Discuss The Proposition That Local Authorities Are Better...
1. Discuss the Proposition That Local Authorities Are Better...
Name: SAMUEL Student Number: AKERA Course: MSc in Risk, Crisis and Disaster Management
Essay Title: Discuss the proposition that local authorities are better placed to respond to crises and
disasters than central government Introduction Both the local authorities and central government
have roles and responsibilities in responding to crises and disaster situations. However, several
catastrophic crises and disaster events over the past decades have casted doubts on the effectiveness
of central governments in responding to crises and disaster situations. As such, some scholars and ...
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In his book, "What is a disaster?" Quarantelli asked five researchers with different social science
background (Gilbert, Dombrowsky, Kreps, Porfiriev and Horlick–Jones) to define the term disaster.
Unsurprisingly, all the scholars defined disasters differently (Rosenthal, 1998). For instance, Kreps
defined disasters as: "non–routine events in societies or their larger subsystems (e.g. regions,
communities) that involve social disruption or physical harm" (Kreps, 1998:34). A classical
definition of disaster was coined in 1961 by a U.S pioneer of disaster research, Fritz: Actual or
threatened accidental or uncontrollable events that are concentrated in time and space, in which a
society, or a relatively self–sufficient sub–division of a society undergoes severe danger, and incurs
such losses to its members and physical appurtenances that the social structure is disrupted and the
fulfillment of all or some of the essential functions of the society, or its sub–division is prevented
Fritz [1961:655] quoted in Fischer, 1989:2–3). According to some scholars, Fritz's definition of
disaster has stood the test of time very well (Kreps 1988). Nonetheless, whatever the classic
definition of crises and disaster, they are bound to vary substantially in the foreign dictionaries
reflecting for the particular country and the specifics of the culture and the language of each nation
(Porfiriev, 1998). However, for the purposes of convenience, the
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2.
3. Levels Of Government : Federal, State, And Local Government
Federal, state, and local government establish the laws of how we carry on with our lives and
influences the decisions that protect our future. We the people must hold the different levels of
government accountable when those laws or influences are not withheld. The Constitution was
written to protect those that may be treated unfairly and justly. There will be issues that every level
of government will agree on, but it is up to the elected officials to represent those who do not have a
voice. Hydro fracking is a complicated issue that should be tackled from the lower level of
government to the higher level.
Intergovernmental relationship The federal government consists of the executive, judicial and
legislative branches set the laws of the land. The state level, which is between the middle level
assumes the responsibilities of ensuring those laws applies to the communities within and acts as the
liaison between the federal and local government. The local level which hears a greater amount of
the voice of the general population is the lowest level. The different levels of government goals are
to work as a system, appoint specialist, and to assign tasks to the lowest level to fulfill. Federal or
state government provides oversight to higher tasks accomplished through the local government; it
demonstrates the local government can handle the issue at hand. The combination of the levels of
the governments combined with the public and private players gives you intergovernmental
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4.
5. Union Parishad : The Lowest Tier Of The Local Government
Union Parishad (UP)
The Union Parishad is the lowest tier of the local government unit. It is the entry level of the
people's political participation. The Union Parishad constituted under the Local Government (Union
Parishads) Ordinance, 1983. It should be consisting twelve members, including three women
members from reserving seats and on chairman. According to the Local Government Ordinance,
1983– the members and the chairman should be elected through direct election, based on adult
franchise (Talukder, 2009). The functions of Union Parishad are categorized into different categories
including, civic duties, revenue collection and administrative functions, development functions,
judicial functions and transferred the functions (Moin, 2011).
Objectives of the Study
The objectives of the paper are given below:
1) To present the existing status of women in the lowest tier of the local government in the Union
Parishad.
2) To find out the obstacles behind the lower representative status of women in the Union Parishad.
3) To propose actions to raise the participation of women in the Union Parishad of Bangladesh.
Methodology
This study is ultimately done on the basis of the analyzing the information collected from different
secondary sources, i.e. published books, journals, reports, government publications and newspapers.
Some information also got from the browsing of the internet.
Progression of Local Government in Bangladesh
Local Government (LG), the history of this part of the
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6.
7. What Are The Main Features Of Local Government Act 1979
Provincial Local Government Ordinance 1979
This period marked the 'second wave' of local government reform a military regime. The system of
local government introduced in 1979 by General Zia–ul–Haq was the most representative in nature
since independence. For the first time in the history of Pakistan, elections to all local councils in
both rural and urban areas were held simultaneously on the basis of adult franchise and under the
aegis of independent provincial election authorities.
Features of Provincial Local Government Ordinance:
The special features of the 1979 local government system can be described as follows:
Local government laws relating to rural and urban areas were unified and harmonized.
Local governments ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Planning, development and maintenance of public roads and bridges.
Installation and maintenance of street–lights.
Optional Functions:
Planning, development and maintenance of playgrounds, parks, graveyards and gardens.
Procurement, allocation and regulation of grants, loans and other assistance.
Planning, development and maintenance of public welfare centers, orphan houses and organizations.
Analysis:
The local bodies were made independent from the bureaucracy under the Local Government
Ordinance of 1979.
The local bodies were vested with administrative, judicial and financial powers to make them
effective institutions.
They were authorized to get loans from national and international Banks to complete their plans for
the people's development.
The elections of local governments were held on non–party basis.
The local governments were dependent upon the provinces from senior appointments to the request
for more resources or permission to increase taxes and rates.
The budgets of the local governments were also to be approved by the provincial governments. It
would not be unfair to say that the provinces used to control the local governments
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8.
9. Essay On Texas Local Government
Chapter ten focuses on Texas' local government and why it is such a huge deal. The local
government is closer and highly responsive to citizens than the state and the federal government.
They provide water, public education, and other services. Over the years, Texas is rapidly becoming
more diverse which creates a greater demand for more representation in the local government. The
top five cities have diverse city councils. It does make a difference when a city's council does not
reflect the city's population. San Antonio's city council best reflects the racial/ethnic composition of
its population. Sadly, Houston's council diverges the most from its city's racial/ethnic composition.
They have five members of the council who are white, but the largest race in their population are
Latinos (Champagne, Harpham, Casellas 339). I do think it is crucial for the city councils to reflect
the racial/ethnic composition of their communities ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Special districts are popping up all over. Texas has a lot of special districts because they are easy to
organize and operate. Special districts solve problems that already exist in the government. They can
serve one county or multiple counties. Districts almost do anything you can think of, as long as it is
legal (Champagne, Harpham, Casellas 344). They provide public services like sanitation, ambulance
services, and hospital care (Siegel). I feel like cities and counties shouldn't do the jobs that special
districts do even though they both exercise the same powers. Special districts are more hands–on
and tailored to their counties. Every county has different concerns and needs. Cities and counties do
not do the jobs that special districts do because taxes make it harder for them to provide services
citizens want. The amount differs and for each county. Property taxes and user fees are the main
source of revenue for special districts (Champagne, Harpham, Casellas
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10.
11. Pol319 State And Local Government Case Study
Joshua Dillard
Governments
POL319
State & Local Government
Antonio Quiante
09/21/2014
Government
State and Local governments are micro governments of the bigger Federal government, each unique
to its own way of life and people living in that state. The governments are structure much like our
federal government. With a person in charge, be it the mayor or governor, and a chain of command
down the list. All helping to run the State. Each state is unique with laws and standards, and each
has its own different judicial standards. Some have there own versions of Supreme Court that dictate
laws for the state. All these things I will be looking at and analyzing in three different states. First
state and case study will be the government of California. California is one of the biggest states in
the U.S. It has 58 counties, 480 cities, nearly 3,400 Special Districts and over 1000 K–12 and
Community College Districts just in the state. California even through with ... Show more content
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On top of this, some other key differences to the state. The Lieutenant governor, the attorney
general, the controller, secretary of state, the superintendent of education and treasurer are all
elected by the voters of the state. Another key feature of government for California is the initiative,
which is a proposal for a new law. Any citizen of California can help make laws, if enough people
sign a petition or written request then the proposals would become a proposition and they are added
to the ballot to be voted on, it currently takes more than 900,000 signatures to bring an initiative or a
referendum before the voters. On the flip side of this though they also have the referendum, which
allows the citizens to vote for or against a law that the state assembly has passed (California's Direct
Democracy.
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12.
13. Local Government Speech
I. Pray for Local Government
Father, I place a prayer covering over Mayor Allison Silberberg and Councilman Paul Smedberg and
all local leaders in Alexandria City and give them strategies to provide righteous, wise leadership
that blesses our region and nation (Proverbs 29:2). May they provide righteous leadership and give
them revelatory insights to inspire generations to make a difference in their city. Awaken their hearts
to reflect as a model of a Christ–centric leader in this set time and give them passion to serve. In
Jesus name, Amen.
II. Pray for Local Schools
Father, I'm interceding on the behalf of Christopher J. Lewis, Daria Dillard and I ask you to
strengthen their leadership and ignite great discernment to them and as well other school board
members; Principal Jessica Hillery and Assistant Principal Robert Bowes as they launch new
strategies that empower the next generation to excel in all their academic tasks. May you grant them
wisdom and insight to execute your plans and purposes (II Timothy 2:15) and give them insight and
wisdom to handle any adverse situation they face. Amen.
III. Pray for Local Neighborhood
Father, I announce Jesus is Lord over Alexandria City,its suburbs and denounce every stronghold
that rests on the people (residents, visitors, etc.) minds and every deceptive thought, influence and
initiative the enemy has, or plan to advance in this region is eradicated in Jesus name. I ask that you
fill this city with your presence and touch
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14.
15. Local Government And Public Government
LOCAL GOVERNMENT
Local government is a form of public administration which, in a majority of contexts, exists as the
lowest tier of administration within a given state. The term is used to contrast with offices at state
level, which are referred to as the central government, national government, or (where appropriate)
federal government and also to supranational government which deals with governing institutions
between states. Local governments generally act within powers delegated to them by legislation or
directives of the higher level of government. In federal states, local government generally comprises
the third (or sometimes fourth) tier of government, whereas in unitary states, local government
usually occupies the second or third tier of government, often with greater powers than higher–level
administrative divisions.
The System of Local Government is not a new system but existing before the independence of
Pakistan, when the Indian sub–continent was under British rule, after the independence of Pakistan
this system existed in Pakistan with different names and terminologies. Today 's states are too vast in
territory, having huge population, so it has become very much difficult for Central or Provincial
governments to administer them effectively, in this connection, for this purpose, those provinces are
further divided into Districts, Districts are further divided into Talukas and Talukas are further
divided into Union Councils for effective management and services
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16.
17. Types Of Local Governments From The United States
Module 6: Institutions of Local Government Jim McGrath Bowling Green State University Abstract
Describe some of the different types of local governments found in the United States. Why are there
so many local governments in the United States Are some types more effective than other types?
According to the text, why is the idea of Regionalism a good one? Is Dillon's rule a good idea? Why
or Why not? INSTITUTIONS OF LOCAL GOVERNEMT All states institute actions by which local
governments are produced, through their laws or constitutions. (Zimmerman 1983) Most are created
through state statutes, allowing citizens in a geographic area who require local services; others are
created by state action – called charters. The U.S. Census Bureau developed two classifications for
local government, General Purpose and Special Purpose. General Purpose local governments are
identified as counties, municipalities, and townships. Special Purpose Governments include special
districts and school districts. – Counties – (US Census n.d.) Organized local governments authorized
in state constitutions and statutes, providing general government. 3031counties in 48 states utilize
county governments (excludes CT. RI. and DC.) Louisiana uses the term "Parish" and Alaska uses
the term "Borough". Primary concerns for service delivery are inconsistent from county to county,
as well as the size and number. Generally they have more mandates, less discretionary funds, and
more are
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18.
19. Government And Public Policy In The Public And Local...
Public policy is created by addressing complicated issues which affect communities. Public policy
requires a collaboration of ideas with purposes and the means of achieving them. Society plays an
important role in policymaking and utilization, which improves implementation not only in the
public sector but also in the private sector (Peters, 2016). Government agencies at all levels can
manage and support policies.
A reported by Professor Donald F. Kettl (2014) described local zoning officials in Oso, Washington
did not inform people of the potential risk of building their homes on the hillside. Also, federal,
state, and local officials did not share information well enough, so that decision makers were not
aware of the risks involved (Kettl,2014). The inadequate communication and collaboration between
the levels of government resulted in lack of resources for tragedy stricken communities. For
instance, local nonprofit agencies offered more aid than federal, state, and local governments and
national organizations.
The mudslide tragedy of Oso, Washington buried many homes and 44 people lost their lives. Natural
disasters are incidents that affect the population by causing physical and emotional damages, loss of
life, property damages, and sometimes emphasizes the failure of public administrative processes
(Donahue & Tuohy,2006, p.5). The federal government knows more about the risks, but they do not
have power to act (Kettl,2014, p.3). Also, local governments have the power
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20.
21. The Thoeries of Local Government in Nigeria.
Abstract
Rural development of the grassroots has been the concern of every responsible and responsive
political system. This is because development and participation have continued to elude people of
the grassroots. Development remains insignificant if it does not positively affect the lives of those in
the periphery of decision making arrangement. The Nigerian state therefore created local
government as the third tier of government whose objective is to ensure effective, measurable and
efficient service delivery to the people. Local government is faced with various difficulties. The
major concern of this paper is to dwell on these difficulties and illuminates the factors that are
responsible for them. In achieving this, the paper relies ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
A local government is expected to play the role of promoting the democratic ideals of a society and
co–ordinating development programme at the local level. It is also expected to serve as the basis of
socio–economic development in the locality.
Observations have shown that local government in Nigeria has not performed to expectation. Keen
observers have since adduced various propositions for explaining the reasons why the system has
recorded abysmal level of inefficiency and ineffectiveness vis–à–vis justification for its
establishment. But before reading into the problems of local government, we shall first attempt to
illuminate the historical background of local government in order to have adequate grasp of its
future and achieve deeper understanding of salient issues raised in this paper.
Brief Historical Background of Local government System in Nigeria
Regardless of nomenclature, local government is a creation of British colonial rule in Nigeria. It has
overtime experienced change in name, structure and composition. Between 1930s and 1940s, for
instance, local government was known as chief–in–council and
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22.
23. Est1 Task 1 Local Government
Establishing a formal government on the newly secured property called Pequena Isla would take a
great deal of consideration to ensure prosperity in the future.
Local government
Pequena Isla will use a general purpose and perform essential services such as law enforcement,
park services, maintaining roads, human services and public works (Dye & MacManus, 2015). To
ensure quality educational services, they will also use a special purpose government to establish and
maintain school districts (Dye & MacManus, 2015).
Form of government
A rural county government would make for an excellent political structure while giving the residents
common services. It would also give private businesses opportunities for maintenance, healthcare,
waste disposal services, and recreational services, which would not only bring business and jobs but
more citizens as well. The services our government would provide ... Show more content on
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Management system
To allow future growth Pequena Isla will utilize the more professional and versatile county
administrator structure Isla. This type of government would let the local elected officials work on
the legislative aspects while hiring a highly qualified individual to manage the county operations. It
would also be beneficial because some of the elected county members may not be experienced
leading a county, but this would give the count the opportunity to hire a knowledgeable and capable
person to manage the county.
Leadership instatement
Pequena Isla will have three county commissioners that are elected into office every four years
overlapping to ensure an experienced commissioner is in office at all times ((Dye & MacManus,
2015). They will
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24.
25. The Structural Drivers And Political Facilitators Of Local...
Question 1. What is relationship between the structural drivers and political facilitators of local
government bankruptcy? The main ingredient for a local government bankruptcy to happen is
structural weaknesses in the systems and policies of the local government unit (LGU) coupled with
political facilitators within the LGU. These weaknesses may refer to rules that are not being
followed when issuing licenses or permits, say on building permit or excavation permit in order to
favor a friend or a political ally. Poor financial management is another trigger for LGU bankruptcy
when an elected official pressures the certain officers and staff in the unit in releasing funds to
his/her ambitious project because election time is nearing. This can only be done with the
cooperation or collusion of people within the bureaucracy because in return they may also get some
paybacks from the elected official. The check–and–balance systems should be in place to prevent
getting into the "red". There should be transparency. Periodic audits should be done by an
independent party. Even when all mechanisms are present to make the bureaucracy function cleanly
and effectively, if there is a political facilitator who comes from the top level of the bureaucracy,
these good systems can be compromised with just a phone call or some marginal note from the
high–ranking elected official. Rules will be circumvented, budgets can be siphoned off to favor a
project or an ally of the
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26.
27. The Impact Of Local Government On Local Government
Local government is an administrative body for a small area such as a city,town county or state.The
local government will typically only have control over their specific area.
The main aim of local government is to provide a system under which councils perform the
functions and exercise the powers conferred by or under this Act and any other Act for the peace,
order and good government of their municipal districts.
The impacts of this on HG Walter will be that employees will have to pay to park.
This will impact HG Walter in a bad way this is because the staff will have to pay to park. Which
would affect them because their employees may not want to work in a place where there will have
pay to park.
By the government implementing that HG Walters have to have parking meters will impact the
public in managing their parking times.
Regional government is a government entity that only has control on their specific small area.
National government is the government or political authority that controls a nation.
The main aim of the national government is to have a stable security they also aim to enforce laws
for the nation.
European government makes laws that affect all the countries in the EU.The EU government are
concerned about the environmental issues as well as other areas.
The main aim of the European government is to establish European citizenship they also aim to
ensure the free movement of people , goods and services.
The impacts of this on HG Walter will be that
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28.
29. Empowering The Local Government As A Local Community
Nicole: That municipalities, mayors, and council members have the tools that they need to manage
their constituents. So when I think about being the Mayor here in Manitou Springs and as unique as
we feel we are, for example last night we discussed sexually oriented businesses and we are the only
municipality in El Paso County with recreational marijuana, you know a variety of things that we
have catered to our own municipality, I would love to be able to turn around on those steps and say
that I have helped to create well rounded and broad policy for municipalities and local government
at the smaller level to do exactly what they need for their specific unique community.
Dustin: So empowering local government?
Nicole: Yes.
Dustin: That's awesome.
Nicole: And you know yeah I mean really, and I'm just going to talk to sort of randomly right now.
When I think about empowering local governments and I think about this current mayoral campaign
and I think about some of the council members I have on my board and someone like Pete Lee who
have their own agenda, not that not necessarily self–serving, although it may be, they're not coming
from a place of thinking that it's self–serving, but they just have a tunnel vision for specific agenda,
I don't have that. I don't necessarily want to unless it's essential for my job. For example, as I run for
mayor again, the items that I'm talking about trying to address for the next two years have come up
over the past two years as we've gone
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33. Case Study Of White Paper On Local Government
4.2 White Paper on Local Government
According to the White Paper on Local Government, local authorities have the following
responsibilities in terms of their obligation to economic development:
● Provide marketing and investment support in order to attract potential support to their locality.
● Small business support services should be providing to assist small entrepreneurs.
● To provide targeted assistance to a particular sector in the local economy that has to potential to
expand.
● By supplementing and tailoring to local need, the services provided by the Department of Labour
in supply of training and placement services. This is necessary towards the end of assisting people in
acquiring skills and funding jobs.
4.3 The Local Government: Municipal Systems Act (2000) (Act 32 of 2000)
The Municipal System Act (No. 32 ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
● Promote and undertake development in the municipality.
● Promote gender equity in the exercise of the municipality's executive and legislative authority.
● Promote a safe and healthy environment in the municipality.
● Contribute, together with other organs of the state, to the progressive realisation of the
fundamental rights contained in sections 24, 25, 26, 27 and 29 of the Constitution.
LED is one of the most strategic tools through which local municipalities adhere to its duties, as
prescribed by the Municipal Structures Act. This fact becomes even more applicable, once a
municipality's LED strategy is functionally integrated with its Integrated Development Plan.
Section 26(c) of the Local Government: Municipal System Act further specifies that the Integrated
Development Plan of the local municipality must contain its LED aims. This awards the municipal
LED strategy legal status as part of the Integrated Development Planning process.
5 RECOGNISING PROGRESS AND CHALLENGES WITH REGARDS TO SOUTH AFRICA'S
ECONOMIC PROGRESS SINCE
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34.
35. Local Government In Australia
Background of Australian Government In Australia's Early Childhood Education and Care (ECEC),
the Commonwealth has responsibility for social security while state governments have primary
responsibility for education (Press Hayes, 2000). Thus, policy and funding matters related to
different forms of ECEC services rest with different tiers of government (Press Hayes, 2000).
There is the local government, which is established and regulated by State and Territory parliaments
(Press Hayes, 2000). Australia has about 750 local government councils responsible for town
planning, roads, streets and bridges, waste and sanitation services and community recreation
facilities. Many, though not all, local governments in Australia are involved in ... Show more content
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During the 1940s and 1950s preschools, as they became known, began to emerge in middle class
suburbs and were often managed by local parents. During the 1960s and 1970s, some State
Governments became involved in the provision of preschool services. In both Victoria and New
South Wales preschool provision remained largely in the hands of voluntary agencies (Brennan,
1998). Although preschool provision and operation were widespread, preschools largely failed to
meet the needs of working mothers. A strong push for the provision of child care services to support
working women developed in the late 1960s and early 1970s. A feminist advocacy for women's
rights seek in paid employment and researches on the number of children left without adequate
supervision because of their parents' need to work, and the needs of industry for access to women's
labour became a powerful impetus for governments to take child care provision seriously (Press
Hayes, 2000). As a result, the Commonwealth Minister for Labour and National Service introduced
the Child Care Act 1972, which commenced Commonwealth involvement in the funding of child
care programs beyond the Lady Gowrie Centres. From 1983 to 1990 child care provision was
regarded as part of the social wage under the Commonwealth Labor Government where
government–provided benefits and services (Press Hayes, 2000). In 1990 the Commonwealth
Labor Government extended the
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36.
37. Essay on The Role of Local Governments in the Global Economy
NOYO OSAGHAE
1/30/2012
I HAVE NEITHER GIVEN NOR RECEIVED, NOR HAVE I TOLERATED OTHERS' OF
UNAUTHORIZED AID
THE ROLE OF LOCAL GOVERNMENTS IN A GLOBALIZED ECONOMY
Recent developments in the global economy would seem to suggest that it is in the interest of states
to be integrated into the global economy, although it is also obvious that most would like to do so in
the most beneficial and equitable ways. The increase in the number of states seeking membership in
the World Trade Organization is perhaps evidence enough that states, whether developed or
underdeveloped, democratic or non–democratic, want to play a role in the World Liberal Order. The
circumstances under which states are influenced to be integrated into the global economy ... Show
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According to her While globalization gives rise to global cooperation, global local tensions surface
as localities adapt to economic, technological and societal changes brought about by this process.
The method of adaption stated, is through the process of Glocalization which she defines as a
merging of global opportunities and local interests, aiming to create a more socio–economically
balanced world, which calls for the accommodation of global perspectives to local conditions, as
well as for a more pronounced role of local actors addressing global challenges. She further
explains the function of Glocalization as making cities key players in decentralized foreign policy,
diplomacy, trade and inter–city projects forwarding social and economic development. This activity
happens through the creation of coalitions where local governments serve as a balancing force to
international private and public sector organizations in the framework of joint projects. This
viewpoint emphasizes the importance of the reform of globalization to be spearheaded by local
leaders as they are more sensitive to social and cultural needs and closer in proximity to citizens
than their national counterparts.
The author analyzes these local responses
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38.
39. Characteristics And Features Of Local Government In India
Characteristics / Features of Local Government
There are some characteristics on which the system of local government is based which are as
follows:
1) Local Area : Local governments is an important administrative division of a country that local
government is responsible for looks this areas termed as a city , a town, a ward or a village. The
local government takes care of the people. The group of people administrate of particular areas and
it is run by an authority or any persons who are elected directly by the citizen staying within areas .
The elected representative of the people are responsible for maintaining and managing of local
affairs in particular places. The main goals of local government is to provide civic amenities ...
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The local government are basic tissues to human body without its government would have no
importance at all.
2)Local government provides training for upcoming leaders who later gaining experience in the
administration and leaders try to it level best suppose politics and government rise at the local level
and the national level.
3) The problems of local government which are emerging are not supposed to be solved by the
Central and State governments but it solved by itself. There are many problems which occur at the
local level and it is important to be solved locally .To be identified will all this things the
government shall have to step down to the local in order to reduce the local problems in an effective
manner.
4) Local bodies perform various function and it delivers civil services to the citizens. These civic
services such as cleaning of street , garbage collection , drainage , infrastructure like water supply ,
power supply , fire service and health services etc. These are things which provide essential for
healthy and comfortable
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40.
41. Modern Federal, State, And Local Governments
Modern federal, state, and local governments must deal with changes in technology and changes in
society and culture. One emerging technology is the proliferation of drone technology in the hands
of private citizens. Christ Pritchard, writing in Journal Of The Australian New Zealand Institute
Of Insurance Finance, suggests that [c]urrent usage patterns show it's a safe bet that drones are
destined to play an increasingly important role in business relationships (Pritchard, 2015). Once
solely in the hands of professional organizations and government activities, drone technology is now
more available to hobbyists and casual users.
The role of local government, and by extension public administrators, is always under review by its
citizens. Because the job of government is to legislate and make decisions in areas over which they
have legislative authority (VMA, 2012) and to develop and implement policy, local governments
must be able to react to emerging technologies and provide a safe environment for its citizens.
Drones Here and Now In January 2014, the done technology was still emerging as a high–dollar
endeavor for government agencies and wealthy hobbyists. Two years later, an advanced drone can
be purchased online with overnight delivery from hundreds of different websites. In 2014,
Governing Magazine wrote that the use of drones is allowed by the Federal Aviation
Administration (FAA) on a case–by–case basis, largely for public and research use by law
enforcement
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42.
43. Economic Growth And Local Governments
In pursuit of economic growth, local governments in American often encounter the institutional
collective action dilemma due to fragmentation of authorities in governance systems and fierce
competitions in the context of economic development. City governments have to cooperate with
either their neighbor cities or other cities to encourage economic growth. This is because individual
city government might be too smaller to reach economies of scale, so that companies might be
reluctant to make the investment unless the size of operation could grow to a certain point. And also,
some factors of production, such as water or electricity, might not be solely controlled by one city
government; pollution problems caused in the process of manufacturing products might not be
confronted by only one city government as well. In spite of potential benefits for collective actions,
as many studies have indicated, coordination and defection cost would put intergovernmental
collaboration at risk(Carr Hawkins, 2013). Lack of central authority coordinate with local
governments, conflicting goals is rarely to make them enter into mutual agreements. Even as they
recognized accepted goals for joint actions, diverse means might be devised by each of them(Feiock,
2013). As city governments compete with each other to provide favorable development policies,
their fiscal pressures build up and the probability of policy failure increases(Minkoff, 2013). Under
this situation, individual actions taken by
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44.
45. Democracy Becomes A Way : Local Governments As...
DEMOCRACY FINDS A WAY
Local Governments as Laboratories of Democracy
1. Introduction
In 1988, toward the end of his presidency, Ronald Reagan reminded a group of governors gathered
at the White House that part of federalism is recognizing that the States are laboratories of
democracy. (Reagan 2013, 235). It is a phrase that is often used. It can be attributed to Justice
Brandeis, who in his dissent in the case of New State Ice Co. V. Liebmann wrote:
To stay [meaning to judicially prohibit] experimentation in things social and economic is a grave
responsibility. Denial of the right to experiment may be fraught with serious consequences to the
nation. It is one of the happy incidents of the federal system that a single courageous state may, if its
citizens choose, serve as a laboratory; and try novel social and economic experiments without risk to
the rest of the country.
(New State Ice Co. v. Liebmann 1932, 386–387).
Brandeis strongly supported federalism and in particular the prerogatives of state and local
government (Tarr 2001). He supported them because he believed that the tendency towards
centralization did not necessarily lead to efficiency or improved outcomes (Tarr 2001). Likewise
Reagan's New Federalism advocated an expanded role for states and sought to encourage them to
innovate solutions on their own rather than waiting for Washington to hand them the answers (Lester
1986). But others would argue that centralization is necessary, a view reflected in
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46.
47. Relationship Between State and Local Government Essay
Forms of Local Government
The basis for county, city and special district governing and authority are laid out in the State
Constitution and Government Code. Counties in California are responsible for providing limited
services to unincorporated areas. The state Legislature created the Local Agency Formation
Commission (LAFCO) in 1963 to control local government fragmentation. The Local Agency
Formation Commission (LAFCO) gives counties the power to tax, create special districts and annex
unincorporated land to cities in the county (League of Women Voters, 1992).
There are three classes of county government. The main differences are in the organization and
selection of governing bodies and officers. General Law counties elect ... Show more content on
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Municipalities may also provide parks, public housing, and various utility services. Cities are
required to develop a general plan, environmental reports and review of their capital improvements
program (League of California Cities, n.d.). Charter municipalities may have increased powers,
requiring a vote for adoption and amendment. Incorporated cities and towns have the power to levy
taxes. Special districts provide focused service. They only serve specific designated areas and
provide only one service. That service is a public service or program constitutes want. While county
and city service are mandated by federal and state government, special districts provide what the
public wants. Local agency loss of property tax revenue and competition for existing revenue leaves
fewer dollars for services. Residents and landowners can form a district to pay for an increased level
of service or other services they desire. Local citizens can receive services at the price they are
willing to pay (League of Women Voters, 1992).
Special districts are not state government. They are accountable to the voters. State government does
look over financial reports and requires state law be followed for public meetings, bonded debt,
record keeping and elections. They provide public services and infrastructure that help communities
but not direct economic development (CSDA, n.d.).
Intergovernmental Cooperation
The local government must work within the state and
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48.
49. The State and Local Government of the City of Melbourne Essay
The State and Local Government of the City of Melbourne
The City of Melbourne which has a population of about 71,382 is operated under the
Council–Manager form of government also known as the City–Manager plan (City of
Melbourne, About Melbourne). The Council–Manager form of government was developed in
1908, and today is the most prominent form of local government in the
United States. Over 3,000 governments operate under the Council–Manager form of government.
The Council–Manager form of government is especially popular in
California, where about 98% or the cities use it (Burns, 190). The Melbourne City
Council performs the legislative functions of the city: establishing laws and policies. It is comprised
of six ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The City Council meets on the second and fourth Tuesdays of the month at 7:30 p.m. in the City
Hall Council Chamber.
Most of the power of the City Council is localized in the elected council as a whole, which they then
hire a professionally trained manager to oversee and ensure the delivery of public services. The City
Council members try to concentrate on policy issues that are responsive to those throughout the
community. The City Council also focuses on the communities goals, projects throughout the city,
and some long term factors such as community growth, land development and many other factors
that could be affected by past policies or ordinances. The City Council members affect policy in the
city by helping to make decisions on what would be good for the city as a whole, and trying to
protect everyone's rights and wishes at the same time. The Mayor in Council–Manager communities
plays a key role . The mayor is responsible for sharing views of the city's citizens, forming policies
and interpreting them to the public, he or she is also a ceremonial leader. The mayor shows up at
council meetings to assist the council in setting goals, advocating policy decisions, and to better
serve his or her community. The typical mayor is a college graduate, 40 to 50 years old, has political
experience, and is usually a business or legal professional. Most mayors are male but more recently
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50.
51. Function Of Local Government
Ayer | 4
Priyanka Ayer Professor Sharifian Govt 2306 18th Nov 2017 Three Committee I would Govern
The care of human life and happiness and not their destruction is the only legitimate object of good
government.(Thomas Jefferson). A good government take care of their citizen and provide better
service and life so that they can be happy. To function government properly, the branches of
government should function properly. The Federal government depends upon the State and the State
depend upon the local government. Local government are the ones who have the authority to work
on the grassroots level as they are more connected to the local people and they are the ones who
knows what can be done to make people happy. To properly function the local government, law
making bodies and committees are formed. These committees are more connected to people in their
region and there are several committees who work for the problem of the society. As I see in the
State of Texas where I live, there are three most problems we face in daily life. First, the problem of
Transportation where even the biggest city as Dallas that has so many highways but yet the public
transpiration which is worse than other cities and county. Second is the poverty rate, the poverty rate
of Texas is 17.6% and the Dallas city poverty rate is 30% which is very high. Similarly, Dallas crime
rate which has rose by 30% in 2016. So, to solve these problems, I would like to work in there Texas
committees of the House and
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52.
53. Local And Local Government
Imagine the government controlling every aspect of life, not only in the political side of the
spectrum but also on the social side as well. The thought could be passed by in the minds of most, as
some sort of authoritarian state or a form of communism, however this is actually true in most
governments including that of statewide and local government and its political agencies. As by
definition, a government is, The form or system of rule by which a state, community, etc., is
governed.(Dictionary.com) and behind the lines of the contemporary thought, the government's
main role is to control liberty and order which is contradictory in nature. On June 12, 2017 at 12:46
I was walking down the busy street of Westheimer with two of my friends to go get food at Sonic
and I as I walked down the street I failed to realize just how many agencies and levels of local and
State government I encountered which included, the Houston Department of Public Works and
Engineering, Texas Public Utility Commission, and the Texas commission on Environmental
Quality. The Houston Department of Public Works and Engineering is the agency that deals with the
upkeep and creation of Houston's infrastructure such as Roads, Bridges, Traffic signals,Fire hydrants
and also the treatment of wastewaters. In connection with my stroll down Westheimer, this local
agency is one that I encountered on a consist basis because the sidewalks that I walked on are kept
up by this agency and not only that but also
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54.
55. Local Government Fiscal Sustainability As A Common Pool...
Local Government Fiscal Sustainability as a Common–Pool Resource Problem According to our
text, people perceive government as a tool to maximize their own self–interest in the political
economy model (Rosen Gayer, 2014, p. 108). This commonly takes the form of public service
programs, which is why fiscal sustainability is an essential factor in government operations,
especially on the local level. It has turned out to be an immense challenge on every level due to
fluctuating operating deficits, tax revenues, and demographics. These issues are similar to the
tragedy of the commons, which occurs when several people try to obtain the largest profit from a
common resource. As demand surpasses the supply of the resource, those who seek personal gain
disregard society's well–being and other people are not able to experience the benefits (Tragedy of
the Commons). The larger problem is that public expenditures are paid for by mostly everyone
within a single jurisdiction, yet the benefits from government expenditures are focused on certain
groups. This leads to each group craving a greater portion of the common revenue pool, however, if
every group tries to increase their share then it would result in unnecessary public spending or
economic crisis. This study by Tang, Callahan, and Pisano (2014) examines fiscal sustainability
within local governments as a common–pool resource (CPR) problem by considering the political
economy of monetary institutions, applying six
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56.
57. Local Government And Community Service
Lance Armstrong once said, Knowledge is power, community is strength, and attitude is
everything. Being active in your own community isn't just donating money or cleaning up one's
neighborhood, it can be attending local events sponsored by local organizations or government, or
even attending the meetings that plan those events. For Example, attending a local holiday event in
one's community or a city council meeting where they make choices that potentially affect everyday
life. After personally attending and participating in a holiday event, a school activity and lastly two
city council meetings, I have gained insight on the importance on participation in local government
and community service. I definitely enjoyed helping out at my school with a fellow peer at a
volleyball game. Back in the fall, a friend and I worked the scoreboard at the game. I am on the
volleyball team and I now know that I do take for granted the people, the refs, and those who work
the scoreboard or provide us food at our games. I learned more about what the work the volunteers
go through, the stress of all the peers, students and parents waiting on you to make a bad call or
mess up the score. Feeling that pressure has definitely made me appreciate the extraordinary citizens
who volunteer to do that work for my school. In addition to attending a volleyball game I also
participated in carnival game night at my church. I helped the young children learn how to play
games and watched them as
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58.
59. Operation Of Local Government Transparency
Operation of local government transparency in
South Sulawesi province
A. Jamaluddin
STISIP Muhammadiyah Sinjai Abstract
Transparency in South Sulawesi Provincial Government has been applied in efforts to achieve good
governance. The problems of this research are; (1) how to transparency in local governance, (2)
what factors inhibiting transparency in local governance, and (3) what is the right strategy is used in
implementing the transparency of the regional administration. This study aims to: 1) describe the
transparency in local governance, 2) analyze the factors that become an obstacle to transparency in
local governance, and 3) to apply the right strategy in the transparency of the regional
administration. The study found that ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Various information is held, given and provided by the Government are accessible can be used as a
tool for monitoring, evaluating and assessing the work done by the government under the
supervision of the community.
Regional Government of South Sulawesi province after the reform era are required to be more
transparent to the various activities of governance created by the government and has the support of
the community by creating all the tools and rules of the system and mechanism of action of the
government must be transparent, informed to the community and society easy access to all
information relating to good governance in accordance duties and functions of each government
agency. Transparency in principle is the principle of the creation of mutual confidence between the
government and the public through the provision of information that ensures the ease in obtaining
accurate information and adequate. Through this transparency, government and communities
together to provide information where the information is a necessity for governments and
communities to mutually participate in running good governance.
Moving on from the understanding of transparency, the Regional Government seeks to achieve
transparency of regional governance
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60.
61. Local Government and Local Safeguarding Board
Abbreviations CRB Criminal Records Bureau CAF Common Assessment Framework DCSF
Department for Children, Schools and Families DFES the Department for Education and Skills
ECM Every Child Matters ISA Independent Safeguarding Authority Introduction In this assignment
I will underpin how the multi agency team can help safeguarding children's rights linking in to
practise, with past, present and future legislation including policies and procedures which have
protected children and families and also safeguarding incidents that have changed our practice. The
assignment will discuss safeguarding across the board from settings, local and national policies and
procedures, what they ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
To keep the children and adults safe all most all settings have a statement for the security of the
building, (appendices 2) the policy and the procedure is in place to protect children and adults they
are followed and updated regularly when new staff or changes in the building have occurred such as
security systems to the doors and even ID badges. The local council have a corporate whistle
blowing procedure which my setting adhere to. This is a 7 page document (appendices 3) which
underpins the procedure, the aims and explanations in to whistle blowing. Also how to raise your
concerns what support you will receive and the procedure also links to other procedures. This is an
important document which in our setting is undergoing some changes from recent issues with the
Vanessa George case. This is supported by Gaunt, (2009) which states An early year's expert has
warned of the need for early years settings to have an effective whistle blowing policy in place, in
light of the high profile court case of paedophile Vanessa George. This has a large impact on
settings and on practitioners as they may feel vulnerable and fear that parents may lose their trust in
the setting and practitioners. All policies and procedures are available for parents/carers and
practitioners to read and address any concerns they have most settings sign post the policies and
procedures to the
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62.
63. Local Self Government
Introduction
Local government institutions have always existed in India in one form or another since ancient
times. The present form of urban local government owes its genesis to the British rule. The initiation
began with Samuel Laing, member of the Viceroy's Council, in the Budget Speech (1861–62)
proposing that local services should be based on local resources. Lord Mayo's Resolution of 1870
introduced the concept of elected representatives in the municipalities. Lord Ripon is considered the
founding father of urban local government as he implanted the concept of municipal authorities as
units of self–government. His Resolution of 18 May 1882 on local self–government dealt with the
constitution of local bodies, their functions, finances ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The government had a direct link with the peasants instead of the feudatories. The Chola kings had
adopted the Yuvaraja during king`s rule. The orders of the kings were written and copies of it would
be sent to respective departments and officers. The royal priest was the reliable advisor of the King.
Development of local self government was one of the most striking features of administration of the
Chola dynasty. The villages were given autonomy despite centralised system of governance. The
Chola officials acted as advisors to village assemblies and there was no interference in daily
administration. Thus there was continuity in village administration despite political upheavals. The
general assembly was classified into tax paying villagers, Brahmins and traders. The central
government officers examined accounts and supervised the work of the tax paying villagers. The
village assemblies received gifts from rich men or from king for developmental activities. The
feudatories were unable to impede in the village management. Their job was very clerical in the
sense it was a mere collection of taxes and passing the share to the King.
Elaborate and complicated mechanisms are the attributes of Chola administration. Administration
under the Chola dynasty was systematically conducted. Autonomy along with centralization was
moderately followed in each and every level. Revenue, justice, governance and military were given
prior
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64.
65. Methods And Results Of Local Government 's Performance...
RESEARCH METHOD
Approach.
This chapter discusses the methodology of the thesis. As mentioned, this thesis mainly uses
qualitative data collected via literature and document review, and semi–structured interviews to
answer the research questions. This is because the qualitative approach is more suitable to provide
a great deal of descriptive details...emphasizes on process...[and] is concerned with explanations
(Bryman, 2004, pp. 280–281), which is essential to examine the process and results of local
government's performance measurement.
Focus and Locus.
This research is focused on answering and identifying the problems involved in the research
questions. The relationship between the research questions and supporting methods, which are later
explained in detail, is illustrated as follows:
Indonesia is currently a democratic country with three tiers of government: central government;
provincial government; and local government. At the lower level, there are 34 provinces and 508 (as
of 2014) local governments. There are two types of local government across Indonesia: 1)
Kabupaten (district), and 2) Kota (city). In the past (before Reformasi), provincial and local
governments were simply an extension of the central government at the regional and local level.
Government policies and programs were determined by central government. As the result, the
Gubernur (Head of Province) and the Bupati/Walikota (Head of Kabupaten/Kota), directly
appointed by the president, were
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66.
67. Comparing The Local Government And The Power Of Government
Local government is the most basic government, mainly help citizens to make decisions on local
financial issues, educational issues and social services (地球 182).Despite the wide range of
local government functions, in all power, the right in tax policy is relatively important. There are
many similarities between the local governments of European countries; however the decision–
making organizations in modern Europe are still quite different. (地球书 172页). There are two
different, but linked, decentralized decision–making mode. One is federal, the other is unitary
(ibid).The powers in unitary system is highly centralized, and the powers of federal states are
decentralized ( ).Appropriate tax policies can promote economic growth and prosperity, on the
contrary, inappropriate tax policies will increase the gap between rich and poor, is not conducive to
the national economy.(xinzhaode )
This paper will focus on the power of local governments on taxation. Take the French, Germany,
Sweden and Hungary tax systems as examples, divided into two groups in turn to compare the
taxation power of their local governments. In contrast, local governments in France and Hungary,
two unitary countries, have greater autonomy in choosing tax standards. Local governments in
Germany and Sweden, two federal states, and local governments have limited decision–making
capacity, mainly using state–mandated tax standards
French local governments have a role in promoting taxation, and the competition
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68.
69. The Importance Of Local Government
What is local government and how does something much smaller than the bigger picture have an
more immense impact on individual's lives? Local government is the administration, of a district,
state, or county, in which the citizen elects the officials corresponding to their particular area. Local
government is essential throughout America. It entitles people the right to have a say in what is
going on in their community, on a governmental stance. Local government, moreover, establishes
and enforce local laws. Local government, furthermore, is responsible for establishing and
delivering a range of quality to their community. Local government sets the direction in which they
want to see their region going in. Local government uses a long–term plan in which they set:
financial plans, council plans, municipal strategic statement, and other strategic tactics. With the use
of the tactics, they determine how they want their region to progress. People should be concerned
about their local government because it allows them to have a say in what happens in their
community, and it makes local laws which directly affect the people in their region.
As previously stated, local government entitles people the right to have a say in their local
government. How would you feel if you had no say in what is happening in your community? Local
government gives individuals the capability to say what should happen in their community. It gives
people that fail–safe that they have the ability to
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70.
71. Difference Between Local Government And Central Government
INTRODUCTION:
The system of governance in different countries of the world may be different in form and content as
there are various types of political system , but the basic objective of all the government to provide
batter and more efficient administration to all section of the population so that there hopes and
aspiration are met.
Local Government: Local Government is not a government system. It is merely public
administration system that exists at the lowest level of the or country. Local government or local
bodies acts according to the legislation and direction of the higher level of government or central
government. Different countries have different form of local government. Such as a district, city
township and village council. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Central government is the official face a country or state while local government is the lowest tier in
the administration system.
Central government is the name of a compete government while the Local government is in fact the
name of public administration system.
Central government makes the polices of all departments , institutes or provinces of the country and
the Local government is the bound of the follow legislation and decision made by the higher level of
government and central government.
Local government work as helping tool of the central government and make it possible for the
central government to worked efficiently at lower or local level.
Matters relating to national security international affairs and diplomacy and economic decisions are
decided by the central government while Local government is assigned to look after its specific
town, district or division.
Central government is policy maker while Local government carry on the policy and ensure its
implementation.
The main objective of Local government is to fulfill the political hopes and aspiration of the people
at the lowest levels of the
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72.
73. Federal And Local Government Performance
Looking closely to the federal and local governments, some federal departments and city
departments provide quality services to the extent that people trust them more than the critics can
understand. Surprisingly, some Americans trust certain federal departments than the federal
government while at local government level, some people admire certain city programs than they
like the city administration. According to Goodsell (2015), Ann Arbor–based company provided that
in 2010 people showed that they trusted the federal government for its quality service delivery in
some of its departments even though it declined afterward. At local government level. When
measuring the federal government's productivity, The Federal Productivity Index ... Show more
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But the recent study of 2004–2005 found the opposite. They discovered that bus systems operated
by municipal and county work more efficiently because managers can handle the incompatible
pressures from different stakeholders (Goodsell, 2015). To some extent, government can save
money through contracting out some of it functions to the private companies. Moreover, there is also
an assumption that bureaucracy is growing larger day–by–day which weakens personal liberty. The
size of growth fluctuates, but the number is increasing at both state and local governments and
decreasing at the federal government.
Strengths of bureaucracy
More trained personnel than contract workers. It has more money to subsidize certain services when
private companies that operated bus systems went out of business. Moreover, most changes are
initiated by the bureaucrats not elected officials (Goodsell, 2015). Most celebrated innovations were
facilitated by bureaucrats. These are signs of their strengths.
Weakness of bureaucracy
Some government programs are poorly designed programs and it takes government some time to
rectify the system like the Office of Disability Adjudication and Review (ODAR) due to processing
time which spiked at some stage.
True or false stories about critics
It is untrue that all bureaucrats are arrogant to their clients and want to control them. This is
dispelled by the interviews that Goodsell
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74.
75. Function Of Local Government
Local government is an important topic to educate the young minds of today. This paper will outline
the development, structure, and function of not only North Carolina government, but also that of the
United States. These concepts will be analyzed to apply to teaching methods appropriate to an
elementary age group. This paper, therefore, will address the essential standard of Understand the
development, structure, and function of local government. And clarifying objectives of
summarizing the historical development of local governments, describe the structure of local
government and how it functions to serve citizens, understand the three branches of government,
with an emphasis on local government. The Local Government Act of 1989 tells of the official roles
of local government of a community. This act states the elected councils have the right to the powers
that are considered to ensure peace, order and good government of each municipal district. This act
gives local government a vast range of power. An important concept mentioned in the statement
above is that only elected councils have the right to show power within a community. This same act
states that It is necessary to ensure that the Councilors who comprise each Council are
democratically elected by persons entitled to vote at municipal elections and that the council is
responsible and accountable to the local community. This statement shows the overall role of local
government in a community. The role of local
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76.
77. Local Governments In Texas
In Texas local governments play a major role in the wellbeing and safety of its citizens. In each
county of Texas there are an average of about 19 general purpose governments, that means that all
the county general purpose local governments combined would be more than 4,800. In the United
States of America all but two states have governmental units known as counties or parishes. County
government is primarily a way of governing rural areas, because Texas is so vast, with huge areas
that are sparsely populated, county government remains an important aspect of local government.
County governments in rural areas do not actually have the ability to govern themselves, they act
more as an extension of state government. Municipalities or ayuntamientos ... Show more content on
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Law enforcement is another one of the important services that the county government must supply it
citizens with. In Texas, the counties have control over law–enforcement budget, but it is often the
sheriff who will decide how its spent. The person in charge of this job is usually a sheriff or
constables. Every county in the state of Texas has a sheriff and a county court which belongs to said
sheriff. Often times operating a county jail can be very expensive especially when the jail has a
capacity of 13 and there's is only one single inmate in the entire facility. Traditionally in Texas the
office of constable has been an elective office with limited duties. Some constables change their
offices into full–fledged police departments. Some constables offices have traffic enforcement roles,
some enforce truancy laws, and some even have formed heavily armed, tactical units that patrol
high–crime areas like
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