In
chemical reactions, substances that are referred to as reactants produce other substances called
products. There are several ways to determine that a chemical reaction has occurred, and which type
of reaction has taken place, exothermic or endothermic, which will help predict ... Show more
When handling acids and bases, caution, such as wearing safety glasses and avoiding the direct
smell of chemicals must be implied. The next step involves the reactions of metals with air, metal
oxide and water, and acid. Firstly, a copper strip will be held in the flame of a candle for a few
minutes. After heating, the burnt coating of the copper strip will be scraped off to differentiate how
the copper appeared before and after. In the next reaction, calcium oxide will be mixed with two
inches of distilled water, followed by two drops of phenolphthalein. In the last reaction with metal, a
magnesium ribbon strip will be added to one in a half inches of hydrochloric acid. Another tube will
be added on top to trap the gas from the magnesium ribbon reacting in the first tube. After the
reaction, a wooden splint will be lighted in the opening of the test tube on the top. Furthermore, in
the step of testing for gaseous products within decomposition reactions, a test tube containing ten
grams of ammonium carbonate will be inserted into the Lab–Master heater set to seventy degrees
Celsius, which can be increased over time. After the production of ammonia, cobalt chloride paper
will be inserted in the tube. As the tube is still heating, a flaming splint will be placed in the
opening. In the next reaction, one gram of copper carbonate will be added to a desiccator and heated
to one hundred fifty degrees Celsius. In the step of acid–base reactions, two milliliters of
hydrochloric acid will be inserted into a tube and mixed with two or three drops of phenolphthalein.
Potassium hydroxide will be added in drop quantities until a pink color remains after being swirled
inside. At last, the reactions of metals, gaseous products, and neutralization will have shown results
that can be used to write chemical equations to represent the reactants and products of each

Color Of Reaction
The product of this reaction is an aromatic molecule, which can be activating or deactivating. An
aromatic ring with an oxygen sigma bonded to C1 and a methyl group is considered activating. This
molecule is activating because the oxygen has two lone pairs of electrons surrounding it. In contrast,
an aromatic ring with a carbon sigma bonded to an aldehyde is considered deactivating. This is due
to the double bond of the oxygen to the carbon. Another observation seen in this reaction were
emulsions. These were seen because water and HCl were added to the solution. Both serve as salts
in this instance, as they both want to dissociate in both layers. In order to solve this issue and get the
most product, sodium bicarbonate was added to the solution. ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Since this experiment was exothermic, if solutions were added to the substance, the overall reaction
could be altered. Adding the acetyl chloride too fast, would create excessive foaming of the solution,
therefore speeding up the reaction and sometimes changing the color of the reaction product. This
could result in inaccurate results. It would be ideal to set up a calibrated dropper, although this
would require the rubber stopper to be off, thus letting air out/in. Another source of error is if the
product was not left of blowing air for long enough, the correct weight would not have been
recorded and thus the percent yield would be incorrectly determined. Another source of error could
be the addition of the incorrect amount of anhydrous sodium sulfate. Adding too much or too little
with both have implication to the outcome of the reaction. Too much will take out more molecules
than just water and too little won't absorb all the water molecules present. This experimental
procedure was a good procedure to carry out this reaction. Instances of error have little to do with
the design of the experiment and more or less, the way it's carried

Formal Report- Kinetics of Reaction: the Iodine Clock...
factors affecting the kinetics of reaction between peroxodisulfate (vi) and iodide
d. del prado1 and j. belano2
1 department of food science and nutrition, college of home economics
2 department of food science and nutrition, college of home economics university of the philppines,
diliman, quezon city 1101, philippines date submitted: january 7, 2013
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ABSTRACT
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In everyday life, several reactions are encountered, but still knowledge on how fast these occur and
the factors affecting it were still insufficient. This study ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
On the first part, 2 beakers with different contents were prepared. 5 runs were prepared, and each
run had different volumes of the substances. The different runs for the effect of Peroxodisulfate (VI)
and iodide ion concentrations on reaction rate were presented on Appendix A. Each run had different
concentrations of substances to test the effect of the change in amount of concentration to the rate of
the reaction. Contents of beaker A and B were mixed; the timer was started immediately, and was
stopped once a blue color appeared in the mixture. [7] Once Peroxodisulfate (VI) ions and iodide
ions combine they produce I2 molecules which in turn reacted with the starch added to form a blue
color. I2 reacted with the starch as fast as it was produced. Hence, it was very difficult to measure
the rate of its reaction. So as to address the problem, S2O3 2– ion was added. This ion destroyed the
I2 by reducing it back to I– as fast as it was produced. The amount of S2O32– ion added was just
small so that it would not consume so much time. If the initial concentration of S2O32– ion was
kept very small, Δ[S2O32–] would be small and Δ[S2O82–] would be even smaller. Consequently,
there would be little change in the concentration of the reactants during the elapsed time Δt. This
was a necessary condition for the initial rates method. The rate of the reaction was

Exothermic Reaction
An exothermic reaction is a chemical reaction that releases energy by light or heat. It is the opposite
of an endothermic reaction. An exothermic reaction will occur spontaneously, while and
endothermic reaction needs energy to occur. Ammonium Nitrate reacting with water would be a
good cold pack. It reacts quickly and gets to a temperature of between 8 and 12 degrees celscius
when it reacts.
With any sprain, strain or bruise there is some bleeding into the underlying tissues. This may cause
swelling and pain and can delay healing. Ice treatment may be used in both the immediate treatment
of soft tissue injuries and in later rehabilitation.
During immediate treatment, the aim is to limit the body's response to injury. Ice will:
Reduce ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
There where some anomalies in some of the trials this can be found in table two in the first trial and
in table one trial one. With the first citric acid the resalts recorded almost 30C cooler than the other
two trials . This was most likely because the salts in the first trial having smaller participles/ peace's
which would gave it a larger surface area which made the react faster so it can decline at a faster
speed. With the sodium thiosulfate the first trial stated slower than the other to but surprisingly be
came cooler than the other two.
The modifications that could be applied to this experiment to improve the dater for the icepack
would be to have a higher quantity of both the salts and the water and also experimenting with
different amounts of water once you know which one is the best endothermic reaction. This will
give the knowledge needed to vary the salt to water ratio

Biological Reactions Of Chemical Reactions Essay
Problem:
There are thousands of chemical reactions that occur in an organism that make life possible. Most of
these chemical reactions occur too slowly on their own. Enzymes are protein catalysts that speed up
chemical reactions in a cell. Catalysts are not changed by the reactions they control, and are not used
up during the reaction. Enzymes therefore, can be used over and over again. Enzymes are large
complex proteins made by the cell and allow chemical reactions to take place at the temperature of
the cell. These catalysts are needed in only very small amounts because a single enzyme molecule
can complete the same reaction thousands of times in one minute.
Each enzyme is very specific and can only catalyze a certain reaction. The specific reaction
catalyzed by an enzyme depends on the molecular structure and shape of a small area of the
enzyme's surface called the active site. The active site an attract and hold only its specific molecules.
The target molecule that the enzyme attracts and acts upon is called the substrate. The substrate and
the active site of the molecule must fit together very closely. Sometimes the enzyme changes its
shape slightly to bring about the necessary fit.
A chemical reaction requires that bonds in the reactants be broken. The initial energy that must be
absorbed in order to break the bonds of the reactant molecule is called the energy of activation.
Enzymes work by lowering the energy of activation. For example,

The Effect Of Chemical Reactions On The Rate Of Reaction
A chemical reaction is the interaction of two or more chemicals that produces a new chemical
compound, most reactions require an increase in temperature, pressure, surface area, concentration
or the inclusion of a catalysts to speed up the rate of reaction. Chemical reactions can be found in
everyday life, without many of us knowing. Either it be a soluble tablet in water, or photosynthesis
in a plant. The prerequisites for a reaction are known as the 'Collision Theory '. As stated by M.
Ferguson (2016), 'For a reaction to occur, particles must collide, with sufficient energy (also known
as activation energy) in the correct orientation to break the existing bonds between the particles '.
There are many factors that influence the rate of reaction, these include: an increase in, temperature,
concentration, surface area (SA), pressure and a catalyst. When a gas, liquid or solid solution is
heated, the molecules of that particular chemical gain kinetic energy, and thus move faster, allowing
for more frequent and successful collisions. This allows for the product to be formed much faster
than if the molecules had less kinetic energy. If the concentration of a solution has increased, there
will be more molecules in the same volume, which allows for the molecules to collide more
frequently. This process speeds up the rate of reaction more so, than if there were fewer molecules in
the same volume. An increase in surface area of a solid substance allows for an increase in rate of

Reaction Rate Of Reaction
Background: A clock reaction generally involves a mixture of solutions that, after a certain amount
of time, displays a sudden colour change. This process demonstrates chemical kinetics in action,
which is the study of chemical processes and rates of reaction where the reaction rate is the speed at
which the chemical reaction proceeds. It is dependent on several factors that rely on one basic
underlying principle called collision theory. In order for a reaction to occur, the reactant molecules
must collide with each other with a certain minimum energy called the activation energy to break
and form the appropriate bonds as well as have the correct orientation when colliding. If the
favourable amount of collisions increase, then the rate of the reaction would increase. However, if
the reactant particles do not collide frequently or collide with less energy than the activation energy,
they bounce apart and the reaction would then proceed slowly or not at all. Concentration is one of
the factors that affects reaction rate. Raising the concentration of the reactants, alters the number of
particles per unit volume. Thus the more molecules present in a given volume, the greater the
probability of them colliding. If they have energies equal to or greater than the activation energy, a
higher concentration would therefore result in an increase in the reaction rate. The opposite is true if
there is a lower concentration of reactant molecules.
The relationship between rate and

The Reaction Of The Alcohols
The alcohols 1–propanol and 2–pentanol were converted into alkyl halides through a certain series
of steps. The first step was reflux, and the purpose of reflux is to add energy to the solution and not
lose any solution to evaporation. This energy helps initiate the acid–catalyzed dehydration reaction
and also promotes rearrangement. The next step was distillation, which functioned to separate
liquids based on boiling points. The distillation utilizes boiling points to separate the alkyl halide
products from many impurities that might exist. Reflux is the first step instead of distillation because
refluxing allows the reaction to progress. If distillation was performed first, separation would begin
before the reaction was allowed time to ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
For example, since the voltage adapter connected to the sand bath may not have been working
properly, inconsistent heating patterns could have proposed a problem during reflux. Also, a few
extra drops of water may have invaded the product while the flask was cooling in the ice bath during
distillation. Furthermore, it is possible that not all of the organic layer was drained out of the
separatory funnel during separation, and maybe the drying agent was not allowed enough time to
remove all of the water. Errors will always hinder the success of a reaction, which will greatly effect
the percent yield.
Infrared spectroscopy (IR) is a very useful tool that can read a molecule's functional groups from a
small sample. By monitoring the disappearance and appearance of certain groups, it is possible to
confirm wether compounds have formed. In this experiment, for example, the reactants are alcohols,
whose IRs will show a large and broad absorption around 3500 cm–1. These hydroxide groups are
eventually replaced during the reactions, and the final products will not contain any hydroxides.
Therefore, the IR of the products will not show the large and broad hydroxide absorption.
Monitoring the disappearance of the hydroxide stretch will allow the reaction progression to be
monitored also. The complete disappearance of this stretch will confirm that a new product has been
formed. However, IR

The Reaction Of Polymerase Chain Reaction
Polymerase Chain Reaction:
Polymerase chain reaction, also known as PCR, a technology that has made a tremendous impact on
researchers, and has also affected many aspects of our everyday lives. The introduction of
recombinant DNA technology has revolutionized the study of life as a tool for the biological
sciences. Molecular cloning allowed the study of individual genes of living organisms; however
there was dependence of obtaining a relatively large quantity of pure DNA. Scientists found it
extremely difficult to get a specific DNA in quantity from the mass of genes present in a biological
sample. A technique that amplifies DNA through a simple enzymatic reaction, was developed by
Karry Mullis at that time which enabled scientists to make millions – or even billions – of copies of
a DNA molecule in a very short time. PCR is a quick, less expensive and a very simple way of
copying a specific DNA fragments from minute quantities of source DNA material, even if the
source DNA is of relatively poor quality.
Reasons for the amplification of DNA.
1) To create multiple copies of a portion of DNA which is very rare. For example a forensic scientist
may need to amplify a small fragment of DNA from a crime scene or a parenting test.
2) To compare two different samples of DNA to know which one is more abundant. Because DNA is
microscopic so we cannot visualize it in a tube. However, if we amplify both samples at the same
rate, we can calculate which sample was more to begin with by

Chemical Reactions And Factors That Affect The Rate Of A...
Reactions occur everywhere, and they may take decades, such as fossils, or only seconds, such as
lighting a match to occur. "Chemical kinetics concerns the rates of chemical reactions" and what
factors affects these rates (Iodine Clock, 2017). "Temperature, concentration, pressure of reacting
gases, surface area of reacting solids and the use of catalysts are all factors which affect the rate of a
reaction" (Bbc.co.uk, 2017). This is because they affect the reaction roles and yields of activation
energy, product management and reactant management (William, 2017). This is accomplished by
"making changes to the concentration, pressure or temperature of a reaction to alter the position of
the equilibrium" (Bbc.co.uk, 2017).
Accordingly, the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It was further identified that typically for every 10oC temperature rise, the reaction rate would
double (Del Mundo et al., 2016) (Clark, 2017).
Throughout the Landolt Iodine Clock Reaction, chemical equilibria are clearly demonstrated
through the delayed colour change of combining two colourless solutions to form a dark blue
solution. The overall chemical reaction for this is as follows:
2IO–3(aq) + 5HSO–3(aq) + 2H–(aq) → I2 + 5HSO–4(aq) + H20(l)
Iodate ions + Bisulfite ions + hydronium ions → Iodine + Bisulfate + water (Iodine Clock, 2017)
The individual steps of the reaction are:
(1) IO3–(aq) + 3HSO3–(aq) → I–(aq) + 3SO4–(aq) + 3H+(aq)
Iodate + Bisulfite → Iodide + Sulfate + Hydronium ions
(2) IO3– (aq) + 5I–(aq) + 6H+aq) → 3I2(aq) + 3H2O(l)
Iodate + Iodide + Hydronium ions → Iodine + Water
(3) I2(aq) + HSO3–(aq) + H2O(l) → 2I–(aq) +SO4–(aq) +3H+(aq)
Iodine + Bisulfite + Water → Iodide + Sulfate + Hydronium ions
(4) I2(aq) + I–(aq) + starch → dark blue starch–I3– complex
Iodine + Iodide + starch → dark blue starch–I3– complex
(Iodine Clock Reaction, 2015)
The first reaction is the rate determining step, and hence, determines the order of the reaction. The
equilibria is delayed in this reaction due to any of the iodine produced, immediately reacting with
any bisulfite still present, before then being converted into colourless iodide (reaction 2). Therefore,
to demonstrate this reaction, the

Factors That Affect The Rate Of Reaction Of A Chemical...
consumed. They have the ability to increase the rate of reaction in a chemical reaction. Catalysts
achieve this by lowering the amount of energy required for a reaction to take place, which means
that it occurs at a quicker rate. Potentially, molecules that would once have taken years to interact,
can take seconds with the addition of a catalyst. The overall purpose of a catalyst is to ensure that
reactions proceed effectively which is why a range of catalysts are commonly used in many
elements of society. Common examples of where catalysts are used include; plastics, clean energy,
converting energy sources to fuels, digestion and pharmaceuticals (Hamers, 2017).
1.2 Types of Catalysts
Whilst all catalysts do the same thing, there are ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It is extremely dependent on the way in which molecules combine. When the molecules of a system
combine slowly, the reaction tends to have a slow reaction rate. Likewise, when molecules combine
quickly, the reaction rate is said to be fast. The reaction rate in a system is known as the change in
concentration of the products per unit time and can be denoted using the following equation:
Reaction Rate= (∆ Concentration)/(∆ Time)
(Chemistry LibreTexts, 2016)
Many factors that affect the reaction rate in a system include pressure, temperature, activation
energy and concentration. The temperature of a system particularly affects the rate at which a
reaction happens. Temperature is a form of kinetic energy and with the addition of energy; more
collisions occurs which increases the likelihood that the reactants will exceed the activation barrier.
This is similar to the collision theory, as discuss below.
1.5 Collision Theory
Reaction rate also directly relates the well–known theorem of collision theory. In order for a
chemical reaction to occur, the reactant particles of a system must collide. However, collisions with
too little energy are not likely to produce a reaction. The collision theory states that as more
collisions in a system occur, there will be more combinations of molecules interacting with each
other. The potential combinations result in a higher chance that the reaction will take place and
hence, the

8 Chemical Reactions
There are many different types of chemical reactions but there are only 8 main types of chemical
reactions i will be talking about.The names of these 8 reasctions are Acid–Base, Synthesis,
Decomposition, Precipitation, Single–replacement, Double–replacement, Combustion, and Redox.
Synthesis reactions are when you get two (or more) light substances and mix it to get a more
complicated product. An example would be : (kind of complicated one) Synthesis of Potassium
Chloride 2k + Cl2 –––> 2KCl (more understanding example (easier)) A + B –––> AB. This
chemical reaction is the opposite of Decomposition reaction. Decomposition reaction is more
crushed into smaller chemical species. An example would be : AB –––> A + B or 2H2O –––> 2H2O
–––> 2H1 + O2 ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Double replacement reaction is switching two compositions with the components. An example
would be AB + CD –––> AD + CB (B and D switched places). This reaction is paired unlike single
replacement so that is how you can tell the difference between both those reactions (really easy).
Redox reaction is an electric reaction. Redox is a combination of the word reduction and oxidation
(first two letters of the word). Reduction gains more and more electrons, on the other hand,
oxidation is more loosing the electrons. The electrons are within the species and an example of this
type of chemical reaction will be oxidised. Last but not least... The acid base reaction is when an
acid and base are placed well–balanced they acknowledge to neutralize the acid and base belongings
generating a salt. The acid is a anion and the base is a cation and that is called SALT. An example of
Acid base chemical reaction would be HCl + NaOH –––> NaCl + H2O. It is useful to be familiar
with chemical reactions because without it you would not be alive right now. What I mean by that is
that chemicals collaborate with eachother and it creates energy and

Chemical Reactions
Chemistry
"Chemical Reaction and the PH Scale" Chemical reactions are the heart of chemistry. People have
always known that they exist. The Ancient Greeks were the firsts to speculate on the composition of
matter. They thought that it was possible that individual particles made up matter. As you might
imagine, it's useful to be able to measure the acidity of solutions. Scientists have come up with the
pH scale for determining the concentration of acid in a solution so we can distinguish between
solutions with varying acidity. A Chemical reaction is the outcome of two or more elements together
results in the formation of a chemical bond between atoms and compound. Chemicals react together
due to ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The PH Scale which is a diagram that is used to show the different measurements of water. In
general is important to know how the pH scale works because it determines whether or not a liquid
is acidic or

Neutralization Reaction
Chem II
Background Info
The neutralization of hydrochloric acid with sodium hydroxide solution is represented by the
following equation.
HCl(aq) + NaOH(aq) → NaCl(aq) + H₂O(l)
Using a calorimeter, you will determine the enthalpy change for this reaction.
Question
What is the relationship between the number of moles of reactants used and the change in enthalpy
of neutralization reaction?
Hypothesis
As the number of moles of reactants used increases, the change in enthalpy of a neutralization
reaction will increase.
Safety
Hydrochloric acid is a strong acid and will cause a chemical burn if one's skin is exposed to it, use
thick rubber gloves.
Sodium hydroxide is a strong base and will cause a chemical burn if one's skin is exposed ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The cup has a low specific heat capacity and while a good insulator, can be improved. Therefore
some heat is lost during the reaction making the results unreliable. Use a calorimeter with better
insulation and is easier to handle than an unstable Styrofoam coffee cup.
Reactants with a molarity of 1.6 initial temperature. It has a higher temperature value at 0 seconds
with an average of 25.8 ℃. The rest indicate room temperature of 21℃. This caused its △T to be
lower and had its initial temperature substituted when determining enthalpy. This trial may have
record this value when the reaction had just started instead of before the reaction Ensure all trials are
done in the same manner. When recording initial temperature of the reaction, measure the
temperature of NaOH.
Temperature probe As seen in Table 1 the initial temperatures had a difference of 1.5 ℃ when
excluding the error made in the trials with the reactants having molarity of 1.6. It can be deducted

that the probes were not calibrated Ensure that all the temperature probes are calibrated, fully
functional and have the same value when kept at room

Reaction Lab
The instructions I was given directed us to perform perform a lab where I performed a reaction the
reaction between an active metal and an acid. The purpose of this lab was so we could observe said
reaction and hopefully gain a better understanding of what we are currently leaning in class. I
hypothesis, if we add dilute hydrochloric acid with magnesium, then there will be a reaction that
produces heat because of the rapid exchange of electrons between the two. The materials used
within the lab are, an apron, goggles, a clamp and stand, a thermometer, a pipette, hydrochloric acid,
and magnesium. Before we entered the lab, our instructor shaved the magnesium in to small pieces.
The magnesium was measured out to fill about the bottom curve ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Typically, there was a two degrees Celcius rise with every two drops of acid added. This started
from a room temperature of 26 degrees, and climbed up to 54 degrees with the overall addition of
forty drops. The prompts given to me suggested that there might be a dip in the temperatures.
However, this was not observed within my lab. On the other hand, the temperature did have a few
points where it stayed constant. I believe that the "drop" in temperature might be attributed to there
being no more reactive magnesium, instead replaced with Magnesium chloride. Over time, a white
gas started to waft out of the tube, and the magnesium slowly darkened. See the tables and graphs
below for a compilation of all results. Graph is on the final page. The data tells us that there is a
reaction occuring, and that is measured by the amount of heat, as well as the changes observed
within the materials. These results proved my hypothesis correct. The reaction between the
magnesium and the hydrochloric acid did produce heat, because of the sharing of electrons. In the
future, I would recommend using a burette instead of a pipette. While adding the acid with the
pipette, I noticed there were bubbles within the stem, that may have altered how much acid was
added to the test tube. This potentially could void the final results, due to excessive amounts of
hydrochloric acid. Hopefully this would not be the case when using a burette to add it. I found this
lab very interesting, and it provided a great example of how acids react with active metals. This lab
gave me a greater understanding of what actually occurs. Rather than spending another day being
lectured about what happens, I got to experience it first

Elimination Reactions
In this lab, the goal is to explore the idea of elimination reactions and investigate ways to
synthesizes alkynes. The product that will be produced is diphenylacetylene and this will be done by
starting with meso–stilbene dibromide using elimination reactions. The balanced reaction is:
For an E2 reaction to occur, strong bases should be utilized for this lab since E2 reactions favor well
with strong bases. KOH is a strong base that is also acts as a strong nucleophile. This is because it
contains a hydroxyl group and they are both strong bases and nucleophiles.
Heat will also be applied to encourage the chemicals to go through the elimination reaction. There
will be two ways to apply heat so that the reaction can occur. The first way is through a thermal
reaction process using sand baths to heat the reaction. The other method of heating is to microwave
the product so that the elimination reaction can ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
A flea stir bar and 4.0 mL of 95% ethanol were added to the microwave reactor vessel. The solution
was then stirred using a magnetic stirrer until all the KOH dissolved. 1.0 g of meso–stilbene
dibromide was added in the microwave reactor vessel. The cap of the vessel was placed, tightened
and the vessel was placed in a microwave reactor carousel. After the reaction was complete, the
vessel with the mixed reaction was placed in a tap water bath so that it may be cooled. After it
cooled down, 10 mL of DI water was placed in a 50 mL and the reaction mixture was poured into
there to precipitate the product. The product was then collected by vacuum filtration and Hirsch
funnel. The product was rinsed with 3 mL of DI water three times. The product dried on the filter
paper with the vacuum on for 5 minutes after the rinse. The product was then placed in a drawer so
that it may completely dry so that the weight and the melting point may be recorded later. The final
product was a light brown

The Speed of Reaction.
Method Step 1 – Remove blazer and put goggles on for health and safety reasons. Step 2 – Collect
the following equipment – Thermometer – to check the temperate Conical flask – to hold acid 1 litre
breaker – contain water Measuring cylinders x2 50ml 25ml Blanco – to weight out the marble chips
Marble chips CaCO3 – which react with Hydrochloric acid Stopwatch – to time when the reaction
starts Delivery tube – to pass the air Camp stand – to hold the equipment Boson – it heats up the
water Tripod – to hold the beaker at a certain height that has the most heat Ice – to cool down the
water of a certain temperate Test tube holder – so you don't burn your hand and it is safe. Step 3 –
Set up all ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The temperature were 15, 20,25,30,35,40. Surface of chips Crushed up marbles which reacts
quicker. The smaller the surface area the quicker the reaction is, the larger the surface area the
slower the reaction is. The marble chips weight the same and use small marble chips. The weight
was 1g. Concentration of acid High concentration there is makes the particles react more frequently.
No change so therefore it stayed at M1. Catalyst Did not use in the experiment. Man made chemical
its makes the reaction quicker. We did not use this chemical nor was involved in the experiment.
Amount It depends how much concentrate acid there is. For example is the acid is weak and you put
a large mount of marble chips the reactions wouldn't be very successful. We used 1g amount of
marbles chips. Results Temperature. Time taken 1 2 3 Average Rate 15 104.35 96.66 106.0 105.31
0.000925 20 111.12 121.75 239.08 116.67 0.008620 25 73.23 70.34 134.67 71.5 0.014000 30 82.76
54.89 47.65 50.5 0.020000 35 42.57 33.43 37.5 35.5 0.028500 40 27.56 41.14 55.82 48.48 0.020800
Amount used: 1g Small marble chips 40ml of acid (M1) Overall my experiment went well; it does
prove that the increase of the temperature does increase the rate of reaction. In my experiment I
could improve many things like changing the marble size, time and heat. The marble we used in the
start of the experiment was too large which mean the rate of

Chemical Reaction Of Chemical Reactions
Chemical kinetics is the study of rates during chemical processes and the speed at which they occur
(Chm.Davidson, 2016). Chemical kinetics can be altered by the effect of various variables and the
re–arrangement of atoms. An example of kinetic processes can be seen in many experiments such as
the 'Landolt Iodine Clock Reaction.'
Clock reactions represent chemical reactions in which two colourless solutions are mixed together;
at first no reaction takes place but after a short period of time the solution can be seen to undergo a
change in colour. Within the Landolt iodine clock reaction Potassium Iodate and Sodium Bisulphite
react to yield iodine, which in return reacts with the starch molecules to form the blue solution
(RSC, 2016). The process of this experiment can be explained through the following chemical
reactions:
The iodine ions are produced, due to following reaction between iodate and bisulphite:
IO3− + 3 HSO3− → I− + 3 HSO4−
2. The iodate that is left in excess after the first reaction will oxidise with iodide formed to generate
iodine:
IO3− + 5 I− + 6 H+ → 3 I2 + 3 H2O
3. Instantaneously the iodine is reduced back to iodide by the bisulphite I2 + HSO3− + H2O → 2 I−
+ HSO4− + 2 H+
Consequently the iodine will react with the starch to create the coloured solution; this will only
occur once the bisulphite is fully consumed (Unomaha, 2016). Throughout the course of these
chemical reactions, the rate at which the reaction occurs takes place

Reaction Time
Abstract "Reaction Time" is the interval of time between the application of a stimulus and the
detection of a response and has been thought to differ based upon the effects of modality and
warning signals. In the "Reaction Time" experiment a total of 24 students from the University of
Cincinnati participated in an experiment consisting of two sensory modalities, audition and vision,
which were combined with two levels of warning signal status. The two levels of warning signal
status were signal onset and signal offset. This provided a total of four experimental conditions and
is described as a two by two repeated measures design. The independent variables included both
modality and warning signals, while the dependent variable was ... Show more content on
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When the arm physically moves, the response execution is occurring.
With this kept in mind, it is important to also take note of the different types of reaction time
experiments including: simple reaction time and disjunctive reaction time. During simple reaction
time a subject must react to the presence of the response stimulus, such as the process that occurred
with the hot water streaming from the faucet. Disjunctive reaction time occurs when a subject will
have more than one choice of responses to a stimulus. Therefore, a subject must not only react to the
response signal, but they must also identify which response is appropriate. In this situation, reaction
time delay may be attributed to the process of identifying which response is appropriate. Disjunctive
reaction time is used for the purposes of the "Reaction Time" experiment with the use of modality
and warning signals as independent variables. Though the two types of reaction time experiments
differ, both simple reaction time and disjunctive reaction time undergo similar processes including:
sensory encoding, stimulus identification, response selection and response execution (as described
earlier). Each step of the processes is essential as they help explain the lag difference between
reaction time and stimulus detection.
The difference in reaction time to a stimulus can specifically be attributed to response stimulus
modality. Response stimulus modality refers to the type of sensory

Reaction Temperature And The Rate Of Reaction
Discussion The experiment investigated the relationship between temperature and the rate of
reaction for the reaction of iron (III) nitrate with sodium thiosulfate. The results show that the rate of
iron (III) reacting forming iron (II) increases as the temperature of the solutions increases. Table 1
shows that when the temperature of the reactants is 4℃, it takes 54.173 seconds for the reaction to
occur to the stage that the cross to appears. The time taken for the solution to reach the same
transparency reduces to 16.37 seconds when the temperature is 25℃ and to 2.09 seconds when the
temperature is 65℃. The line of best fit in Graph 1 suggests that there is an inverse relationship
between temperature and reaction time. This indicates that as the temperature increases, the rate of
reaction also increases. The results for the rate of reaction, as seen in Table 2, suggest that as the
temperature increases, the rate of reaction increases at a progressively greater rate. When the
temperature increases 21℃ from 4℃ to 25℃, the rate of reaction increases from 1.846 s–1 to
6.1100 s–1 while a similar increase in temperature from 25℃ to 65℃ has a much more significant
difference in the rate of reaction: 47.85s–1 at 65℃. This supports the hypothesis, as the rate of
reaction increases as the temperature increases. According to collision theory, increasing the
temperature increases the kinetic energy of the particles in the solution. This allows both a net
increase in the energy

Grignard Reaction
Lab #5: Grignard Reaction – Synthesis of Triphenylmethanol
John Kang
Chem 152L
Performed: 7/20/04
Date submitted: ________________
Lab Partners: Sang Lee, Vicky Lai
TA: John Stanko
Abstract:
This experiment explored the synthesis of triphenylmethanol through the use of Grignard reagents.
The percent yield of the product was 10% on a relatively humid day. The melting point was
calculate to be 127.2oC with a literature value of 162oC. An IR spectrum of the product was taken
and used for positive identification of the product. The mechanism of the formation of
triphenylmethanol was explored. Byproducts were also considered and their mechanisms duly
noted.
Introduction:
This experiment explores the use of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
At a density of 1.5g/mL and a molar mass of 157g/mol, the moles of bromobenzene used can be
calculated to be [pic].2 Since bromobenzene is assumed to be limiting and all reactions occur in a
1:1 ratio, the expected yield is also [pic]. Thus the percent yield is calculated to be [pic] This result
will be discarded because it defies logic. The experimental melting point was measured to be
between 122.3oC and 132.1oC for an average of 127.2oC. The literature melting point is from 160–
163oC for an average of 162oC. An IR spectrum of the triphenylmethanol product has been attached
separately as Figure 4.
Discussion:
The mechanism by which trimethylphenol is formed is a carbonyl addition mechanism. The overall
reaction is summarized in Figure 3. The carbonyl carbon on the benzphenon is weakly electrophilic
and is attacked by carbanionic carbon of the Grignard reagent, phenylmagnesium bromide. This
attack causes the carbonyl oxygen to assume a –1 charge as a sp3 bonded oxygen. The magnesium
from the Grignard reagent then forms a complex with the oxygen and a mild acidic workup is added

to protonate the oxygen to release it from the magnesium complex. The percent yield of the
trimethylphenol product was rather low at 10%. However, due to the humid conditions during the
day of the experiment, this low yield was to be expected. Grignard reagents react quickly with water
as bases, forming OH– ions. Since the Grignard reagent

Exothermic Reactions

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