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Classification and Description of Consonant Sounds
- 1. Classification & Description of Consonant Sounds Lt. Dr. B. Ajantha Parthasarathi Assistant Professor of English & Associate NCC Officer, Sri SRNM College, Sattur.
- 2. Consonant SOUND ▪ Produced by escaping air through the mouth or nostrils with friction ⮚ Air-stream Mechanism ⮚ The State of the Glottis ⮚ The Position of the Soft Palate ⮚ Place of Articulation – Active & Passive ⮚ Manner of Articulation – Strictures involved
- 3. Air-stream mechanism ⮚Airflow is created in the vocal tract ⮚Air expelled – mouth/nostrils ⮚Pulmonic air ⮚Egressive Air-Stream ⮚Pulmonic Egressive Air- Stream
- 4. State of the glottis ⮚ Space between 2 Vocal Cords when they are drawn far away from each other ⮚ Voiceless & Voiced Sounds – different positions ⮚ Voiceless Sounds – the VCs are wide apart & the glottis is widened ⮚ Voiced Sounds – the VCs are kept loosely together & thus vibrate
- 5. Position of the soft palate ▪ Oral sounds & Nasal sounds ▪ Oral Sound ⮚ SP can be moved up/raised ⮚SP touches the backwall of the Pharynx ⮚Shuts off the nasal passage of air ⮚Sound articulated through the mouth ▪ Nasal Sound ⮚SP is lowered ⮚SP comes away from the backwall of the Pharynx ⮚Opens the nasal passage of air ⮚Sound articulated through the nasal passage
- 6. Place of articulation ⮚ 2 kinds of articulators – active articulator & passive articulator ⮚ Active Articulators ▪ Articulators move during the production of speech sounds ▪ the lower lip & the different parts of the tongue ⮚ Passive Articulators ▪ Articulators remain passive & the active articulators articulate in the direction of these passive articulators ▪ the upper lip, the upper front teeth & the roof of the mouth
- 7. Place of articulation ⮚ Bilabial - /p/, /b/, /m/ ❑ AA & PA – Lips ⮚ Labio-dental - /f/, /v/ ❑ AA – Lower lip ❑ PA – Upper front teeth ⮚ Dental/ Inter-dental - /θ/, /ð/ ❑ AA – Tip/Blade of the tongue ❑ PA – Upper front teeth ⮚ Alveolar - /t/, /d/, /n/, /s/, /z/, /l/ ❑ AA – Tip/Blade of the tongue ❑ PA – Teeth-ridge
- 8. Place of articulation ⮚ Post-alveolar - /r/ ❑ AA – Tip of the tongue ❑ PA – Part of the roof of the mouth that is just behind the teeth ridge ⮚ Palatal - /j/ ❑ AA – Front of the tongue ❑ PA – Hard Palate ⮚ Palato-alveolar - /ʧ/, /ʤ/, /ʃ/, /ʒ/ ❑ AA – Blade and front of the tongue ❑ PA – Teeth-ridge and Hard Palate ⮚ Velar - /k/, /g/, /ŋ/ ❑ AA – Back of the tongue ❑ PA – Soft Palate
- 9. Place of articulation ⮚ Glottal - /h/ ❑ AA & PA – Vocal Cords ⮚ Labial – velar - /w/ ❑ AA – Lower lip & back of the tongue ❑ PA – Upper lip & Soft palate
- 10. Manner of articulation Plosives – Complete Closure & Sudden Release /p/, /b/, /t/, /d/, /k/, /g/ ⮚ Produced by stopping the airflow using the lips, teeth or palate ⮚ Followed by a sudden release of air
- 11. Manner of articulation Affricate – Complete Closure & Slow Release /ʧ/, /ʤ/ ⮚ The AA is removed slowly from the PA ⮚ The air escapes with some friction ⮚ Sounds articulated with a stricture of complete closure and slow release
- 12. Manner of articulation Nasal– Complete Oral Closure /m/, /n/, /ŋ/ ⮚ An oral closure is made by the AA (lower lip and tongue) – making a firm contact with the corresponding PA (upper lip, teeth ridge, hard palate) ⮚ The soft palate is lowered & comes away from the pharynx to leave a nasal passage of air ⮚ The air from the lungs escapes without any friction through the nostrils
- 13. Manner of articulation Fricative– Close Approximation /f/, /v/, /θ/, /ð/, /s/, /z/, /ʃ/, /ʒ/, /h/ ⮚ The soft palate is raised to close the nasal passage completely ⮚ AA is drawn closer to the PA & a narrow passage between them ⮚ The sound is escaped through this narrow gap with friction
- 14. Manner of articulation Frictionless Continuants & Semi-Vowels– /j/, /w/ ⮚ The soft palate is raised to close the nasal passage completely ⮚ AA is drawn to the PA & a wide gap between them ⮚ The air from the lungs escapes through this gap freely without any friction
- 15. Manner of articulation Lateral /l/ ⮚ The soft palate is raised to close the nasal passage completely ⮚ AA & PA – firm contact ⮚ The sounds articulated freely along the sides of the tongue which is lowered
- 16. Manner of articulation Trill/ Rolled Sounds – Intermittent Closure /r/ ⮚ The velum is raised to close the nasal passage ⮚ The AA strikes against the PA several times in quick succession ⮚ The air from the lungs escapes through the space between the articulators intermittently
- 17. Three-term descriptions / Three-term labels ⮚State of the Glottis ⮚Place of Articulation ⮚Manner of Articulation
- 18. Three-term descriptions / Three-term labels Phonetic Symbol Three-Term Description /p/ Voiceless bilabial plosive /b/ Voiced bilabial plosive /t/ Voiceless alveolar plosive /d/ Voiced alveolar plosive /k/ Voiceless velar plosive /g/ Voiced velar plosive
- 19. Three-term descriptions / Three-term labels Phonetic Symbol Three-Term Description /ʧ/ Voiceless palato-alveolar affricate /ʤ/ Voiced palato-alveolar affricate /m/ Voiced bilabial nasal /n/ Voiced alveolar nasal /ŋ/ Voiced velar nasal
- 20. Three-term descriptions / Three-term labels Phonetic Symbol Three-Term Description /f/ Voiceless labio-dental fricative /v/ Voiced labio-dental fricative /θ/ Voiceless dental or interdental fricative /ð/ Voiced dental or interdental fricative /s/ Voiceless alveolar fricative /z/ Voiced alveolar fricative /ʃ/ Voiceless palato-alveolar fricative /ʒ/ Voiced palato-alveolar fricative /h/ Voiceless glottal fricative
- 21. Three-term descriptions / Three-term labels Phonetic Symbol Three-Term Description /l/ Voiced alveolar lateral /r/ Voiced post-alveolar frictionless continuants /j/ Voiced palatal semi-vowel /w/ Voiced labial-velar semi-vowel