Pakistan faced several challenges after gaining independence, including an influx of refugees from India, territorial disputes, economic issues from the division of assets and loss of major trading partners, energy and transportation crises from being separated into east and west wings with no connecting infrastructure, and long term disputes like the Kashmir conflict, water sharing, and internal political issues. It also lacked professionals and technical expertise to properly run the new government.

1. Challenges for the newborn
state

2. • Several impediments for
Pakistan soon after its
formation
• Some immediate others
long term
• The Punjab riots
• The most immediate and
grave issue was the influx
of refugees
• Indian propaganda
• Economic burden
• Disputes over cash
balances
• Issues between natives
and immigrants
• Territorial issues

3. • Energy crises
• Trade issues
• Pakistan major exporter of cotton and wheat
• India exporter of sugar and coal
• East Bengal grew Jute whereas the factories to
process that jute was in west Bengal
• No trade links between east and west wing
• Pakistan lacked sea ports only one Karachi
port
• Calcutta Port given to India

4. Long term disputes
• Kashmir dispute
• Canal Water issues
• War 1948
• Issues among the east
and west wing
• Language dispute
• Constitutional problems
• Pakistan also lacked
professionals and
technical staff to run
the administration

5. • Challenges from the western frontiers
• Tribal chiefs and princely states
• Pakhtounistan Issue