This document provides an overview of chest x-rays, including densities seen on x-rays, different projection techniques, technical factors, chest anatomy, interpretation, and common pathologies. It discusses the major densities of bone, air, fat, and soft tissue. It describes standard and additional views used in chest x-rays. Technical details like projection, orientation, rotation, inspiration/expiration, and penetration are covered. Chest anatomy including lobes, hilum, and lateral views are outlined. Guidelines for reporting, systematically identifying and describing lesions, and never stopping the systematic approach are provided. Finally, common chest pathologies are mentioned.

1. THE CHEST X-RAY

2. CONTENTS:
•DENSITIES
•TECHNIQUES
•TECHNICAL FACTORS
•ANATOMY
•INTERPRETATION
•COMMON PATHOLOGIES

3. DENSITIESTHE BIG TWO DENSITIES ARE:
(1) WHITE - BONE
(2) BLACK - AIR
THE OTHERS ARE:
(3) DARK GREY- FAT
(4) GREY- SOFT TISSUE
AND IF ANYTHING MAN-MADE IS ON THE
FILM, IT IS:
(5) BRIGHT WHITE - MAN-MADE

4. DIFFERENT VIEWS
Standard views
1. Postero-anterior (P/A)
2. Lateral (right/left)
Additional views
1. Oblique view (ribs)
2. Apical lordotic view
3. Expiration view
4. Decubitus view

5. TECHNIQUES -
PROJECTION
•P-A (RELATION OF X-RAY BEAM TO PATIENT)

7. TECHNIQUES PROJECTION
•LATERAL DECUBITUS

8. TECHNICAL DETAILS
•PROJECTION
•ORIENTATION
•ROTATION
•INSPIRATION/EXPIRATION
•PENETRATION

9. AP VS PA
Projection

10. ORIENTATION

11. ROTATION

12. ROTATION

13. Penetration

15. ?

17. ANATOMY

18. LOBES
• RIGHT UPPER LOBE:

19. • RIGHT MIDDLE LOBE:

20. • RIGHT LOWER LOBE:

21. • LEFT LOWER LOBE:

22. • LEFT UPPER LOBE WITH LINGULA:

23. HILUM
 THIS RESULTS FROM THE SUPERIOR
PULMONARY VEIN CROSSING THE LOWER
LOBE PULMONARY ARTERY.
THE POINT OF INTERSECTION IS
KNOWN AS THE HILAR POINT.
BOTH HILAR SHOULD BE CONCAVE.
 BOTH HILAR SHOULD BE OF SIMILAR
DENSITY.

24. HILUM

25. LATERAL CXR

28. REPORTING:
• WRITTEN INFORMATION ON IMAGE
(NAME, GENDER, DATE, MARKER)
• LUNGS
• HEART
• MEDIASTINUM AND HILA
• CP ANGLES
• BONES
• SOFT TISSUES
• BELOW THE DIAPHRAGM

30. ?

31. IDENTIFY THE LESION → LOCALISE THE LESION
→ DESCRIBE THE LESION → GIVE DD
NEVER STOP LOOKING, CARRY ON WITH YOUR
SYSTEMATIC APPROACH!!

32. PATHOLOGY

47. THANK YOU