Video editing is the process of taking raw footage and cutting it together to create a final product for the audience. Editing can take months to complete as the director wants. Editors manipulate time and atmosphere through editing to tell the story. There are principles of editing like storytelling, combining shots to keep viewers engaged, and creating pace through music. Techniques include match cuts to seamlessly transition scenes and shot reverse shot in conversations. Editing has evolved from physically cutting film to digital software on computers.

1. EDITING Task 4

2. WHAT IS VIDEO EDITING?
Video editing is process in which raw footage is taken by a team of
editors and it cut and annotated so that it is ready for the final
product that will be show to the audience. Editing can take up to
many days even months to get the film as the director wants. Editing
used to be done physically using scissors to cut up film, but is now
done on computers with digital editing software. Editing is part of the
post production phase of film making.
The purpose for editing is so the director can manipulate time and
put a greater sense of purpose and atmosphere to a scene. For
example the editors might put the scene

3. THE PRINCIPLES OF EDITING.
There are rules to editing to make sure that the final cut
of the film will mean audience expectations.
1. story telling - the story line is the plot of
the movie or film and how it is told can be. Things to
consider when editing the story line is the narrative which
is the order in which the events happen these can be
arranged and rearranged to be in a chronological order or
a non chronological order. The story line can also be
edited to be an closed or open ended storyline. So films
left with a cliff hanger to either be continued in a sequel
or to make the audience think of the message in it. An
example of an open ended story line is the final scene of
shutter island (2010) when Leos charecter walks away and
the camera is cut to show the lighthouse. An example of a
closed ended story is Disney's Tangled (2011) were
Rapunzel is reunited with her parents and falls in love
with Flynn the prince in the story and they live happily
ever after, a common thing in Disney movies for them to
be closed ended.

4. 2.Combnation of shots-This is used
in editing to keep the attention of the audience.
just like in a book a writer must keep the motion of
the story going without letting it get stale and
becoming boring, an editor must do the same by
using a combination of shots in the film. For an
action scene an editor would use different shots to
mix things up and put you in the action. In the
opening of trainspotting (1996) Euan McGregor is
runaway from a security guard after just having
stolen from a store, a mixture of shots is used to
create the speed of the chase making it more
interesting.

5. 3.Creating pace-pace can be created with a music score the
cuts are linked to the beat and change according to it to help with
setting the scene. In the lord of the ring the fellowship of the ring
(2001) pace is created in the first scenes before Bilbo has his 111th
birthday a slow song is played with a homily feel to help establish
that Hobbiton is a slow peaceful place. Again in the fellowship of the
ring pace is created towards the end of the fellowship when they are
walking across mountains and fields in an epic few scenes with an
upbeat song that speeds along their journey. This is done to speed
up the time as the quest that they go on actually lasts about a year.

6. 4. the 180 rule- this rule is about character
placement on the screen to identify what side the
character is on. This is done by keeping the camera on
one side in relation to the actor and can only be broken
by showing the camera move to the other side. This
picture shows the 180 rule. The side in green is the side
which the shot opens with and establishes that the man in
orange is on the left and the man in blue is on the right.
The red side of the picture is the opposite side from the
opening shot, the shot can not be cut and put on this side
as it will go against the establishing shot of the
characters.

7. EDITING TECHNIQUES.
1.Continuity editing-small
changes can be noticed in a film from shot
to shot because of filming at a different
time. This can include a mug being in a
persons hand to not being in their hand.
This can look strange to people as it can
put off the realism to the film. A continuity
checker would go through to notice these
faults in the film. And example of bad
continuity can be found in harry potter
and the chamber of secrets (2002) in one
scene the man falls to the ground with the
wand in his hand but the other shot it is
flying through the air next to him.

8. 2.match on action- match on
action is when the camera cuts with the
audiences point of focus in mind. A cut
will take place from one scene where the
audiences vision might be focused to for
example a persons head and then have
the same persons head in the same place
in the next shot. During the fight scene in
kill bill volume one (2003)when Uma
Thurman's character jumps down with the
bamboo sick onto the table, her position
on the screen doesn't change from when
she is in the air to when she is landing on
the table. This is done as to keep the
focus on the character and not confuse
the audience.

9. 3.parallel editing- this is a technique
that shows two events happening at the same
time and cuts between the two events. You know
that they are at the same time because the are
being cut between back and fourth. In the movie
snatch (2000) parallel editing is used flip
between the black guy getting chased by a car
and the hare outrunning the two dogs. This is
don to show the idea of getting chased down.
The difference being is that the hare gets away
because its small and fast, where as the man
doesn't because he's fat and slow.

10. 4.match cut- a match cut is when the scene is cut with one
object is shown becoming another one this is done to move the story
on making it seem effortless. In the film 2001 a space odyssey (1968)
this trick is used to cut from the scene of the monkeys to the one of
the space ship in space. This is done to make a speedy transition and
linking two non connected parts of the movie.

11. 5. Cut away-this is a large scene
that has small events going on around
and the camera cuts to the different
events. This is done to show different
view points of the people viewing the
main event. Sports film are good at
using cut away, an example of is used
in forest Gump (1994) when he plays
football in collage and it cuts to his
coach and other team mates. This is
used to let the audience know the other
peoples feelings when watching it.

12. 6.shot reverse shot-this is two shots that go back and
fourth mainly in a conversation. This is used to help the audience get
into the conversation showing the person talking from the
perspective of the other person. This technique is used in almost
every movie. An example when this is used is in twelve monkeys
(1996) when James Cole is being interviewed after getting let out of
prison. This is used with the strange camera angles as it lets the
viewer know it’s a conversation in the future.

13. 7.Superimposition-this is a
technique which shows a ghostly figure
or object layered in front of the shot
usually bigger and in slow motion to
emphasise the even’s importance. In
rock 4 (1986) during his fight with the
Russia fighter there is one shot were
they are punching each other with a
shot of the crowd. This effect is used to
put emphasis on the setting and the
atmosphere.

14. 8. slow motion- this is when the events of a scene are
slowed down to create great emphasis to it or to make the audience
aware of an event. It can be used for comedic vale or something
serious. Slow motion was uses in blade runner (1982) to put
emphasis on the death of one of the character. It is used to highlight
to the audience that they have died.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EV
ZDyeTTsic

15. 9.Fast motion- Is almost the opposite to slow motion as it
speeds up the scene but unlike slow motion fast motion can only
really add humour to a scene. In the movie click (2006) fast motion is
used contently as the main theme of the film. In this part Adam
Sandler lets his dog out and hits the fast forward button on his
control to speed up his dog. This is done in this film as it is a comedy
and it funny to watch the dog speed walk around the garden.

16. 10.fade in/out-fade in is when the screen is black and it
slowly comes into colour, fade out is when the screen goes from
colour to black. This is used all the time in the halo reach (2010) cut
scenes. Right from the start fade in is used to show the fall of reach.
It is used with the game play to create story. When the player see’s
fade out from the game they know the there will be some story to
follow

17. 11.wipe-this is a technique which looks like one frame is pushed
out by the other. This is used constantly in the star wars a new hope
(1977) and is seen as one of its main traits. sometimes a wipe will
take place at the same time as an action in the pictures below Luke
and obi-wan are lifting up C3-PO and when they do the screen
follows them. This is done to make the transitioning of slides seem
effortless and to not distract the viewer.

18. A BRIEF HISTORY OF EDITING
When film first started it was used as another art medium
and was used because it was new and inactive. French
film makers said that film making was a dying art form
because they would film something until the got board or
ran out of film. Editing really started when Edwin porter
thought it would be a good idea to take the film and cut
and paste between the frames. By doing this an film
maker could create story with a combination of shots.
The first film to include a story and a combination of
shots was for love of gold D.W.Griffiths in 1908. His film
was noted for it use of story telling and the discovery of
the close up. Another one of Griffiths films that better
shows the development of editing was the birth of a
nation in 1915 which was about the KKK. It had
panoramic long shots, still shots and parallel editing all
techniques used today.

19. Before all editing was done on a computer it was done by
hand with scissors and a small type of pasting machine.
In 1924 Iwan Serruier invented the Movieola which was a
machine a person could work with and eye piece to look
closely at the film and effortlessly cut and pasted. In the
late 1970’s and early 1980’s devices like the time based
correctors and digital video effects units to help with the
process of editing, it still used the analogue reel to reel
and was able to digitally enhance the footage making it
easier to edit. In the late 90’s video camera technology
made it possible to make an entire film digitally with
digital recording. Star Wars the phantom menace (1999)
was the first film to use all digital editing processes.
Nowadays some films use reel to reel and edit it digitally
and others all digital. With the advances in phone
technology and digital movie editing you can shoot an
entire movie on your phone and edit it. Film directors
tend not to use this method as they feel that its
unprofessional and that its not always easy to convert it
to a format that matches a computer, needed for
uploading.