System of feeding of goat and sheep with age category

1. PRINCIPLES AND SYSTEMS
OF FEEDING AND WATERING
DIFFERENT CATEGORIES OF
SHEEPAND GOAT
PRESENTED BY
Dr. AMAL M S
22-MVP-06
DEPT OF LPM
CVAS POOKODE

2. Applied Nutrition , D V Reddy

3. WATER REQUIREMENT OF SHEEP
 Normally a sheep will drink water approx. 2-3
lit./kg dry feed consumed
 An adult sheep requires about 2 litres of water per
day during winter and 3.5-4 litres during summer
 Water requirement increases during growth,
gestation, lactation and heat stress, when salt
content of diet is more or when animals are made
to travel long distances

4. NUTRIENT REQUIREMENT OF SMALL
RUMINANTS
 Feed is the single largest cost associated with raising
small ruminants
 accounting for 60% or more of total production cost
 large influence on flock reproduction, milk production,
and lamb and kid growth
 Late-gestation and lactation are the most critical periods
for ewe and doe nutrition

5. DRY MATTER REQUIREMENT OF SHEEP
 In general a adult sheep
consumes 2.5 to 3% DM of their
live weight
 However for a satisfactory
growth, lambs require DM of
about 4- 5% of the body weight

6. PROTEIN REQUIREMENTS FOR SHEEP
 Level of 10% protein in ration is adequate for wool
production
 Wool is very rich in cystine and methionine
 Approx. Daily DCP requirement for maintenance is
1/10th of the TDN or 1 gm for every 1 kg of body
weight
 Requirement increases by about 50% during
pregnancy and 100% during lactation and growth

7. ENERGY REQUIREMENT
 Pregnant ewes should be fed with concentrate, during pregnancy
ability to use roughage is reduced
 TDN requirement of lambs is higher than that of adult sheep
 As a thumb rule a non-pregnant, non-lactating ewe requires 10
gm TDN per kg live weight for maintenance and wool production
 Requirement will be 50% more at last 6 weeks of pregnancy and
100% more at first 10 weeks of lactation

8. FEEDING OF LAMBS (BIRTH TO 90 DAYS)
 Early part of a lamb's life is dependent on
mother's milk for its nutrition
 The lamb should be allowed to suck its dam for
the first three or four days so that they can get
good amount of colostrum
 Colostrum feeding is a main factor
 This period ends when the lambs are weaned.
 Colostrum is given at the rate of 100 ml per kg
live weight

9. CREEP FEEDING FOR LAMBS
 Creep feed may be started from one
month of age and up to 2-3 months of
age
 The main purpose of creep feeding is to
give more nutrients for their rapid
growth
 The general quantity to be given to the
lambs is 50 – 100 gm/animal/day

10. FEEDING EARLY-WEANED AND
ORPHAN LAMBS
 Lambs are usually weaned at five months of age. But early weaning at
2-3 month of age found advantageous
 Similarly, some lambs may be orphaned due to the death of ewe or
due to disowning by the mother
 Young suckling lambs on creep feeding, early-weaners and orphan
lambs must be well fed
 Up to six weeks age, grains should be cracked before feeding to
lambs
 After this, grains can be fed as such except in the case of hard grains,
which may be cracked, crimped or rolled

11.  These infant lambs should get good pasture or high quality
legume hay preferably in the Pelleted form in addition to the
grains
 If legume hay or good quality pasture is not available and if only
poor roughage is fed their grain ration should be supplemented
with a protein cum vitamin supplement with approximately 12 per
cent digestible crude protein.
 The pellets are self-fed and the nutrient intake is controlled by
varying the composition of the pellets with respect to
concentrates
 To start with, the pellets will have 65 to 70 per cent roughages but
decreased gradually to 50 per cent by ten to twelve weeks age

12. FEEDING EWES IN DIFFERENT STAGES
 FLUSHING EWES
 About 2 to 3 weeks before the onset of the
breeding season, nutrition of ewes should be
stepped up to promote their body weight
 This practice will bring ewes into heat earlier
in the season thereby giving early lambs
 flushing also increases the lambing rate and
incidence of multiple births in the flock

13. FEEDING EWES DURING EARLY AND MID-
PREGNANCY
 Good feeding during gestation is the keystone for a healthy strong lamb
crop
 If feeding is inadequate or defective, weak or dead lambs will result
 It prolongs the productive life of the ewes
 It increases milk yield by the ewes resulting in healthier weanlings
 It also improves the wool productivity
 It lessens the incidence of lambing paralysis, and
 It decreases the probability of ewes disowning their lambs as a result of
exhaustion and weakness

14. FEEDING EWES DURING LATE
PREGNANCY
 During this period ewes may be allowed to graze on crop aftermaths (crop
stubbles), wild grasses and weeds
 During the last one month of pregnancy the foetus grows rapidly in the uterus
 Lack of enough energy in the feed can cause pregnancy toxaemia in ewes
 Molasses or grains (barley, maize, oats, etc.) may be fed at the rate of 225 g
per head per day
 Further, ewes should also receive available green fodder at the rate of 7 kg
per head per day or 600 g of quality legume hay or 300 g of concentrate with
12 to 14 % DCP and 65 to 70% TDN during last 45 days of pregnancy

15. Feeding at lambing time
 As lambing time approaches or immediately after lambing, the grain
allowance should be materially reduced; but good quality dry roughage
be fed free choice.
 ration of the ewe may be gradually increased so that she receives the
full ration in six to seven daytime.
 bulky and laxative feedstuffs may be included in the ration during the
first few days.
 A mixture of wheat bran and barely or oats at 1:1 proportion is
excellent.
 Soon after lambing, the ewe must be given just enough of slightly warm
water.

16. FEEDING LACTATING EWES
 Ration for lactating ewes must be
supplemented to maintain adequate milk
production, which is necessary for rapid growth
of lambs
 If they are provided good pasture, the
requirements are more or less met
 When supplementary feeding is necessary, an
average ewe's daily pasture requirements can
be replaced, 50 per cent by 450 g of good hay,
1.4 kg silage or 250 g of grain
 If they are fed cultivated green fodder, 10 kg per
head is sufficient

17. FEEDING FROM WEANING TO MARKET
 The types of feeds used and the methods of feeding will
vary with economic and climatic conditions and the feeds
available
 The policy should be to utilize grazing lands, waste lands
and aftermath of grain crops as far as possible and
supplement whatever is deficient, with harvested good
quality fodder, hay or concentrates
 An average lamb may be fed 225 to 450g of grain mixture
depending on the grazing conditions
 If there is plenty of grazing 225g is sufficient
 In over-grazed grasslands they may be given 450g of the
concentrate mixture plus half to two kilogram of good green
fodder

18. Feeding for wool production
 Protein nutrition is important for
wool growth and production,
 as wool is composed entirely of
protein with very high level of
cysteine and serine compared to
other body tissues.
 Growth of wool requires more
protein relative to energy, and draws
amino acids, particularly methionine
and cysteine, disproportionately
from the body pool.

19. FEEDING RAMS FOR BREEDING
 Rams in normal condition require some additional nutrients during the
breeding season
 An over-fat ram on the other hand needs thinning before the
commencement of the breeding season
 This may be gradually done by a combination of feed reduction and
vigorous exercise
 The common practice is to allow the rams to graze with the ewes, which
will allow the rams to get the same ration as the ewes
 If separate feeding is practiced for the ram, it may be given 300-500 g of
concentrate mixture consisting of three parts oats or barely, one part
maize and one part wheat per day

20.  Goats have special feeding habits as different from other
ruminants
 Goats are browser and prefer tender leaves of herbs, shrubs
and small trees
 Prehensile tongue and movable upper lip
 Goat is acknowledge as a mobile pruning machine that trim
bushy shrubs
 Under extensive conditions, goats may be used to convert
otherwise useless plants into milk and meat.
 enable them to meet their nutrient requirements in adverse
feeding conditions
FEEDING OF DIFFERENT
CATEGORIES OF GOAT

21. DRY MATTER INTAKE
 DMI of goats is higher in comparison to large farm
animals
 DMI for smaller breed is higher than that of larger
breeds
 DMI varies according to energy density of the diet and
the physical character of the roughage
 Meat goats: 2.5-3% of BW & Dairy goats: 4-6% of BW
 DMI reduces with the advancement of pregnancy and
increased after parturition and reach a maximum
between 6-10 weeks of lactation
 DMI increases with increase in feed digestibility

22. ENERGY AND PROTEIN REQUIREMENTS
FOR MAINTANANCE
 The energy requirement for maintenance of goats varies
from 365-581.3kJ per day per kg W0.75, according to
different workers taking an average value of 413 kJ per day
per kg W0.75
 The protein requirement for maintenance of goats by
various workers may vary from 0.59 to 2.57g DCP per kg
W0.75 taking an average value of 1.82g DCP per day per
kg W0.75

23. FEEDING OF KIDS
 Kid should be allowed to suck their dam for the first 5 days to
receive colostrum
 After 5 days kids may be given whole milk at the rate of 1/6th of
their body weight for the first 30 days
 The quantity of milk may be reduced to 1/8th of BW in second
month and 1/10th t1/15th during the third month
 From 2nd weeks of age the young ones should be provided with
the palatable and easily digestible concentrate mixture (Creep
feed)
 Milk feeding can be completely stopped at the end of third month

24. CREEP FEEDING FOR KIDS
 This creep feed may be started from 2 weeks of
age and up to 2-3 months of age
 The main purpose of creep feeding is to give more
nutrients for their rapid growth
 The general quantity to be given to the kids is 50 –
100 gm/animal/day

26. GROWER FEEDING
 Grower kid can be reared under intensive, semi-intensive or
extensive system of feeding
 But under intensive system, kids grow faster and attain
more weight
 Good quality roughage providing 9-10% of DCP and 62-
65% TDN will be adequate to provide average growth rate
 When inferior roughage is provided, they have to be
supplemented with concentrates

27. FEEDING DOES IN DIFFERENT STAGES
 FEEDING OF BREEDING DOES
 If the availability of pasture is good there is no need to
supplement concentrate mixture
 In poor grazing condition animals may be supplemented
with concentrate mixture @150 – 350 g of concentrate /
animal/day depending up on the age
 The digestible crude protein level of concentrate mixture
used in the adult feed is 12 per cent

28. FEEDING DOES DURING THE FIRST FOUR
MONTHS OF PREGNANCY
 Pregnant does require some concentrate (0.2-0.7 kg) in
addition to ad libitum good quality roughage
 Pregnant animals should be allowed in good quality pasture
4-5 hours per day
 Their ration must be supplemented with available green
fodder at the rate of 5 kg per head per day

29. FEEDING DOES DURING THE LAST ONE
MONTH OF PREGNANCY
 In this period foetal growth increases 60 – 80 per cent
until parturition and lack of enough energy in the feed
can cause pregnancy toxaemia in does. So during this
period animals should be allowed in very good quality
pasture 4-5 hours per day
 The concentrate allowance may be reduced to 0.2-0.3
kg during the last weeks of pregnancy
 Their ration should be supplemented with available
green fodder at the rate of 7 kg per head per day

30. FEEDING LACTATING DOES
 Feeding of lactating does
depends on the amount of milk
produced
 For every additional kg of milk
produced, 0.4kg of concentrates
or 1 kg of good quality green
fodder may be fed

31. FEEDING NON PREGNANT DOES
 If the availability of pasture is
good no need to supplement
with concentrate mixture
 In poor grazing condition
animals may be supplemented
with 150 – 200 g of concentrate
/ animal/day

32. FEEDING BUCKS FOR BREEDING
 The common practice is allowing the bucks
to graze with does, under such conditions
the bucks will get the same ration as the
does and usually, it will meet the nutritional
requirements of the buck
 Where there are facilities for separate
feeding of the buck, it may be given half a
kilogram of a concentrate mixture consisting
of three parts oats or barley, one part maize
and one part wheat per day

33. THANK YOU

34. REFERENCE
 Sastry N.S.R and Thomas C.K, Textbook of livestock
production and management(551-559)
 Applied Nutrition , D V Reddy