1. A
Report on
HOSPITAL TRAINING-I
by
KHUSHHAL SHAKYA
(Roll. No. 1500450017)
Faculty of Pharmacy
RAJA BALWANT SINGH ENGINEERING TECHNICAL CAMPUS,
BICHPURI, AGRA
to the
DR. A.P.J. ABDUL KALAM TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY,LUCKNOW
December-2017
2. ACKNOWLEDGMENT
I wish to express my heart full gratitude to my institution faculty of pharmacy Raja
Balwant Singh Engineering Technical Campus, Bichpuri,Agra.
I praise god, the almighty, merciful and passionate, for providing me this opportunity and
granting me the capability to proceed successfully.
The appear in its current form due to the assistance and Guidance of several people. I
would like to offer my sincere thanks to all.
First and for most I would like to thanks to Dr.Akhand Pratap Singh, Director, Dr. N. K.
Yadav, Dean (Faculty of Pharmacy). Dr.V. K.srivastava,Head of Department/ Incharge (Faculty
of Pharmacy).
They gave me an excellence opportunity to learn the subjects. I express my sincere
gratitude to all those who have directly or indirectly helped me in the completion of project.
I am highly Indebted to Mr Sumit Kaushik, Dr. Shyamveer Singh and my other teaching
staff which includes respected Mr Krishnan Kumar Agrawal, Mr. Tripanshu Gupta and other
respected faculty members.
Above all I am Thankful to my parents who are the foundation stone of the Platform on
which I am standing on.
My work is the result of their blessings and hardship.
KHUSHHAL SHAKYA
3.
4. Introduction
Fig. 1 Overview of Hospital
Hospital -A hospital is a health care institution providing patient treatment with specialized
staff and equipment. The best known type of hospital is the general hospital which has an
emergency department .a district hospital typically is the major health care facility in its region,
with large number of beds for intensive care and long –term care. Specialised hospitals include
trauma centres, rehabilitation hospitals include trauma centres, rehabilitation hospitals, children`s
hospitals, seniors hospitals, and hospitals for dealing with specific medical needs such as
psychiatric problems and certain disease categories. Specialized hospital can help reduce health
care costs compared to general hospitals. The medical 0facility similar than a hospital is
generally cared a clinic. Hospitals have a range of department e.g., surgery, and urgent care,
specialist units such as cardiology .some hospitals have outpatientdepartments and some chronic
treatment units .common support units include a pharmacy, pathology, and radiology. Hospitals
consist of departments, traditionally called wards, especially when they have beds for inpatients,
when they are sometimes also called inpatient wards. Hospitals may have acute services such as
anemergency department or specialist trauma centre, burn unit, surgery, or urgent care. These
may then be backed up by more specialist units such as the following:
Emergency department
Free Ambulance service (24*7)
Paediatric intensive care unit
Isolated Tuberculosis check-up centre
In addition, there is the department of nursing, often headed by a chief nursing officer or director
of nursing. This department is responsible for the administration of professional nursing practice,
research, and policy for the hospital. Nursing permit every part of a hospital. Many units or
wards have both a nursing and a medical director that serve as administrators for their respective
disciplines within that specialty. For example, in an intensive care nursery, the director of
neonatology is responsible for the medical staff and medical care while the nursing
5. manager/director for the intensive care nursery is responsible for all of the nurses and nursing
care in that unit/ward.
Some hospitals have outpatient departments and some have chronic treatment units such as
behavioural health services, dentistry, dermatology, psychiatric ward, rehabilitation services, and
physical therapy.
Common support units include a dispensary or pharmacy, pathology, and radiology. On
the non-medical side, there often are medical records departments, release of information
departments, information management), clinical engineering, facilities management, plant ops
(operations, also known as maintenance), dining services, and security departments.
Layout of Hospital
Fig. 2Layout of hospital
6. INTRODUCTION TO HOSPITAL PHARMACY
Hospital pharmacies are pharmacies usually found within the premises of a hospital. Hospital
pharmacies usually stock a larger range of medications, including more specialized and
investigational medications (medicines that are being studied, but have not yet been approved),
than would be feasible in the community setting. Hospital pharmacies typically provide
medications for the hospitalized patients only, and are not retail establishments and therefore
typically do not provide prescription service to the public. Some hospitals do have retail
pharmacies within them (see illustration), which provide over-the-counter as well as prescription
medications to the public, but these are not the actual hospital pharmacy.
Pharmacy logistic in hospitals
Hospital pharmacies may provide a huge quantity of medications per day which is allocated to
the wards and to intensive care units according to a patient's medication schedule. Larger
hospitals may use automated transport systems to aid in the efficient distribution of medications.
Sterile production
Hospital pharmacists and trained pharmacy technicians compound sterile products for patients
such as total parenteral nutrition (TPN) and other medications given intravenously such as
neonatal antibiotics and chemotherapy. This is a complex process that requires specialized
training of personnel, quality assurance of products, and appropriate facilities. Some hospital
pharmacies have decided to outsource high-risk preparations and some other compounding
functions to companies that specialize in compounding.
7. PHARMACIST
Pharmacists, also known as chemists (Commonwealth English) or druggists (North American
and, archaically, Commonwealth English), are healthcare professionals who practice in
pharmacy, the field of health sciences focusing on safe and effective medication use. A
pharmacist is a member of the health care team directly involved with patient care. Pharmacists
undergo university-level education to understand the biochemical mechanisms and actions of
drugs, drug uses, therapeutic roles, side effects, potential drug interactions, and monitoring
parameters. This is mated to anatomy, physiology, and pathophysiology. Pharmacists interpret
and communicate this specialized knowledge to patients, physicians, and other health care
providers.
Among other licensing requirements, different countries require pharmacists to hold either a
Bachelor of Pharmacy, Master of Pharmacy, or Doctor of Pharmacy degree.
The most common pharmacist positions are that of a community pharmacist (also referred to as a
retail pharmacist, first-line pharmacist or dispensing chemist), or a hospital pharmacist, where
they instruct and counsel on the proper use and adverse effects of medically prescribed drugs and
medicines. In most countries, the profession is subject to professional regulation. Depending on
the legal scope of practice, pharmacists may contribute to prescribing (also referred to as
"pharmacist prescriber") and administering certain medications (e.g., immunizations) in some
jurisdictions. Pharmacists may also practice in a variety of other settings, including industry,
wholesaling, research, academia, military, and government
8. Objective of training
*Hospital training is an observational oriented procedure in which a person is able
to learn practically from their theoretically knowledge.
*Hospital training provide practically knowledge to the student.
*Hospital training helps to study closely the ground level problem regarding their
job profile.
*Hospital training promotes an environment in which student are induced to
adapt themselves quickly to changed circumstances.
*Training puts the students in real life situation.
*Training removes the his hesitation of the student regarding their working skill
and personally development.
*Training is mandatory as per A.I.C.T.E. and affiliating universities and pharmacy
council of India
EMERGENCY WARD:-
An emergency department (ED) also know as an accident and emergency
department (A&E),emergency room (ER) orcasualty department.
An emergency is a medical treatment facility specilizing in emergency medicine,
the acute care of patients who present with out prior appointment ; either by
their own means or by that of an embulance. the emergency department is
usually found in hospital other primary care centre. the emergency department of
most hospital operate 24 hrs a day , although staffing levels may be viridian
attemp to reflect patient volume.
9. First aid is the assistnce give to any person suffering a sudden illness or injury,
with care provided to preserve life , prevent the condition from worsening and/or
promot recovery .
AIMS:-
The key aims of first aid can ne summerized in three key point , some timesknow
as 'the three P`s
*Preserve life: the overriding aim of all medical care, including first aid, is to
save lives and minimise the threat of death
*Prevent further harm: also some time cold prevent the condition from
worsening , or danger of further injury, this covers both external factors , such as
moving a patient away from any cause of harm, and aplying first aid techniques to
prevent.
worsening of the condition, such as applying pressure to stop a bleed becoming
dangerous.
*Promote recovery : First aid also involves trying to start recovery
process from the illness or injury, and in some cases might involve completing a
treatment, such as in the case of applying a plaster to a small wound
10. Condition that often required first aid:-
Also see medical emergency.
*Altitude sickness, which can begin in susceptible people at altitudes as low
as 5,000 feet, can cause potentially fatal swelling of the brain or lungs.
*Anaphylaxis, a life-threatening condition in which the airway can become
constricted and the patient may go into shock. The reaction can be caused by a
systemic allergic reaction to allergens such as insect bites or peanuts. Anaphylaxis
is initially treated with injection of epinephrine.
*Battlefield first aid—This protocol refers to treating shrapnel, gunshot
wounds, burns, bone fractures, etc. as seen either in the ‘traditional’ battlefield
setting or in an area subject to damage by large-scale weaponry, such as a bomb
blast.
*Bone fracture, a break in a bone initially treated by stabilizing the fracture
with a splint.
*Burns, which can result in damage to tissues and loss of body fluids through
the burn site.
*Cardiac Arrest, which will lead to death unless CPR preferably combined
with an AED is started within minutes. There is often no time to wait for the
emergency services to arrive as 92 percent of people suffering a sudden cardiac
arrest die before reaching hospital according to the American Heart Association.
*Choking, blockage of the airway which can quickly result in death due to lack
of oxygen if the patient’s trachea is not cleared, for example by the Heimlich
Maneuver
*Heart attack, or inadequate blood flow to the blood vessels supplying the
heart muscle.
11. *Heat stroke, also known as sunstroke or hyperthermia, which tends to occur
during heavy exercise in high humidity, or with inadequate water, though it may
occur spontaneously in some chronically ill persons. Sunstroke, especially when
the victim has been unconscious, often causes major damage to body systems
such as brain, kidney, liver, gastric tract. Unconsciousness for more than two
hours usually leads to permanent disability. Emergency treatment involves rapid
cooling of the patient.
*Heat syncope, another stage in the same process as heat stroke, occurs
under similar conditions as heat stroke and is not distinguished from the latter by
some authorities.
*Heavy bleeding, treated by applying pressure (manually and later with a
pressure bandage) to the wound site and elevating the limb if possible.
*Hyperglycemia (diabetic coma) and Hypoglycemia (insulin shock).
*Hypothermia, or Exposure, occurs when a person’s core body temperature
falls below 33.7 °C (92.6 °F). First aid for a mildly hypothermic patient includes
rewarming, which can be achieved by wrapping the affected person in a blanket,
and providing warm drinks, such as soup, and high energy food, such as
chocolate.
*Poisoning, which can occur by injection, inhalation, absorb
*Stroke, a temporary loss of blood supply to the brain.
*Wounds and bleeding, including lacerations, incisions and abrasions,
Gastrointestinal bleeding, avulsions and Sucking chest wounds, treated with an
occlusive dressing to let air out but not in.
12. GENERAL WARDS:-
People are transferred from the intensive care unit to a general ward when
medical staff decide that they no longer need such close observation and one-to-
one care.
For many people, this move is an important step in their progress from
being critically ill to recovering. In the UK National Health Service (NHS), general
hospital wards are very different from ICU, the biggest difference being fewer
nurses to look after many more patients. Nurses can be called with a buzzer by
the bed but may not come straight away and some people who have become
used to intensive care find this difficult. Here people talk about what it was like
for them when they left ICU and went onto a general ward. Their experiences
range from those who found this move the most difficult aspect of being in
hospital, to those who were happy to be out of intensive care and on to the next
stage of their recovery.
During intravenous therapy, it use are as follows:
(1) Administration of drips
14. SURGICAL WARDS:-The ward caters for patients undergoing a wide range
of general and complex surgical procedures. The surgical ward staff are
experienced in caring for patients with post operative complications including
pain management, wound care and nutritional needs.
Surgical wounds can be classified into one of four categories.
Dressing technique:-
A dressing is a sterile pad or compress[1] applied to a wound to promote healing
and protect the wound from further harm. A dressing is designed to be in direct
contact with the wound, as distinguished from a bandage, which is most often
used to hold a dressing in place. Many modern dressings are self-adhesive
A.Wet-to-dry:-
Prior to the 1960s, clinicians commonly believed the perfect wound healing
environment was dry and dressings simply plugged and concealed ulcers.
However, research in recent decades has confirmed that a moist wound
environment where dressings have the opportunity to interact with the wound
helped promote healing and reduced the risk of pain and infection while
increasing outcomes.
15. B.Wet to wet :-
Your health care provider has covered your wound with a wet-to-dry dressing.
With this type of dressing, a wet (or moist) gauze dressing is put on your wound
and allowed to dry. Wound drainage and dead tissue can be removed when you
take off the old dressing.
C.Antibiotics ointment :-
Antimicrobial dressings are wound covers that alter the wound bed bioburden.
Indicated to help reduce the risk of infection in partial- and full-thickness wounds,
over percutaneous line sites and surgical incisions, or around tracheostomies.
Available as sponges, impregnated woven gauzes, film dressings, absorptive
products, island dressings, nylon fabric, non-adherent barriers, or a combination
of materials. The ability to handle exudate depends on the characteristics and
composition of the product.
Sharp debridement:-
Sharp debridement is a surgical procedure that uses scissors, scalpels and other
sharp instruments to cut away or remove infected tissue. It improves the wound's
appearance and promotes enhanced healing.
16. DRUGS DISPENSING
drug dispensing. the preparation, packaging, labeling, record keeping, and
transfer of a prescription drug to a patient or an intermediary, who is responsible
for administration of the drug.
DISPENSING PROCEDURE
• Ensure that the prescription has the name and signature of the prescriber and
the stamp of the health centre.
• Ensure that the prescription is dated and has the name of the patient.
• If the prescription has not been written in a known (local) health centre, the
prescriber of the centre should endorse it.
• Avoid dispensing without a prescription or from an unauthorized prescriber.
• Check the name of the prescribed drug against that of the container.
• Check the expiration date on the container.
• Calculate the total cost of the drug to be dispensed on the basis of the
prescription where applicable.
• Inform the patient about the cost of the drug.
• Issue a receipt for all payments.
17. PATHOLOGY
Pathology (from the Greek roots of pathos (πάθος), meaning "experience" or
"suffering", and -logia (-λογία), "study of") is a significant component of the causal
study of disease and a major field in modern medicine and diagnosis.
The term pathology
itself may be used broadly to refer to the study of disease in general,
incorporating a wide range of bioscience research fields and medical practices
(including plant pathology and veterinary pathology), or more narrowly to
describe work within the contemporary medical field of "general pathology,"
which includes a number of distinct but inter-related medical specialties that
diagnose disease—mostly through analysis of tissue, cell, and body fluid samples.
Used as a count noun, "a pathology" (plural, "pathologies") can also refer to the
predicted or actual progression of particular diseases (as in the statement "the
many different forms of cancer have diverse pathologies"), and the affix path is
sometimes used to indicate a state of disease in cases of both physical ailment (as
in cardiomyopathy) and psychological conditions (such as psychopathy).[1]
Similarly, a pathological condition is one caused by disease, rather than occurring
physiologically. A physician practicing pathology is called a pathologist.
18. DIAGNOTIC REPORT
A diagnostic report is the set of information that is typically provided by a
diagnostic service when investigations are complete. The information includes a
mix of atomic results, text reports, images, and codes.
X-RAY & ECG REPORT-


CBC REPORT-
19. PRESCRIPTION
The format of a prescription falls in to seven parts. However, with modern prescribing habits,
some are no longer applicable or included on an everyday basis.
For it to be a legal prescription it must always included details of the creator and now their
registered address. This is known as the Inscription
Definition: For such prescriptions to be accepted as a legal medical prescription, it needs to be
filed by a qualified dentist, herbalist, nurse, pharmacist, physician, veterinarian etc., which falls
within their remit to prescribe such treatments. This is regardless of whether they
included Controlled substances or freely available over-the-counter treatments.
Prescriptions may be entered into an electronic medical record system and transmitted
electronically to a pharmacy. Alternatively, a prescription may be handwritten on preprinted
prescription forms that have been assembled into pads, or printed onto similar forms using
a computer printer or even on plain paper according to the circumstance. In some cases, a
prescription may be transmitted from the physician to the pharmacist orally by telephone; this
practice may increase the risk of medical error. The content of a prescription includes the name
and address of the prescribing provider and any other legal requirement such as a registration
number (e.g. DEA Number in the United States). Unique for each prescription is the name of the
patient. In the United Kingdom and Ireland, the patient's name and address must also be
recorded. Each prescription is dated and some jurisdictions may place a time limit on the
prescription.[2] In the past, prescriptions contained instructions for the pharmacist to use for
compounding the pharmaceutical product but most prescriptions now specify pharmaceutical
products that were manufactured and require little or no preparation by the pharmacist.
Prescriptions also contain directions for the patient to follow when taking the drug. These
directions are printed on the label of the pharmaceutical product.
'℞' is a symbol meaning "recipe". It is sometimes transliterated as "Rx" or just "Rx". This symbol
originated in medieval manuscripts as an abbreviation of the Late Latin verb recipe, the second
person singular imperative form of recipere, "to take", thus: "take thou".[3] Medieval
prescriptions invariably began with the command to "take" certain materials and compound them
in specified ways.
Folk theories about the origin of the symbol '℞' note its similarity to the Eye of Horus,[5][6] or to
the ancient symbol for Zeus or Jupiter, (♃), gods whose protection may have been sought in
medical contexts.
The word "prescription", from "pre-" ("before") and "script" ("writing, written"), refers to the
fact that the prescription is an order that must be written down before a compound drug can be
prepared. Those within the industry will often call prescriptions simply "scripts".
20. CONCLUSION
The project hospital training is the working in a hospital. the process takes care of
all on the requirement of an average hospital and is capable to provide easy and
effective storage of information related to patient that come up to the hospital it
generate test reprt ; provide presciption details including various test. dite advice
and medicine prescribes to patient and doctor it also provide injection detail and
billing facillity on the basis of patient status weather it is an indoor and out door
patient.
The system also provide the facility of back up as per the requirement patient
who known - local language speaker and come from migrain population or ethnic
mirority groups optain are not avail to communicate effectively with there
clinicians to recieve complete in formation about there care. at the some time
clinical staff is often not able to under stand the patient ` need or to elicit other
relabent information from the patient.
proffesional interpreter services should be made available when ever neccesory
to insure good communication between non local language speakers and clinical
staff.
the task force frinks together particiner manager scienticst and community
represented with specific expertise and competece in policy relevent in the field.
