2. Men and MoneyChapter 13:William of Orange persuaded Parliament to fund a war against France almost immediately after he overthrew James the second as king. The war was going to be so extremely expensive he wanted to tax his people to pay for it. That was not enough. Private investors lent out money but charging interest left 17 million pounds of national debt in England. Parliament started a Bank of England to keep the money moving and to start paying off the debt. Things started to get sticky once parliament and the crown started to be seen as equal powers. Before this, the king could make all the decisions but since now Parliament was funding everything they now had a political say.
3. Chapter 14the Atlantic News: Shipping became less of a hassle and the colonies started to still feel involved in European events without the hassle of the government and being there in general. Since sending letter became more trivial the colonists grew dependent on hearing stories of their home country. Soon the colonists started their own newspaper called the “Boston Newsletter” this was a big step in uniting two nations by staying distant but still communicating.
4. Chapter 15 Awakenings “Do unto others as you would have them do unto you.” Race:For many years nobody even thought slavery was a problem or even thought of African Americans as humans with religion because they were afraid giving them Christianity would give them false freedom. (Quite controversial in my opinion) but it was even considered sin to baptize a slave. Regardless of the efforts made by the Quakers the native Americans and African Americans dealt with religion their own way whether they made their own or adapted to Christianity.
5. Chapter 17: The Great PlainsTexas: The colonists would trade their weapons for animal hides and slaves to the point where the native Americans started to defend themselves and fight back for their land. The Spanish missionaries started to get upset that the natives had guns and they didn’t . Governor Val Verde was afraid of being attacked so he attacked first and lost miserably and never tried again. Not too long after the Spanish started missions in Texas. Texas was so heavily populated that nobody dared to attack them and Texas started to have its own heritage.
6. Chapter 18imperial wars and crisis For a long time nobody cared about making the new world independent because they relied on Europe for information and just proud of where they came from. They like the protection they had with being a part of a nation. The colonists just ignored taxes and a revolutionary war that nobody wanted started. By 1763 the British dominated North America but at the great cost of lives and lots of debt. United States: “Empire of Liberty” – Thomas Jefferson
7. Chapter 19 There was “Alta California” (northern) and “Baja California” (the southern part now in Mexico) Alta California had hot and rainy areas and was larger than any other territory. The Spanish thought of Alta California as “wilderness” but the natives had contoured the land to fit their needs and the property was very valuable. With such great conditions it was not long before it was smarmed with colonists but the problem was that millions of Indians already lived there. The Pacific Alta California
