This document provides information about urbanization and its impacts. It defines urbanization as the shift from rural to urban living. The main causes of urbanization are natural population increase and migration to cities for jobs and amenities. As urbanization increases, it leads to several environmental issues like eutrophication from excess nutrients, arsenic poisoning from waste metals, and erosion from construction sites. The document also discusses solutions to mitigate the negative effects of urbanization like restoration of coastal habitats and erosion control methods.

1. 1
Presented by:- AAFREEN AND CHITRAkALA

2. CONTENTS
 Defination
 Causes of urbanization
Natural increase
In-migration
 Requirement of urbanization
 Reason of urbanization
 Concentric zone model
 The concentration
 Urbanation increase Eutrofication
 Urbanization increase Arsenic poisoning
 Urbanization increase Erosion
 Implication
 Solution
 conclusion

3. DEFINATION
 Urbanization is a population shift from rural
to urban areas, "the gradual increase in the
proportion of people living in urban areas",
and the ways in which each society adapts to
the change. It predominantly results in the
physical growth of urban areas, be it
horizontal or vertical.

4. CAUSES OF URBANIZATION
 Natural Incéares- Townes like other areas of the
country, grow in population as the people who live in
them have Children. The Kingston- St. Andrew area
in jamaica had 27.5% of Jamaica’s population and
grew by 10.8% from 1991-2001.
 Im- Migration- Kingston Is also gaining population by
people moving into the city from the rural areas.
Between 1982 and 2001 It grew by 8.7% Port more
which Is in close proximité to Kingston continues to
grow rapidly due to the développement of
commercial entities.

5. REQUIREMENT OF URBANIZATION
• Reclassification- rural villages that have expanded
rapidly to become towns are reclassified as urban areas.
In such cases long-standing residents who were classed
as rural dwellers become urban dwellers because their
settlements have expanded in size.
 Social Amenities- Town provides chances of a
better education ( since the best schools can be
found there), improved healthcare facilities and
recreation in the form of cinemas, race courses
and playing fields.
 Towns offer a wider range of job opportunities.

6.  Urban unemployment- Many persons who move into the
city face unemployment due to lack of job opportunités.
 Over crowding -which leads to the development of slums
and ghettoes.
 Crime and violence
 Spread of diseases due to unsanitary living conditions.
 Poor sewage disposal Systems.
 Urban Sprawl - As towns get bigger people move into
agricultural lands.
 Traffic congestion
 Pollution.

7. URBANIZATION & THE POPULATION

8. URBANIZATION & THE POPULATION

9. CONCENTRIC ZONE MODEL
 He assumed that new migrants to a city move into inner city
areas because they were the cheapest type of housing and were
closest to the sources of employment.
 With time, residents move out of the inner city as they become
wealthier. This was often the second generation migrants.
 In his model, housing quality and social class increased with
distance from the city centre.

11. THE CONCENTRATION
 Every area has been affected by the rapid
growth of people in some way.
 Trends show that continued urbanization will
lead to a continued abundance of pollution in
the world’s water.

12. URBANIZATION INCREASES EUTROPHICATION
 The process by which excessive amounts of
nutrients cause an increase of algae growth
 These nutrients, like nitrogen and
phosphorus, come from fertilizers and wash
away with rainfall
 This increased growth upsets natural
balance of the ecosystem and degrades the
environment

13. NUTRIENT LOADING

14. URBANIZATION INCREASES ARSENIC
POISONING
 Urban areas release large amounts of
waste metals into local watersheds
 These metals compromise the safety of
the area’s water supply

15. EFFECTS OF ARSENIC POISONING

16. URBANIZATION INCREASES EROSION
 Soil from construction sites washes away
during rainfall and clogs natural water
systems
 This leads to sewer overflows which release
waste, oil, litter and other toxic materials into
area’s coastal environment

17. IMPLICATIONS
 Urbanization continues to increase
exponentially around the world.
Understanding its effects on the environment
is vital for safe and productive development
in the future.
 Now that we know the negative effects of
urbanization on coastal ecosystems, we can
extend rescue and conservation techniques
to the effected areas

18. SOLUTIONS
•Restoration and Regulation of Tidal
Hydrology
•Shoreline Stabilization and Erosion
Control
•Stockpiling and Planting
•Fertilization and Protection
•Habitat Enhancement

19. CONCLUSIONS
• Urbanization has negative affects on the coastal
ecosystem and environment in general
• Urbanization is highly concentrated along
coastal regions which exacerbates the issue
• There are effective ways to prevent these
negative effects, also many innovative methods
for restoration

20. INSULATION
 Input is received in the form of short-wave solar energy. This is
called insulation.
 Insulation is solar radiation received in the Earth's atmosphere or
at its surface.
 Only approximately 52 per cent of this insulation reaches the
earth's surface. The rest is absorbed by water vapor, dust and
clouds, or is reflected by the Earth's surface and scattered by
particles in the air.
 This reflection is called the albedo. The albedo of an object is the
extent to which it diffusely reflects light from the Sun.
 Reflected heat, in the form of long-wave radiation, is trapped in
our atmosphere and keeps our planet warm. This is known as the
“Natural greenhouse effect.”
 The diagram below shows this process - these figures are
approximate.

22. BALANCE OF RADIATION AND HEAT
 Insulation is that amount of solar radiation that
reaches the earth surface through shortwave
 The Earth also radiates heat energy like all other
object.
 This is known as terrestrial radiation.
The annual mean temperature on the surface of the
earth is always constant.
 It has been possible because of the balance
between insulation and terrestrial radiation
 This balance is termed as “HEAT BUDGET OF THE
EARTH”

23. ALBEADO: A MEASURE OF HOW WELL A
SURFACE REFLECTS INSULATION.

24. LATITUDE HEAT BALANCE
 The earth as whole, maintains balance between incoming solar radiation
and outgoing radiation.
 but this is not so in relation to different latitude
 the amount of insulation received is directly to latitudes.
 In tropics where the insulation is high throughout the year.
 More solar energy is revised at the earth surface and in the atmosphere
then is emitted back into space.
 In polar region, on the other hand there is more heat loss than received.
 This way the tropic should have been getting progressively hotter and
pools progressively cooler but this is not so, because it energy transfer
within the atmosphere prevents such a situation.
 The imbalance in the atmosphere and oceans created due to insulation
produces winds and oceans current which transfer heat from
surplus(tropical) region to deficit(polar) region and help in maintaining
an over all balance on the surface of the earth.
 This is commonly know as latitudinal “HEAT BUDGET”

25.  Let us suppose that the total received at
the top of the atmosphere is 100 unit.
 Roughly 35 unit of it are reflected back
into space even before reaching the
surface of the earth.
 Top of the cloud, snow and ice covered
region reflect 6 & 2 out of the 35 unit
respectively.
 Out of the remaining 65 unit (100-35), only
51 unit reach the earth surface.
 14 unit are absorbent by the various
gases, dust particle and water vapor of
the atmosphere.

26. WIND ROSE
Contents
introduction
 History
 Use
Reference

27. INTRODUCTION
 A wind rose is a graphic tool used by meteorologists
to give a succinct view of how wind speed and
direction are typically distributed at a particular
location.
 Historically, wind roses were predecessors of the
compass rose (found on maps), as there was no
differentiation between a cardinal direction and the
wind which blew from such a direction.
 Using a polar coordinate system of gridding, the
frequency of winds over a long time period is plotted
by wind direction, with color bands showing wind
ranges.
 The directions of the rose with the longest spoke
show the wind direction with the greatest frequency.

28. HISTORY
 Before the development of the compass rose, a
wind rose was included on maps in order to let
the reader know which directions the 8 major
winds (and sometimes 8 half winds and 16
quarter winds) blew within the plan view.
 No differentiation was made between cardinal
directions and the winds which blew from said
directions.
 North was depicted with a fleur de lis, while east
was shown as a Christian cross to indicate the
direction of Jerusalem from Europe.[1][2]

29. USE
 Presented in a circular format, the modern wind rose shows the
frequency of winds blowing from particular directions over a specified
period.
 The length of each "spoke" around the circle is related to the frequency
that the wind blows from a particular direction per unit time.
 Each concentric circle represents a different frequency, emanating from
zero at the center to increasing frequencies at the outer circles
 . A wind rose plot may contain additional information, in that each spoke
is broken down into color-coded bands that show wind speed ranges.
 Wind roses typically use 16 cardinal directions, such as north (N), NNE,
NE, etc., although they may be subdivided into as many as 32
directions.[3
 ] In terms of angle measurement in degrees, North corresponds to
0°/360°, East to 90°, South to 180° and West to 270°.
 Compiling a wind rose is one of the preliminary steps taken in
constructing airport runways, as aircraft typically perform their best take-

30. ANNUAL WIND ROSE WHEN CAMDEN NJ (340070003) PM 2.5 HOURLY DATA
GREATER THAN 25 UG/M3 USING WIND SPEED AND DIRECTION DATA FROM
THE CAMDEN SITE, PHILADELPHIA ARPORT, AND THE PADEQ CITY OF
CHESTER STATION (420450002).
Camden Vs Camden Camden Vs Philadelphia AP
Camden Vs Chester PA DEQ
Philadelphia All Hours WR

31. REFERENCES
 Dan Reboussin (2005)Wind Rose. University
of Florida.
 Thoen, Bill. "Origins of the Compass Rose".
Wind Rose Data.