1 The Effects of Anti-Cancer Drugs on Cancer Outcomes- Student Name University Professor Course Date Part A: Introduction The health and wellness of the world has majorly depended on the developments and advances made in healthcare treatment. Cancer happens to be among the latest in a long list of diseases which science has been front and center in addressing them. However, the success in mitigating other conditions has not necessarily been replicated when it comes to cancer. The condition has become quite adverse and this has made discovery of treatment more important. At the moment, there are various forms of treatment which are in use against different forms of cancers. While some have been quite effective in helping clients, others have led to negative outcomes. There is need for more understanding on the effectiveness of different kinds of drugs on different case scenarios. The prevalence of cancer and the role that it plays in affecting the lives of patients requires that there are better efforts towards finding more effective treatments. Part B Review of Literature Cancer Cancer is a major cause of morbidity and mortality globally, accounting for 9.5 million deaths as of 2018. Thyroid Cancer is one of the most frequent endocrine malignancies, contributing to 3.4 percent of all cancers in the United States each year Indini et al. (2022). While there has been significant progress in the development of new cancer treatments and the increase in the use of anticancer drugs over the past few years, the side effects of these drugs can be severe and sometimes life-threatening. However, there is still a lack of evidence regarding their efficacy and safety. As a result, it is critical to assess the benefits and risks of these medications before hospitals use them to treat cancer patients. This literature review aims to assess the benefits and risks of anticancer medicines in patients with advanced cancer. This literature study will aid in a deeper understanding of these medications and their prospective usage in cancer care. Similarities Methodology Silaghi et al. (2022) and Bachelard et al. (2021) conducted systematic reviews and meta-analyses to investigate the risks and advantages of anticancer medications in patients with advanced cancer, as well as potential causes of resistance to such treatments. Both investigations looked for clinical trials in English written between the years 2000 through 2021 and followed the PRISMA criteria. Indini et al. (2022) employed a different technique conducting a systematic review of the function of the mTOR and NAD pathways in malignancy treatment, progression, and resistance. This study searched Google Scholar, Scopus, PubMed, and Embase for English language papers published between 2000 through 2021. Findings Anticancer medication usage was related to a considerable risk of death in advanced cancer patients, according to Silaghi et al. (2022) and Bachelard et al. (2021). How.

1. 1
The Effects of Anti-Cancer Drugs on Cancer Outcomes-
Student Name
University
Professor
Course
Date
Part A: Introduction
The health and wellness of the world has majorly depended on
the developments and advances made in healthcare treatment.
Cancer happens to be among the latest in a long list of diseases
which science has been front and center in addressing them.
However, the success in mitigating other conditions has not
necessarily been replicated when it comes to cancer. The
condition has become quite adverse and this has made discovery
of treatment more important. At the moment, there are various

2. forms of treatment which are in use against different forms of
cancers. While some have been quite effective in helping
clients, others have led to negative outcomes. There is need for
more understanding on the effectiveness of different kinds of
drugs on different case scenarios. The prevalence of cancer and
the role that it plays in affecting the lives of patients requires
that there are better efforts towards finding more effective
treatments.
Part B Review of Literature
Cancer
Cancer is a major cause of morbidity and mortality globally,
accounting for 9.5 million deaths as of 2018. Thyroid Cancer is
one of the most frequent endocrine malignancies, contributing
to 3.4 percent of all cancers in the United States each year
Indini et al. (2022). While there has been significant progress in
the development of new cancer treatments and the increase in
the use of anticancer drugs over the past few years, the side
effects of these drugs can be severe and sometimes life-
threatening. However, there is still a lack of evidence regarding
their efficacy and safety. As a result, it is critical to assess the
benefits and risks of these medications before hospitals use
them to treat cancer patients. This literature review aims to
assess the benefits and risks of anticancer medicines in patients
with advanced cancer. This literature study will aid in a deeper
understanding of these medications and their prospective usage
in cancer care.
Similarities
Methodology
Silaghi et al. (2022) and Bachelard et al. (2021) conducted
systematic reviews and meta-analyses to investigate the risks
and advantages of anticancer medications in patients with
advanced cancer, as well as potential causes of resistance to
such treatments. Both investigations looked for clinical trials in
English written between the years 2000 through 2021 and
followed the PRISMA criteria. Indini et al. (2022) employed a

3. different technique conducting a systematic review of the
function of the mTOR and NAD pathways in malignancy
treatment, progression, and resistance. This study searched
Google Scholar, Scopus, PubMed, and Embase for English
language papers published between 2000 through 2021.
Findings
Anticancer medication usage was related to a considerable risk
of death in advanced cancer patients, according to Silaghi et al.
(2022) and Bachelard et al. (2021). However, the authors
discovered that these medications were linked to a considerable
increase in the likelihood of surviving for at least a year.
Furthermore, the researchers discovered that using these
medications was related to a considerable increase in the
likelihood of living for more than five years. Their findings
differed significantly from those of Indini et al. (2022), who
discovered that the mTOR and NAD paths are responsible for
drug resistance in malignant cells. Furthermore, the authors
discovered that these pathways might be possible targets for
future treatment methods.
Recommendations
Targeted therapy is recommended by Bachelard et al. (2021),
Indini et al. (2022), and Silaghi et al. (2022) as potential
therapeutic choices for individuals with advanced cancer who
have completed standard-of-care treatment. They also
emphasize the necessity of knowing medication resistance
mechanisms to design more effective targeted therapeutics.
Furthermore, they underline the need for trustworthy biomarkers
in guiding treatment decisions. Finally, they examine the
prospects of immunotherapeutic and combinatorial treatment as
resistance-busting techniques for targeted therapeutics.
Differences
Methodology
There are major discrepancies in technique between studies by
Bachelard et al. (2021) and Indini et al. (2022). Bachelard et al.
(2021) assessed the benefits and dangers of anticancer

4. medicines in advanced cancer patients using a meta-analysis and
systematic review. Indini et al. (2022) conducted a literature
review to find the most recent guidelines, clinical and
preclinical research, and novel perspectives in treating
advanced, malignant RAIR-DTC. Both Bachelard (2021) and
Indini et al. (2022) employed various databases and search
phrases. Such databases included PubMed, Google Scholar, and
Embase. Bachelard et al. (2021) explored clinical trials testing
Anti-cancer medications in adult patients with metastatic
tumors, whereas Indini et al. (2022) looked for publications
about DTC therapy and innovative therapeutic approaches. It is
also worth mentioning that Bachelard et al. (2021) included a
data meta-analysis, but Indini et al. (2022) did not; this is the
most likely because Bachelard (2021) was concerned with
assessing the effectiveness of anticancer medications. In
contrast, Indini et al. (2022) were concerned with locating the
most recent recommendations and research on the therapy of
DTC.
Results
Indini et al. (2022) had different results than Silaghi et al.
(2022). While Indini et al. (2022) discovered that the mTOR and
NAD paths play a role in drug resistance development in
malignant cells, Silaghi et al. (2022) discovered that targeted
therapy is a viable therapeutic option for thyroid cancer.
Recommendations
When discussing therapy choices with advanced cancer
patients, Bachelard et al. (2021) propose that adverse effects
documented in clinical trials should be considered.
As prospective options for overcoming resistance, Indini et al.
(2022) propose combinatorial treatment, dedifferentiation
therapy, targeting alternative pathways and immunotherapy.
Silaghi et al. (2022) propose targeted therapy for patients with
distinguishable thyroid carcinoma who have developed
resistance to radioiodine treatment. They advocate salvage
treatment for patients who fail to respond to first-line Tyrosine
kinase inhibitors therapy.

5. Part C: Analysis of Literature Review
Discussion
This discussion presents cancer, one of the major health
problems today. In 2018, the cancer burden across the globe was
18.1 million new cases, with at least 9.6 million people dying
from the disease. According to Meegan & O’Boyle (2022), one
in six women and one in five men globally are forecasted to
develop cancer at some point, with one in 11 women and one in
eight men dying from cancer. The major types of cancer
affecting the world with regards to the new cases of the disease
are breast cancer and lung cancer, with at least 18.4 per cent
(1.8 million) succumbing to lung cancer, thanks to the poor
prognosis of lung cancer. These statistics show that cancer is a
major health issue leading to millions of the global population
annually. To minimize the number of deaths caused by cancer,
such professionals as molecular biologists, chemical biologists,
and medicinal chemists have endeavoured to discover and
develop drugs that may be used to treat cancer. Chemotherapy
has been found to be an extremely powerful tool in treating
cancer, with current research focusing on developing new
chemotherapy drugs. Undoubtedly, the availability and
development of new and more effective oncology drugs are
encouraging. The development of anticancer drugs has been
challenged by the issue of drug relapse, resistance, and side
effects. This is the problem that medical research needs to
address if the lives of cancer patients are to be saved. Due to
many types of cancer, there is no specific population that is
targeted by the disease.
Mitigation
As pointed out earlier, chemotherapy is one of the most
effective methods used in the treatment of cancer despite its
side effects. According to Silaghi et al. (2022), chemotherapy
seeks to kill cancer cells, which grow very fast. However,
chemotherapy drugs tend to divide healthy cells as they destroy
cancer cells. Such damage is associated with side effects such
as hair loss, fatigue, and nausea. Fortunately, with the

6. progression of cancer, science to manage and mitigate the
unwarranted effects of chemotherapy has also witnessed
significant growth. As pointed out earlier, one of the side
effects of chemotherapy drugs is fatigue. Thus, patients should
engage in regular exercise as a way of countering
chemotherapy-induced fatigue. The exercise does not have to be
intense, like going to the gym, but one may even take an
evening walk, thus helping address the fatigue associated with
chemotherapy drugs. In cases where the cancer patient
experiences vomiting and nausea, it is important to take
antiemetics drugs, which effectively eliminate the issue of
nausea. Taking several small meals instead of large meals may
help with nausea.
Recommendation
Resistance is manifested in virtually all effective
anticancer drugs. Most patients portray either acquired or
intrinsic resistance to chemotherapeutic treatment.
Chemotherapy cannot be discounted as a recommendation to
address the challenge of cancer, as it has tremendously helped
save millions of lives across the globe. Indini et al. (2022)
found that many cancer types tend to respond well to the
“traditional” chemotherapy treatments such as antimitotic drugs,
antimetabolites, topoisomerase inhibitors, intercalating drugs,
and alkylating agents, although a few types of cancer can be
cured completely using such treatment approaches. Due to the
resistance of the cancer disease to chemotherapy treatment, this
discussion also recommends using smart drug delivery systems
(SSDS) to treat cancer. According to Silaghi et al. (2022), SSDS
is a drug delivery system based on smart nano-carriers. In this
regard, the system can deliver anticancer drugs to the specific
target sites with less frequency of dosage in a more controlled
manner, which tremendously reduces the side effects associated
with conventional delivery systems of anticancer drugs.
Part D: Conclusion
Finding the right treatment for patients with advanced cancer is
crucial in elongating their lives. There are different forms of

7. therapy which have shown effectiveness but they also happen to
have adverse effects on the patients. There is also the issue of
resistance which should always be taken under consideration.
For better treatment outcomes, it is essential that there is
utilization of different treatment according to how they suit the
patients. The different recommendations come with the
discretion of ensuring that they bring about the best outcome in
the patients. Further research will be helpful in establishing
more effective ways of dealing with the cancer problem.
References
Indini, A., Fiorilla, I., Ponzone, L., Calautti, E., & Audrito, V.
(2022). NAD/NAMPT and mTOR pathways in melanoma:
Drivers of drug resistance and prospective therapeutic targets.
International Journal of Molecular Sciences,

8. 23(17), 9985.
https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23179985
Meegan, M. J., & O’Boyle, N. M. (2022). Special Issue
“Anticancer Drugs 2021”.
Pharmaceuticals,
15(4), 479.
https://doi.org/10.3390/ph15040479
Moreau Bachelard, C., Coquan, E., du Rusquec, P., Paoletti, X.,
& Le Tourneau, C. (2021). Risks and benefits of anticancer
drugs in advanced cancer patients: A systematic review and
meta-analysis.
EClinicalMedicine, 40, 101130.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eclinm.2021.101130
Silaghi, H., Lozovanu, V., Georgescu, C. E., Pop, C., Nasui, B.
A., Cătoi, A. F., & Silaghi, C. A. (2022). State of the art in the
current management and future directions of targeted therapy
for differentiated thyroid cancer.
International Journal of Molecular Sciences,
23(7), 3470.
https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23073470