Causes Of The Industrial Revolution

Causes Of The Industrial Revolution
By 1750, there was not much doubt that if any country was going to triumph in being the first
industrial power it would be England (Hobsbawm 29). However, several factors were responsible
for England's emergence as an industrial power. Some of the contributing factors for the Industrial
Revolution were: the increasing importance of imperial goods such as cotton, cultural traditions that
stemmed from the Renaissance and the Reformation, population change, and a government willing
to subordinate all foreign policy to its economic ends. Socially, the Industrial Revolution in England
changed exponentially with the growing drift between the class hierarchy. Instead of reverting to
social revolution as occurred in France, England experienced political reform during the Industrial
Revolution that would become a symbol of hope for thriving countries. There has been much
speculation on the exact reason the Industrial Revolution began in England in the late 18th Century,
but certain components are undisputed for the Revolution's occurrence there. Initially, Britain
already had a large, developed supply of coal and iron which gave the British a start in mass
metallurgy (Perry 286). There also was a surplus of capital available for investments to be made in
new industries; however, these funds came from wealthy landowners and merchants who had grown
rich in commerce through the slave trade (Perry 287). With the start of their own 'capitalist
industrialization,' England
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Jane Mysten's Literary Characters Of Jane Austen
Jane Austen was born on December 16, 1775 in the rural village of Steventon, England as the
seventh of eight children to Reverend George and Cassandra Austen. Her father, Rev. George Austen
of the Steventon Anglican parish, was an educated member of the clergy and the descendant of a
family in the business of wool manufacturing. Cassandra, Austen's mother, was a scion of great
social status, whose ancestors founded St. John's College at Oxford. Although they were people of
modest means, the Austen family was socially well connected, and was considered to be one among
several of the local elite families due to George's status in the church. The Austen children grew up
extremely close to one another. In particular, Jane was extremely close to her only sister Cassandra,
who was two years her senior. A classic Austen family story by the two girls' mother included the
line that "if Cassandra were to have her head chopped off, Jane would demand that privilege too"
(Concise Dictionary of British Literary Biography 3). Growing up, the two girls were roommates
and best friends. Many scholars and historians conclude that Austen's literary themes between sisters
in her novels parallel her own relationship with her sister Cassandra. At the age of seven, Jane and
her sister Cassandra left to attend Mrs. Cawley's boarding school in Oxford. On a trip that the girls
took with Mrs. Cawley to Southampton, Mrs. Cawley, and the girls became extremely ill from
typhoid fever. Jane and

European Imperialism
European industry changed drastically in the nineteenth century with technological advances and
political turmoil. The unification of new nations gave rise to new industrial leaders as well as new
empires fighting over ruling land in Africa and Asia. These newer nations competed with older
nations for worldwide economic and political influence. To compare how newer nation–states such
as Germany rivaled with older countries like England, it is important to consider the degree of
which politics, industry, and imperialism made each similar to or different from the other. Great
Britain appeared to be the ideal of liberal progress. Two groups emerged within the government, the
Tories (Conservatives) and the Whigs (Liberals). Peaceful political reform and a flexible party
helped with smooth decision making in government. In fact, the entire nineteenth century was
associated with the term Victorian in England. Moreover, Great Britain began to imperialize on a
larger scale. Instead of only overseeing trade, they decided to take control over the political and
economic aspects of certain countries as well. The East India Company was set up to further develop
their trading empire in Great Britain, however was later used to take full control over a monopolized
India. In response to company rule, Indian soldiers revolted; however, the revolt was quickly
squashed and India became a possession of the British crown. While England was gaining territory
in Asia and Africa, they began to lag

Compare And Contrast The Cultural Values Of The Renaissance
ADVANCED PLACEMENT ESSAY QUESTIONS RENAISSANCE 1. '77: To what extent and in
what ways may the Renaissance be regarded as a turning point in the Western intellectual and
cultural tradition? 2. '81: Compare the ways in which two works of art reproduced below express the
artistic, philosophical and cultural values of their times. (Pictures of Michelangelo 's David and
Giacometti 's Man Pointing 1947). 3. '82: Compare and contrast the cultural values of the
Enlightenment with those of the sixteenth century Northern Renaissance. 4. '84: Compare and
contrast the views of Machiavelli and Rousseau on human nature and the relationship between ...
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The pictures below and on the next page show the interiors of a Protestant church and a Roman
Catholic church as each appeared in the first half of seventeenth century. Using these pictures as a
starting point, explain how these interiors reflect the differing theologies and religious practices of
Protestantism and Catholicism at that time. 10. '95: Compare and contrast the attitudes of Martin
Luther and John Calvin toward political authority and social order. 11. '96: Assess the extent to
which the Protestant Reformation promoted new expectations about social roles in the sixteenth
century. Refer to at least two social groups in your assessment. 12. '98 Compare and contrast the
Lutheran Reformation and the Catholic Reformation of the sixteenth century regarding the reform of
both religious doctrines and religious practices. 13. '01 Discuss the political and social consequences
of the Protestant Reformation in the first half of the sixteenth century. 14. '05 Compare and contrast
the motives and actions of Martin Luther in the German states and King Henry VIII in England in
bringing about religious change during the Reformation. COMMERCIAL REVOLUTION:
EMERGENCE OF TERRITORIAL STATES 1. '78: Why were Europeans able to achieve economic
and political control over many non–European peoples between 1450 and 1750? 2. '79: European
monarchs of the late fifteenth and early sixteenth centuries are often referred to as the

The Victorian Period Essay
The Victorian Period
In the introduction to "The Victorian Age" in The Norton Anthology of English Literature, Stephen
Greenblatt gives a historic overview of the nineteenth century was known as the Victorian period in
the historical development of Great Britain. This era began with the reign of Queen Victoria from
1837 to 1901. The Victorian era is associated with Britain's great age of industrial expansion and
economic progress. Prior to the Industrial Revolution, Great Britain was mainly a rural society, with
its economy based on agricultural production. With the revolution, society gradually transformed
into a largely urban one with manufacturing being transferred from farms and villages to giant
factories established in urban centers.(2006: ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The Oxford English Dictionary, hereby referred to as OED, defines patriarchy as "[a] form of social
organization in which the father or oldest male is the head of the family, and descent and
relationship are reckoned through the male line; government or rule by a man or men" (OED
2016a). Patriarchal society stated that women had no physical, social, economic or political power.
Women in patriarchal society were forbidden from the same privileges that men had. Therefore,
women were attributed feminine duties of caring for the home and pursuing the outlets of feminine
creativity. Because women were refused the opportunity to work or take part in the domestic sphere,
they spent their youth preparing for marriage. Maureen Moran in Victorian Literature and Culture,
describes how women relocate their place in society in the political, economic and social aspects.
The changes in women's social role occurred as the important members, they had opened up for
professions which were not accessible before. They assumed skilled jobs in society as writers,
journalists, nurses, and teachers (2006, p.

Industrialization Of The Industrial Revolution
The Industrial Revolution was a revolution in every sense of the word, as it altered almost every
aspect of live in the nineteenth century including technology, government, communication,
environment and eventually society as a whole.1 Although industrialisation created many positives
for modern society, for people in Britain up to the end of the nineteenth century it had many
significantly negative consequences. With the long term advances made for society came the then
current development of overcrowding cities abundant with pollution, health problems and poor
living conditions for the working class. These poor conditions continued into the work place with
young children exploited as workers as young as the age of four or five.2 There were consequences
of the Industrial Revolution for people outside of the core of Britain. India, being the periphery in
the model were exploited for their raw materials which were exported to Britain.
Through research the primary interpretation of the industrialisation has been positive, with some
light now being put upon some of the negative aspects of the industrial revolution, through sources
which were obtained in those times. The "British Child Labour Inquiry" (as cited in Stearns, Gosch,
Grieshaber and Belzer, 2012, pp. 121–122) acts as one of these primary sources. It was an inquiry
conducted on Abraham Whitehead on the conditions for British children who were forced to work in
wool mills. This interview with Whitehead, a clothier

Hopelessness of the Irish in Nineteenth Century England...
Hopelessness of the Irish in Nineteenth Century England
Throughout my research into the subject of the Irish in England's industrial north during the early
nineteenth century, one fact became quite clear; contemporary writers' treatment of the Irish was
both minimal and negative. I consulted many sources, Friedrich Engels, Leon Faucher, James Kay–
Shuttleworth to name but a few and the reoccurring theme as pertaining to the Irish in all these
works was mainly consistent; the Irish were a lazy, vulgar people prone to drinking and brawling.
It was not until 1841 that Great Britain's government made its first attempt to count the number of
Irish migrants in the Census of 1841. Data compiled from the actual census and other ... Show more
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These changes diminished the amount of industrial labour available for harvesting purposes in
England, and increased the field of employment for the Irish harvesters. 1.
He continues, stating that the Irish were represented throughout most of the agricultural districts of
England but for purposes of this report, his comments on those in Lancashire county are important
to note;
The harvesters landing at Liverpool seem to have spread across the country from Lancashire to
Lincolnshire,...Their employment in Lancashire calls for no explanation: in the middle of the
century they were regarded as indispensable there through the scarcity of English agricultural
labour. 2.
Although welcome by the English farmers as a surplus pool of cheap, temporary labour, the English
harvesters still in existence were not quite as pleased. Most Irish were willing to work for much
lower wages than their English counterparts and thus were blamed for driving down the wages of
all. In defense of the Irish, even the lowest wages offered in England represented a higher standard
of living to them than that they experienced back home. Thus, most Irish were willing to work for
what the English considered starvation wages. Although this led to some riots between the Irish and
English harvesters, it had the added effect of motivating many English to

Effects Of Imperialism In 1914
1. Introduction: The British Empire
An important feature of the Queen Victoria's reign was the rise of imperialism in United Kingdom.
The United Kingdom and the territories under its control reached its greatest expansion in the 19th
and 20th century, during the Victorian Era.
Between 1815 and 1914, many territories of the world, such as Canada, India Australia or many
parts of Africa, were added to the British Empire, which brought many negative repercussions for
the rest of the globe (for instance, the empire created class and wealth divisions in England).
The British Empire in 1914
One negative consequence of the British expansion, which I am going to explain briefly in this
project, is the racial oppression that non–white people suffered mainly because of the English
conquest of their territories: British people thought that they were the best race ... Show more
British people thought that social classes were the result of personal achievement and aptitude.
The separation of classes was significant because each person had to keep to their assigned place in
society:
''The English poor man or child is expected always to remember the condition in which God has
placed him, exactly as the negro is expected to remember the skins which God has given him. The
relation in both instances is that of perpetual superior to perpetual inferior, of chief to dependent,
and no amount of kindness or goodness is suffered to alter this relation.'' (Lévi–Strauss 285)
However, as mentioned above, not only non–white people were treated with contempt in the
Victorian Age. In the nineteenth century, a lot prejudices towards the Irish began to arise: they were
an example of a inferior evolutionary form of the human

England became the most developed capitalist country in...
England became the most developed capitalist country in the end of the XVIII century. Cotton,
machinery and iron industries made England the leader of the world. Development of the slave
trade, the exploitation of natural resources of the colonies and the accumulation of monetary wealth
brings tremendous benefits to the bourgeoisie.
There were incredible changes in society, progress in technology and making reforms during the
nineteenth century. In the early ninetieth government sought to suppress free political expression
through fining editors and giving them prison sentences, sensitive material had to pass official
censors before being published. In the nineteenth–century the breaking point of the English press
was 1855 year, when the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
That was the first step for the freedom of press in Britain, which will get more changes in future.
HANNAH BARKER p.21
The true meaning of "The Times" as a national and then an influential European newspapers
manifested only in the 19th century . In 1803 management " Times " goes to John Walter 2 , cat.
strengthened in "The Times" features respectability and made this edition the most informed in the
country. During the Napoleonic wars, England was not only in economic but also in the information
blockade – foreign news came very late. Using the situation , "The Times" in 1807 sent its
correspondent Henry Robinson to cover events in Europe. Reports the correspondent of " The Times
" from Germany and Spain continued until 1809 , becoming a kind of British " window to Europe " ,
and the newspaper itself has increased its network of correspondents both within the country and
abroad .
The Times became a national and then an influential Eouropean newspaper only in the 19th century.
John Walter (Second) became The Times successful editor in 1803. He made his newspaper
respectable and the most informed in the country. England was in economical and informational
blocade during Napoleonic wars, so foreign news came very late. The times decided to use this
situation and they sent their correspondent Henry Robins to cover events in Eourope in 1807.
Corrispondents of The Times from German and Spained continued their work until 1809,

The Fashion of Whiskers in Victorian England Essay
Whiskers: A Growing Fashion
Prior to the Victorian era, men in England maintained cleanly shaven faces. With the mid–eighteen
hundreds came a widespread shift toward facial hair in a multitude of styles (Camellia). The ability
to grow whiskers began to be regarded as a sign of manhood. In pictures and photographs from the
era, it is rare to find a male, past the age of manhood, depicted without facial hair in some capacity.
As the century continued, the preferred style of facial hair grew progressively longer, bushier, and
more pronounced (Nunn), but it remained "stylish for men to wear facial hair of all sizes and
descriptions" (Camellia).
Whiskers of all types adorned the faces of Victorian men, from thin side–whiskers to full, ... Show
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This long, combed out style of side–whiskers was known as "Piccadilly weepers" or "Dundrearies"
(Nunn).
Side–whiskers were often, though not always, worn with mustaches, and there were a variety of
mustache styles. Some men chose to wear them long and "waxed out straight at the sides," while
others waxed their mustaches so they curled up at the ends (Nunn). Toward the end of the century
the "handlebar mustache" came into vogue. This style of mustache, which was marked by long,
droopy ends, was not worn with a beard (Camellia).
Beards in the nineteenth century were also worn in several varieties, usually with a mustache. They
could be thick and bushy, affording the most coverage of any style of whisker, or neatly manicured
(Nunn). Beards could be groomed into points, called spade beards, or neatly rounded into Imperials
(Camellia).
Though the facial hair movement of the Victorian era faded with the conclusion of the nineteenth
century, it was a fad that affected nearly all men of the age (Camellia). Facial hair, ranging from
bushy mutton–chops to carefully waxed mustaches, defined the appearance of mid to late–
nineteenth century men in England, and created a divide between boyhood and manhood.
Works Cited
American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, fourth edition, The. New York: Houghton
Mifflin Company. 2000.

Camellia and Sunshine. "Victorian Hairstyles of Gentlemen." August 2000. The Victorian

How Did The Great Divergence Occur In The 19th Century
The Great Divergence signifies a period in history where Europe, particularly north–western
Europe, developed economically at a much faster rate than the most prosperous parts of Asia,
namely India and China. However, the timing of this period is unclear, with dispute amongst
historians as to whether it occurred in the aftermath of the Industrial Revolution in the nineteenth
century, or as being "well under way in the seventeenth century" (Gupta and Ma, 2010, p. 285).
Chinese failure and European success arguably both contributed to the Great Divergence, but it is
key to determine its timing in order to understand which ultimately led to the phenomenon. This
essay will outline both arguments and attempt to show that the Great Divergence occurred by the
seventeenth century.
A key feature pointed out by the believers of the earlier divergence is that the ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
351). Henceforth, life expectancy in China exceeded most of its European counterparts, whilst being
on par with southeast England (Pomeranz, 2000, p. 37). Improvements occurred slowly in
industrialising western Europe, with limited increases elsewhere until 1870 (Pamuk and van Zanden,
2010, p. 228). As well as being comparable in living standards, north–west Europe and Asia both
were similar in terms of trade, literatures and centralisation (Goldstone, 2002, p. 338). In fact, India
and China can be seen as more technically advanced; India's cotton was unrivalled by England
(Chaudhuri, 1990; cited by Goldstone, 2002, p. 366), and China was productive agriculturally, had a
well–developed bureaucracy, and was not bettered in terms its manufactures (Marks 1997; cited by
Goldstone, 2002, p. 366). The evidence appears to show that, in the eighteenth century, the more
advanced Asian countries were clearly still in line with north–west

How Did New England Decline
New England in Decline Even before the Civil War, New England was the most technologically
advanced region in the country. Furthermore, the war pushed both innovation and the economy of
New England into hyper drive. The New England that emerged was prosperous, with many
believing that God had rewarded them for fighting against the evils of slavery. At that time, the
majority of the United States' weapons, shoes, clothing, and literature were produced in New
England. The region was the most urbanized, industrialized, and ethnically diverse region in the
country (lecture notes, HST 158, 3/14/13). Yet, many observers believed that in the late nineteenth
century New England was in decline, and there is some truth to this. The reality is that some ...
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As reflected in the writings of several authors' writings such as Harriet Beecher Stowe's How We
Kept Thanksgiving at Oldtown, Lucy Larcom's A New England Girlhood, and Robert Frost's The
Black Cottage, many saw New England as a place lost in the past (lecture notes, HST 158, 3/21/13).
For many it offered a nostalgic look at what America used to be. However, this view is not entirely
accurate given the fact that New England was actually more technologically advanced and industrial
than most of the rest of the country. Still, a new view of an "Olde" New England had been invented,
and thousands of people traveled to small towns and farms to see it. Tourism to these places was
billed as giving you something that modern life could not. This tourist industry would go even
further, to building roads for bikes (and eventually cars), and with resorts springing up along
railroad lines. Overall, it led to a boost in the economy, especially in northern New England. It can
be said that the rise of industry led to the decline of old New England, but there was also rise of
tourism in the late–nineteenth century that has helped sustain New England to this

Theatrical Realism : Realism And Realism
Theatrical Realism: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theatrical_realism Theatrical realism was a
general movement that began in the 19th–century theatre it remained present through much of the
20th century developed a set of dramatic and theatrical conventions with the aim of bringing a
greater fidelity of real life to texts and performances Realism is the literary term applied to
compositions that aim at a faithful representation of reality, interpretations of the actualities of any
aspect of life An attempt to describe human behaviour and surroundings or to represent figures and
objects exactly as they act or appear in life Began in the mid–19th century, in reaction to the highly
subjective approach to romanticism the realists tended to downplay plot in favor of character and to
concentrate on middle–class life and preoccupation, avoiding larger, more dramatic issues Unlike
naturalism, it does not focus on the scientific laws that control life, but the specific actions and their
characteristics Characteristics: objective free will often optimistic settings in the everyday world
ordinary events everyday characters the individual is perceived as a person with depth, bility to
make ethical choice and act on the environment describes reality in comprehensive detail characters
are more important than the pilot and action complex ethical choices are often the subject of the
literature characters are related to nature, to each other, to their social class and to their own past.

The Victorian Er The Victorian Period During The Victorian...
One of the darker and more mysterious periods in history is the Victorian Era. The nineteenth
century was a major point in literary history, with stories mostly related to supernatural beings,
poetry, and fantastic literature. There were also multiple different religions, such as Christianity and
Judaism. The people in England were very religious and went to church every sunday. Despite their
social class, women were always home and doing their housework, while men were out working to
earn money for the family. The clothing style was very formal and posh; the rich having finer cloths.
The Victorian Era was an interesting time period because of its politics, literature, society and
culture.
The political history of the Victorian Era was based on Queen Victoria and her views and outlooks
on everything. Queen Victoria was the reigning queen during the nineteenth century, with her
husband and several children. This showed femininity, which centered around family and homely
feels. She was described as the mother of the nation. She became the model of marital stability, with
her husband Albert. Their marriage was said to represent "marital harmony." Literature was
somewhat related to the political history of the family feel.
Literature during the Victorian Era had a variety of writing types. People in the Victorian Era read
and/or wrote things; such as novels, children's literature, poetry, drama, and supernatural and
fantastic literature. The

Jane Austen Research Paper
The Author and Era that Made a Masterpiece
Imagine a published novelist at the turn of the nineteenth century in England. Alone, that is a stellar
accomplishment; now imagine a published woman novelist that the prince of England wants to meet
during a time period that hindered a woman's intelligence. On November 13, 1815, Jane Austen met
future King George IV and was encouraged by the prince's Chaplain to dedicate her next novel to
the future king. Some may be ecstatic, but Austen was reluctant to do so because she disliked him.
Finally, her novel, Emma, was published on December 16, 1815, Austen's fortieth birthday, and was
dedicated "To His Royal Highness The Prince Regent . . ." (Swisher 29, 30; Austen). Even though
Austen eventually ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Middle class women in particular attempted to avoid poverty by being a governess or getting
married. Overall, marriage was the more appealing option. Fay Weldon, in her criticism "England in
Austen's Time", states, "No wonder Jane Austen's heroines were so absorbed by the matter. It is the
stuff of our women's magazines but it was the stuff of their life, their very existence" (37). Since
Jane Austen lived in a time in which marriage was almost imperative for a woman's survival, Emma
is inundated with the theme. Throughout the course of the novel, about five marriages occur and a
few other flirtations. Jane Fairfax and Harriet Smith are examples of characters dependent on
marriage because neither have a wealthy family for support (Austen 4, 22, 170, 528). Marriage
prevented a life of hardship for many women; however, Jane Austen lived comfortably with
financial aid from her family and published novels. Her advantageous situation enabled her to have
an atypical attitude towards marriage for the early nineteenth century. David Monaghan, a critic,
says in "Austen's Women in a Conservative Society" that Jane Austen believed "the proper marriage
is one in which the two parties operate on a basis of mutual respect" (44). Jane Austen's personal
situation and viewpoint influenced her character Emma Woodhouse. While advising Harriet Smith,
Emma says, "I have none of the usual inducements of women to marry.

Sarah Penn Essay
Q2) Characterize Sarah Peen based upon how she is described. What adjectives would you use to
describe her? What activities help to reveal her role as a nineteenth–century woman? Sarah Penn
plays the role of a classic mother and wife during the nineteenth–century. Sarah was a "small
woman, short and straight–waisted like a child in her brown cotton gown. Her forehead was mild
and benevolent between the smooth curves of gray hair; there were meek downward lines about her
nose and mouth; but her eyes, fixed upon the old man, looked as if fthe meekness has been the result
of her own will, never of the will of another" (Freeman 308). She defends her husband, when Nanny
questions the building of a new barn instead of a new house. Sarah was a good wife; she made all
the meals father liked, and did the cleaning. Even though she was promised a new house forty years
ago, she finally said to father, " I ain't complained; I've got along forty years, an' suppose I should
forty more, if it wasn't for that" (Freeman 314). This the turning point for her character; the start of
her revolt. I would describe Sarah Penn as strong, determined, courageous, and selfless. Sarah
carried on for forty years in an ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
I expected a yelling scene. Instead, "The old man's shoulders heaved: he was weeping" (Freeman
322). Adoniram finally says, "I hadn't no idea you was so set on't as all this comes to" (Freeman
322). This indicated that the husband does not listen to their wives. Even though Sarah told
Adoniram that she was not pleased with their living situation, and thought it was unfair that the
cows were living better than his family, he still did not know she was that upset about. Adoniram did
not see anything wrong with the house they were living in so he did not fix it; even though he
promised to. This story indicates that the men, or husbands, are blind to the family tension and they
do not truly listen to their wives emotions, nor do they

The Amateur Ethos In Late 19th Century England
The ideology of the Amateur Ethos in late 19th century England was considered among scholars as
games for games sake, personal satisfaction and not for material gain (Baker 2004). This concept
was the catalyst for segregating the amateur player from the professional tradesman, as a result of
the fear of unfair competition ultimately brought about by men who made a career out of their game
(Allison 1980). This is quite different to today's amateurism concept where the significance of
intrinsic motivation has devalued due to the increased importance of extrinsic rewards (Frey &
Eitzen 1991). On the other hand modern day amateurism in sport can be associated with the
maintenance of good health, preventing rates of obesity through community involvement and school
youth programs integrating non–remunerated values into sporting initiatives (Pate 2006). This
report ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It is agreed among scholars, that the objective of amateurism in the nineteenth century English
society was games for games sake, a pleasure of personal satisfaction and good spirit (Baker 2004).
It is apparent that the amateurs participated in the games with no extrinsic motivation, and no
obligation to play. They played for themselves, with no notion of financial gain (Baker 2004). The
games were competitive in a contained manner, and the amateur wouldn't take the outcome too
seriously (Baker 2004). For many, the idea of amateurism included the principle of not seeking
livelihood from the athletic exercises, implying that the games were played for the sake of prestige
and personal contentment (Allison 2001) . The idea of amateurism in sport in nineteenth century
England was also a point of segregation against the working class professionals

Theme Of Gender In Pride And Prejudice And Hard Times
This paper seeks to examine the variations in the construction and depiction of the female characters
in the novels, Pride and Prejudice and Hard Times, written by Jane Austen and Charles Dickens
respectively. Keeping in mind the specific historical circumstances, social positions and gender
identities of the authors, this paper will explore the various factors that determine the portrayal of
women and the roles that they play in the family and the larger society in the aforementioned novels.
It will also analyze the female characters of these novels to further understand the influence of such
socio–economic factors on the representation of women by two of the greatest writers of 19th
century England. Published first in 1813, Pride and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Class distinctions and gender roles in the Regency and Victorian eras were centered on a very rigid
social structure. This is the world that forms the basis of Austen's novels. The daughter of an
esteemed Reverend, Austen was herself a part of the 'landed gentry' and she hence limited the focus
of her novels to characters that lived lives similar to hers' and that were located in an extremely
selective world that was easily accessible to her. The lives of the women of the Regency period,
including that of Austen, were orchestrated around certain gender expectations which ordained that
they live in the shadow of men and be disempowered. Men were meant to be financially empowered
by means of the money that they earned through their occupation or inherited through ancestral
funds. The social structure was hierarchical and it lacked social mobility, whereby the aristocratic
upper classes and middle classes, ruled by their separate set of values and expectations, rarely
mingled with each other. Austen intelligently and truthfully represents these values in her novels that
focus on mannerisms, social communication, conduct and courtship. Shampa Roy, in her essay
Gender and Genre, describes Austen's style as "containing a fine understanding of feminine identity,
romantic desire and gender relations as shaped by the social context."(pg

Societal Influence on Nineteenth Century Marriages in...
English 283 1 March 2012 Societal Influence on Nineteenth Century Marriages in Pride and
Prejudice Pride and Prejudice by Jane Austen is a nineteenth century novel revolving around the life
and romantic affairs of the Bennett sisters and their family in the English countryside. Seen as a
lady–like romance novel, Pride and Prejudice seems like a light read, but in reality Jane Austen uses
her novel to make scathing commentary about nineteenth century society in England. Pride and
Prejudice contrast the marriages of Mr. Darcy and Elizabeth Bennett and Mr. Collins and Charlotte
Lucas to show how nineteenth century English society's view of a perfect marriage was often based
solely on class, and often disregarded any connection a pair ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
In contrast to Mr. Darcy and Elizabeth Bennett's relationship is the marriage of Mr. Collins and
Charlotte Lucas. The pair is from the same social class and are seen as a very suitable match. Mr.
Collin's very much fulfills the image of "a single man in possession of a good fortune, must be in
want of a wife" (Austen 5) that is presented in the beginning of the novel. He has no emotional
connection to Charlotte, he is just in want of a wife. As Mr. Collins proposed to Lizzy, he dryly
listed out his reasons for marriage "first, that I think it a right thing for every clergyman in easy
circumstances (like myself) to set the example of matrimony in his parish. Secondly, that I am
convinced it will add very greatly to my happiness; and thirdly–which perhaps I ought to have
mentioned earlier, that it is the particular advice and recommendation of the very noble lady whom I
have the honour of calling patroness" (Austen 103). Love or compatibility do not play even a small
role in Mr. Collin's idea of marriage, marriage for him is all for the benefit of appealing to
nineteenth century society's standards of a single man. Charlotte's emotions, on the other hand, are
described eloquently by Jane who states "Consider Mr. Collins's respectability, and Charlotte's
prudent, steady character. Remember that she is one of a large family; that as to fortune, it is a most
eligible match; and be ready

Transportation In Nineteenth-Century England
Canals, roads, railways and shipping
Introduction
Before the Mechanical Upset, transportation in England was essential and straightforward
(exceptionally fundamental). Streets were inadequately assembled and kept up. Items (that are
purchased and sold) were proceeded onward waterway freight ships however this was a moderate
and costly work out. The railroad arrange did not exist, restricted to wooden tracks and (vehicles
with wheels/demonstrations of conveying things) pulled by steeds. It took (more than two, however
not a ton of) days to go between towns.Technological innovations of new things made in the texture
and iron organisations made creation of items (that are purchased and sold) quicker and less
expensive. Progresses ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This fantasy worked out as expected as of now on account of various building innovations and
revelations. On top of these revelations was the disclosure of steam power and the creation and
advancement of the steam engine.Steam control initially grew gradually over a time of a few
hundred years, advancing through costly and genuinely restricted gadgets in the mid seventeenth
century, until it came to really pragmatic applications toward the start of the Modern Upset. The
steam motor was a standout amongst the most vital advances of the Mechanical Upset. It was a
straightforward gadget that utilised bubbling water to make mechanical movement to be used in
valuable work.The steam motor was utilised as a part of numerous modern settings, particularly
mining, where the main

Crime In Victorian London
Ethnicity and Perception of Criminality in Victorian London
Victorian London at the time of Jack the Ripper's activity in 1881 contained several neighborhoods
that were considered hotbeds of crime– specifically London's East End. This included Whitechapel,
the site of Jack the Ripper's murders. What is interesting about these neighborhoods is their high rate
of immigrants, from Jews to the Irish. These foreigners contributed to a perception of these
neighborhoods as crime–ridden slums, ghettos where no self–respecting Englishman or woman
would find themselves. In this paper, I would like to more thoroughly examine the role ethnicity had
in the perception of these poor neighborhoods, and how ethnicity played into the question of crime
in general ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
They also largely lived in the immigrant–heavy slums of London.. After pogroms in the late
nineteenth century Russian Empire, large numbers of Jews moved westward to escape persecution,
with one of the largest waves occurring in 1882. This influx led some British people and the British
press to accuse the Jews of swamping the city, overwhelming its charitable organizations and
spreading communicable diseases such as influenza. This attitude reflects the common racist attitude
that non–Anglo people were somehow dirty, and "stole" services from the British– the rightful users
of public assistance. In some newspapers, like the Pall Mall Gazette, this immigration was described
as an "invasion of Russian Jews," emphasis mine. Unlike the Irish, however, the Jewish immigrants
residing in London and England as a whole were accused of bankrolling the government in order to
hide their numerous crimes; this was claimed by the British Brother's League, a quasi–fascist group
that organized against immigrants. This put them in a position of imagined power, something that
the Irish did not have in the popular British imagination. This was possibly due to the fact that
Jewish immigrants largely occupied skill–based work they practiced in their home countries once
they arrived in London, leading them to amass more money than the Irish, who remained in low–
skilled, low paying jobs. In fact, the Daily News ran a feature on the

Racism Against The Irish Racism
In this paper, I intend to investigate how racism against the Irish in Britain has changed since the
nineteenth century to the modern day, and these causes of the initial prejudices and how they
adjusted over time. To accomplish this, I will examine occurrences of anti–Irish racism in Britain
from a variety of dates, and propose causes of the racist feelings though evidence of popular racist
and colonialist theory at the time. Through this analysis, I hope this paper achieves a better
understanding of how racism and prejudice works throughout time, so that its effects can be
hindered in the future. The issue of anti–Irish racism in Britain is not a relic of the past. The
Plymouth Herald published an article reporting some instances of anti–ginger related crimes in
recent years. "Officers revealed that in a crime recorded on January 13, 2013 a red–headed person
was assaulted and occasioned actual bodily harm. The offender was given a caution for the crime
investigated by Plymouth Central and Plymstock Sector." (The Plymouth Evening Herald, 25). All
anti–ginger and anti–Irish crimes in the area would be difficult to record, however since crimes
against this group of people are not classified as hate crimes, and thus are not reported as such. Not
only is violence against the Irish in Britain a modern issue, "scientific studies" concluding that the
Irish and other minority groups in Britain are racially inferior, traditionally thought of as an archaic
practice during the

Property Rights of Women in Nineteenth-Century England
Property Rights of Women in Nineteenth–Century England
The property rights of women during most of the nineteenth century were dependent upon their
marital status. Once women married, their property rights were governed by English common law,
which required that the property women took into a marriage, or acquired subsequently, be legally
absorbed by their husbands. Furthermore, married women could not make wills or dispose of any
property without their husbands' consent. Marital separation, whether initiated by the husband or
wife, usually left the women economically destitute, as the law offered them no rights to marital
property. Once married, the only legal avenue through which women could reclaim property was
widowhood. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Pin money is an estate which the wife was to possess for her sole and separate use and was not
subject to the control of her husband (Staves 133). This dowry was the only separate property that
married women could own and control in accordance with the law of coverture. Furthermore,
married women were legal as well as economic non–entities.
The legal status of married women prevented them from unilaterally participating in the civil legal
system. Shanley explains that "From the legal 'unity' of the husband and wife it followed that a
married woman could not sue or be sued unless her husband was also a party to the suit, could not
sign contracts unless her husband joined her" (8). The law of coverture also governed women's
premarital legal contracts. Laurence notes, "English common law did not recognize pre–nuptial
contracts; all contracts made by a woman were annulled by her marriage" (233). Furthermore,
married women lost the right to execute their own wills since legally all their property belonged to
their husbands. With their husbands' consent, women executed wills to dispose of their personal
property.
The laws that allowed married women to recapture property rights through widowhood were revised
in the early nineteenth century. Once widowed, women were entitled to a dower, which was usually
equivalent to one third of the husband's estate. The dower is the portion of the deceased

British Industrialization : The World 's Empire
British Industrialization As the world's empires began stretching to all corners of the globe,
colonization provided growing empires with the much needed resources to sustain their exponential
growth. As a small island nation, roughly the size of Louisiana, the British Empire was quickly
becoming the world's super power as the eighteenth century approached. With industrialized centers
such as Manchester and London leading the world's technological advancement, resources imported
from colonies and foreign alliances were key to Britain's economic and technological growth as the
globe's premier superpower. Taking place primarily from 1760–1850, the industrialization in
England was fueled by a need for sustainment as nation. Due to minimal land mass of the British
Isles, heavy reliance was placed on colonies and foreign nations for acquiring the needed resources
to produce goods. With such goods as America's cotton, Britain's cotton gins could mass produce
clothing and linens to all corners of the globe providing the nation with an influx of capital required
to obtain much needed food sources and materials necessary to further along the industrialization.
With greater capital inflows, British industries could purchase materials needed for production,
keeping factories open year round and people of England off of the streets as employment provided
for greater personal opportunity. In order for the industrial revolution to take place in England,
several factors needed to

What Was The Role Of Women In Nineteenth-Century England
Introduction
A conflict stirred among the sexes during the nineteenth–century that reverberated through all
aspects of life from science to literature. The advent of the Industrial Revolution in the late 1700s
and the introduction of capitalism sparked the discussion on the nature and role of women as society
shifted from a land–centered economy to an urban workforce. This argument gained such notoriety
it commonly became known as The Woman Question, and it covered aspects of the legal and
political rights of women, education, and economic opportunities. Such was the discussion that
scientists, philosophers, and biologists like Charles Darwin, Herbert Spencer, and Patrick Geddes
entered the debate with each offering ideas on the role women ... Show more content on
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He called for perfect equality among the sexes (Mill 3). Then, in 1871, Charles Darwin published
The Descent of Man, and Selection in Relation to Sex. In this book, he discusses topics ranging
from human evolution, as in his On the Origin of Species, to the differences between the sexes. The
latter topic being the most prominent in the discussion on The Woman Question and what roles
women were to occupy. British philosopher Herbert Spencer suggested everyone had basic rights,
including women, and that these rights were necessary for social progress and those basic rights fell
in with cooperation among the sexes rather than competition (Sweet). Similarly, Patrick Geddes, a
Scottish biologist and follower of Spencer, theorized that male and female characteristics were
complementary and must be kept in balance. His views supported, to some degree, the separation of
men and women into separate spheres not because the sexes were unequal but because they were
and needed ways in which to express their strengths. Interestingly enough, these types of ideas and
theories surfaced in the literature of the Victorian era, namely that of Coventry Patmore and
Florence

How Did Robert Owen Teach Poor Children
Based on our discussions in class, our readings, video clips and the readings that discuss about the
education provided in nineteenth century England for poor children and orphans who normally
wouldn't be able to afford it, there seems to be two sides to the story. One side you have a document
by Robert Owen describing the importance of teaching poor children good morale habits and the
interest of knowledge and a clip showing how Styal Mill School was teaching kids with multiple
useful tools and even how to cure sickness and were even provided good beds . However on the
other hand there's plentiful of novels film adaptations such as the excerpts from Hard Times and
Nicholas Nickleby both by Charles Dickens which both showcase the tough and ... Show more
There are still some similarities to be made here, similar to the Robert Owen's paper previously
shown, The Report of the Finance Committee of the institution written in May 11, 1811 shows that ''
In presenting the following Report of the Royal Lancasterian Institution for promoting the education
of the poor, the Finance Committee trust that the subscribers will view with pleasure the success
which now attends this most important undertaking.'' . Both sources similarly talking about the
importance of education for the poor children in England and by teaching these children rational
thought and providing work they could potentially show loyalty as well to their

New England Of The Nineteenth Century
New England in the Seventeenth Century All colonies developed in different ways New England
colonies settled by Puritans Puritans believed God ordained the family and viewed family as
essential to colony Reproduced English customs and traditions mainly because of family structure
Key to growth – Huge population growth caused by long life expectancy good health – more than
high fertility Longevity resulted in invention of grandparents multigenerational families
strengthened social stability Most New Englanders married neighbors with similar values
Households produced their own needs and surpluses most farmers New England towns were
collections of interrelated households Church membership associated with concept of predestination
– freeman status Form of Church Government – Join church in order to vote twice as many women
in church as men but couldn't vote Education provided by the family/Harvard "Half–Way Covenant"
lessened requirements for baptism and for joining Church New England social order: Local gentry
of prominent, pious families Large population of independent yeomen landowners loyal to local
community land ownership is widespread Small population of landless laborers, servants, poor
Moderate disparities of wealth Apprenticeships Despite similarities in background and timing with
New England, Chesapeake settlements were very different Normal family life impossible in Virginia
much fewer families than New England Mostly young male

The Reasons For Growth Of Rapid Population Between...
The Reasons for Growth of Rapid Population between Seventeenth and Nineteenth Century Britain
A wide variety of people living in the world have always been exposed at constant change and the
evolution in population has always been a concern and issue by regimes and countries through out
time, especially if it occurred within such short period of time. British economy and Europe
underwent their greatest population transformation between the late 17th and the late 19th century.
Especially, the growth of the English population in the eighteenth century has long interested
economic historians and it subsequently provoked Thomas Malthus to debate about the relationship
between population change and economics growth. Nonetheless, the structure ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
Despite these difficulties, the Cambridge Group's leading members, Tony Wrigley and Roger
Schofield have discerned a rise in the rate of English population increase in the second half of the
eighteenth century and have emphasized fertility is the key mechanisms of population growth.
The major reason for the growth of population in eighteenth century England can be accredited to a
fall in mortality, which was particularly marked during the first half of the eighteenth century. The
fall affected all socioeconomic groups and does not appear to have occurred for primarily economic
reasons. In addition to an explanation involving the introduction of smallpox inoculation, the major
hypothesis considered by Peter Razzell was that the significant improvement in domestic hygiene
associated with the rebuilding of housing in brick and tile brought about a major reduction in
mortality in the first half of the century.
Revolutions are generally linked with upheaval in society, transforming a nation and its people.
British agricultural revolution was the unprecedented increase in agricultural production in England
due to increases in labour and land productivity that took place between 1750 and 1850. The
Agricultural Revolution saw the invention of the reaper, which saved many back–breaking hors of
labour in the fields and eliminated the fallow land from farming. Agricultural revolution allowed the
agricultural output

Orphans in Nineteenth-Century England Essay
Orphans in Nineteenth–Century England
There is no denying that the nineteenth century in England was a time of tremendous changes
throughout the social and economical spectrums. As the adults adjusted to these changes prompted
by the Industrial Revolution as best they could, many children, in particular orphans, were faced
with poor living conditions that limited their successes later in life. Although most orphaned
children were fortunate enough to be placed into sufficient living circumstances, many of them were
not as privileged. By discussing the various living conditions of orphans in nineteenth–century
England, one can better understand their position in the English society and realize why their later
successes were so ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Unofficial fostering was also fairly common: among families of any social class, relatives might
take one or two children to raise as their own...." (106–07).
Most of these orphaned children were brought up within the family circle by grandparents, older
siblings, or aunts and uncles (Horn 63).
When orphans became members of new households they were normally accepted as just another
member of the family, that is, if the new guardians were of the same social class as the parents.
However, any inferiority in social class among the former parents of the orphan compared with
his/her new guardians often resulted in the orphan's mistreatment and neglect. This is not surprising
when considering the clear social distinction that was maintained among the different classes
throughout the nineteenth century in England.
Among children, these class distinctions were as obvious as they were among adults. There were
often negative feelings and rivalries between children of different classes. Lower–class children
were usually forbidden to speak with children of higher status; however, upper–class children who
were seen walking without an adult escort would often get heckled by the lower–class children
living on the street. Some children resented these restrictions, although disobedience was seldom
considered (Horn 25). This type of behavior greatly contributed to the

Public Health and Nineteenth-Century Literature Essay
Public Health and Nineteenth–Century Literature
"To envy nought beneath the ample sky; to mourn no evil deed, no hour misspent and, like a living
violet, silently return in sweets to heaven what goodness lent, then bend beneath the chastening
shower content."
–Elliot
The concerns and problems of the people living in nineteenth century England differed dramatically
from those that eventually challenged those living in the same place during the 20th century. During
the nineteenth century the English were plagued with many epidemics, but lacked the knowledge
and capability to successfully treat and eliminate these diseases. London, like other British cities,
had appalling sanitary conditions. These conditions were responsible for a ... Show more content on
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Further, they questioned whether a common strand was responsible for the fever which
accompanied all of the diseases. In attempting to answer these questions the physicians of the period
examined such factors as: (1) dependence upon certain atmospheric conditions; (2) obedience to
similar laws of diffusion; (3) all infesting the same localities; (4) all attacking the same classes of
people; and (5)all increased in severity in unsanitary conditions. (Pelling, 64).
The General Board of Health of London produced a report on cholera in 1850. The primary purpose
of the report was to indicate that the pattern of the epidemic had confirmed the predilations of the
metropolitan sanitary commissioners. That is, that cholera could be prevented if closer attention was
paid to sanitary conditions. Specifically, if problems such as overcrowded living conditions, filth,
dampness, dirty water, drain pipes in poor condition, and improper storage and preparation of food
were addressed. (Pelling, 78).
In order to understand the epidemics which dominated the nineteenth century one must listen to the
voices of the time. These voices speak of factory workers being forced to work incredibly long
hours in filthy conditions for very little money, several families living together in one room
apartments with no running water.

During The Mid.-Nineteenth Century, Victorian England Was
During the Mid.–nineteenth century, Victorian England was divided into distinct social classes. The
three social classes included the working, middle, and upper leisure class. As the Industrial
Revolution advanced, the working class became very isolated from the leisure class and often had
low paying jobs such as a blacksmith, tradesman, and farmer. The wealthy ladies and gentlemen of
the leisure class lacked awareness that their frivolous lifestyle was built on the laborious work of the
working class. Charles Dickens wrote Great Expectations to criticize the social classes during
Victorian England. Great Expectations follows the story of working class Pip as he attempts to fit in
with upper class society while coveting for the affection ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Herbert signifies that being a gentleman comes from within, and someone 's integrity, like the
varnish of wood, can always be uncovered. Herbert and Matthew Pocket are true gentlemen because
of their behavior and moral integrity, not their upbringing. Whereas Compeyson is a counterfeiter,
who uses his wealthy leisure–class appearance to deceive others into thinking he is less guilty than
the lower–class criminals. Additionally, when Herbert brings Pip to the Pocket household, Pip
notices that Mrs. Pocket had been raised with high expectations herself but was "perfectly helpless
and useless" (188). Dickens ridicules the social privilege and snobbery that is idolized in Victorian
society when the self–centered Mrs. Pocket spends all her time reading books about titles and
nobility. Due to the fact Mrs. Pocket is a negligent mother, her children tumble over her feet, and
also play with dangerous toys, with the Pockets' maid rescuing them from accidents. She has no
skills, morality, and she lives her entire life fixated on the false idea that she was meant for greater
things. Finally, when Pip and Herbert join a social club for gentlemen called Finches of the Grove,
Pip mentions that the members would "dine expensively once a fortnight, to quarrel among
themselves as much as possible after dinner, and to cause six waiters to get drunk on

Comparing Freedom In Story Of An Hour And A New England Nun
The Value of Freedom in "The Story of an Hour" and "A New England Nun"
A prevailing theme of American literature in the early nineteenth century was freedom and
individualism of characters in a story. The concept of freedom is portrayed in two pieces of
American literature– Kate Chopin's "The Story of an Hour" and Mary E. Wilkins Freeman's "A New
England Nun". In both stories, the two women, Louise and Louisa, are freed from suppressed
relationships from their partners. A feeling of joy surpasses both of the women as they realize they
are no longer tied down to a bond–just sovereign and free as can be. Both "The Story of an Hour"
and "A New England Nun" contrast in the sensibility of feelings when undergoing freedom and
individualism from miserable ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In "The Story of an Hour", Louisa is a woman full of repression. She already suffered with sadness
prior to the news of her husband. In "A New England Nun", Louise was willing to sacrifice her
independence to marry her fiancé, Joe. The circumstances of events in the stories are also divergent,
too. Both stories display the importance of representations of the typical woman of the nineteenth
century. The two characters were set free of being dependent on another person, their husband or
fiancé. Louise discovered that her husband died in a train accident, while Louisa discovered that her
fiancé of fourteen years cheated on her with another woman. Both women were free to be
themselves again for a moment after their sudden splits–peaceful and content as can be.
Works Cited
Baluta, Ionela. "Women and the Family in the Late Nineteenth–century Romanian Feminist
Press: Defining Alternative Gender Roles." Journal of Family History. 41.1 (2015): 65–80. SAGE.
Web. 14 May 2018.
Baym, Nina and Robert Levine, eds. The Norton Anthology of American Literature. New York: W.
W. Norton & Company, 2013.

Gender In Pride And Prejudice
Extended Essay
The man's sphere versus the woman's sphere in Jane Austen's Pride and Prejudice
Abstract
Introduction
Jane Austen's novels are known for not only being enthralling but also as characteristic of British
society in the nineteenth century. Her novels present a compelling view on the historical,
psychological, and sociological issues woven into the plots that are full of irony, farce, and versatile
characters. One of Jane Austen's most appreciated novels Pride and Prejudice illustrates the topic
that I will explore in my extended essay, which is the male world versus the female one. In order to
address my question– How does social status and gender bias influence life decisions and
perceptions of the world in Austen's Pride and Prejudice?– I will investigate and portray the specific
views of both gender's worlds as offered by Austen in comparison to the established ones from
Nineteenth Century England. The social status and genders of the characters influence their lives in
all aspects, from determining their perceptions of the world to limiting their potentials in life
decisions.
I strongly believe that my topic of choice is worth investigating; my work doesn't just outline the
role of social rank and gender in Nineteenth Century England, it also includes widely accepted
knowledge about intellectual differences between the genders and their interpersonal relationships.
Furthermore my essay will be supplemented by unique insight into the life of the

19th Century Research Paper
The nineteenth century saw a massive change in the educational systems of Europe. Many countries
began to educate students more, and educate a wider group of students. The countries of Europe also
began to explore means of higher education, and give people the ability to enhance their education.
The nineteenth century saw the beginning of educational reform that would set the basis for current
educational practices across Europe. Some of the areas that were changed were elementary
education, higher education, and women's education. In this paper we shall examine the changes that
happened throughout France, Britain, and Germany throughout the nineteenth, as well as compare
and contrast the changes that happened in the three. Before we ... Show more content on
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Teachers were taught to teach a variety of different subjects including French history, reading,
writing and arithmetic. Teachers began to specialize, and teach one subject instead of teaching
multiple subjects. Teachers even gained salaries through the government. Despite all of this
Napoleon still competed with the Catholic Church on education. In order to increase the number of
children going to government schools new laws made it mandatory for anyone who wanted to work
with the government had to go to government schools. Napoleon saw elementary schools as
important, but still did not want mass education, and for elementary schools turned to the church,
and focused more on secondary education being the birthplace of future leaders. Despite all of
Napoleon's reforms education was still under the grip of the Catholic Church, and many of
Napoleons reforms would be called into question when Napoleon fell. The second nations back
history we shall examine is England. Before the nineteenth century England had begun making
strides in education reform since the eighteenth century. During the eighteenth century England
whitened vast improvements in their agriculture, and many peasants started to have an easier time
with farming. During the Eighteenth century England's eyes were opened to the plight of the poor.
Many in England saw the poor "where children of

Nineteenth Century And The Period Of The Industrial...
During the nineteenth century and the period of the industrial revolution, countries were divided into
three categories based on how they dealt with industrialization. The "joiners," the "in–betweeners,"
and the "outsiders" all went through the same process of an internal debate and crisis but with
different results. The Joiners included countries whose leaders decided to industrialize, and were
successful while also becoming imperialistic.
The United States provides an excellent example of the joiner category. Alexander Hamilton
proposed a seven–point program: 1) the restoration of public credit, 2) a sound system of taxation,
3) the establishment of a national bank, 4) a sound currency, 5) promotion of commerce, 6) the
encouragement of manufactures, and 7) a liberal immigration policy. Hamilton support of
industrialization contrasted with Thomas Jefferson and his proposal for the United States to be an
agrarian society. The North began to industrialize by 1790 and later the further development of
textile factories in New England stimulated the cotton market in the South. The debate between
Hamilton vs. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Egypt fell in the In–betweener category because they tried and failed to industrialize. The internal
conflict was in the Ottoman Empire between the government, Mamluks, and Islamic Ulma. Despite
this internal conflict, France was actually the center of the crisis in Egypt. France, under the rule of
Napoleon, invaded Egypt in 1798 before eventually fleeing leaving Egypt under a new ruler. The
new leader Muhammad Ali made strides to industrialize Egypt and even expanded trade through
Sudan. However, the Treaty of London in 1841 fully stripped Ali of all his foreign conquests except
those in Sudan. Ali's death and actions led directly to the occupation and colonization of the country
by a foreign power in the

Robert Frost Research Paper
Robert Frost authored his poetry as if he observed metaphors in everyday encounters, bringing to
life vivid visual images in the minds of readers everywhere. Frost vocalized, "Poetry begins in
trivial metaphors, pretty metaphors, 'grace' metaphors, and goes on to the profoundest thinking that
we have. Poetry provides that one permissible way of saying one thing and meaning another." Frost
applies metaphors, dialogue and figurative language resulting in memorable poetry described by
John F. Kennedy as "from which Americans will forever gain joy and understanding." Frost applies
everyday language, blending traditional meters and idioms with dramatic narration to stimulate the
most profound thinking. Frost is known for a New England style both in his poetry he creates as
well as in his writing styles and techniques. He is from modern times and considered a modern poet,
but is well known for his incorporation of nineteenth century tendencies and traditions in his poems.
Robert Frost applies imagery and figurative language to create vivid visual images, creating a well–
known style as a modern poet while incorporating traditional nineteenth century poetic practices.
Frost is a modern poet with ties in his masterpieces to ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Robert Frost use of narration, monologues, and dialogues help him create vivid characters and
scenes in his poetry. Robert Frost's poetry is recognizable by the form and style he uses, as well as
the vivid visual images he creates with his ingenious use of common language. He constructs vivid
images from conversation style words he utilizes to paint a clear scene. In his poem "Out,Out– " he
illustrates a boy's accident with a saw resulting in his passing. He uses personification with the saw
stating it "snarled and rattled in the yard" and that the saw "leaped out at the boy's hand" helping to
illustrate the scene. Frost also uses descriptive language with verses such

Timber Shortages In The 1770s
This essay deals with the three shortages of masts and timber in the 1770s, 1803, and 1808, and
considers how the navy dealt with these shortages. In the War of American Independence and the
Napoleonic Wars, the Royal Navy often faced the risk of the shortages of these goods. In the second
half of the eighteenth century, Britain gained the maritime supremacy in the Atlantic and the Indian
Ocean, and constructed many ships both for the navy and for the merchants. However, as Britain
could not produce the sufficient quantity of naval stores in her own country, Britain depended on the
import of naval stores from several areas. Masts from Norway, Russia, and New England, pitch and
tar from Carolina, iron from Sweden, and hemp from Russia greatly contributed to British naval
power in the long eighteenth century. The dependant position ... Show more content on
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Although Albion's work is comprehensive and deals with the long–term supply of woods, he pays
little attention to the contribution of the Baltic masts and timber for the navy in the War of American
Independence, as Knight points out. Knight, Gwyn, and Frost focus on the specific areas. Morriss
pays more attention to the European situation as he focuses on oak and hemp. Crimmin deals with
the only the early nineteenth century. Existing studies did not firmly draw a comparison of the
measures against the timber shortages and illustrate the relationship among the navy's attempts of
the procurement of masts and timber. This essay focuses on the continuity of the measures against
timber shortages and the effects of the procurement of masts and timber from one area on that from
other areas. These points allow us to understand the navy's view about the procurement of wood
products in wartime of the late eighteenth and the early nineteenth

The Social Fabric Of Late Eighteenth- And Early Nineteenth...
Jane Austen 's novel is principally concerned with the social fabric of late eighteenth– and early
nineteenth–century England, a patriarchal society in which men held the economic and social power.
In an often satirical portrait of the men and women attempting to gain a livelihood, Austen ironically
points out faults in the system, raising questions about the values of English society and the power
structure of the country. The novel is also engaged in an ideological debate that drives its plot and
defines the essence of its main character. The precise nature of this balance is not necessarily clear,
and despite what seems to be a happy marriage, it may not be entirely possible to reconcile
Elizabeth 's independence and naturalness ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Darcy play the role of rich men. Mr and Mrs. Bennet are the parents of five unwed daughters. And
they have conflicting thoughts about the arrival of the rich neighbours. Mr. Bennet thinks nothing of
it, and has no new thoughts about the arrival of Bingley and Darcy. Mrs. Bennet sees flashing lights.
She views it as the perfect chance to automatically place a few of her five daughters into the rich
community. Marrying off her daughters serves the main purpose in Mrs. Bennet's life. Mrs. Bennet
wants her husband to go and make a greeting to the new crowd. Her plans are to get in contact with
them and make aware her five bachelor daughters. Mrs. Bennet encourages her daughter, Jane, to set
her sights on Mr. Bingley. Mr. Bennet's sarcastic comments prove his disconcert on the whole topic.
When Jane is invited to meet with Mr. Bingley and his sister, Mrs. Bennet suggests that she go by
horseback in hopes that she could probably fall sick and extend her stay. Mrs. Bennet's' mind is
always thinking of ways to marry off her daughters. Her idea works to perfection and Jane ends up
staying longer. Mrs. Bennet goes to work again at the arrival of Mr. Collins, Mr. Bennet's cousin.
Mr. Collins stays at the Bennet house for a short time. He will inherit Longbourn when Mr. Bennet
dies, since he will be the only close male relative. Mr. Collins first intentions are toward Jane, but,
Ms. Bennet informs him of Bingley. Collin then changes his target to Elizabeth. Mrs. Bennet is

The Animal Protection Movement Of The Nineteenth Century
The animal protection movement of the nineteenth century was based on the concept of animal
welfare; that is, the moral obligations required by human society. Such morals stem from natural
theology, specifically, the Book of Nature, which proposes that humans, the superior beings, should
hold dominion over animals, but have mercy, care, and stewardship toward them. From these ideas,
the animal protection movement was formed with two responsibilities in mind: first, to address
traditional moral concerns, such that an individual pledges to do no harm to animals; and second, to
enforce the prevention of cruelty to animals inflicted by others (Fan, 10/28).
The first anti–cruelty bill was introduced to Parliament in England in 1800 in an attempt to end bull
baiting; this initial legislation was the start of a long effort. In 1822, Colonel Richard Martin
succeeded in passing a bill to prevent cruelty to livestock (later amended to include ... Show more
She was not only an animal welfare advocate, but also a writer and a suffragist. In 1875, Cobbe
established the National Anti–Vivisection Society (NAVS), which combatted medical establishments
and their methods for experimentation, influencing future research methods and animal testing. A
year later, the Cruelty to Animals Act was passed, establishing England's first attempt to regulate
experimentation of animals (Guerrini, 90). In the midst of the anti–vivisection legislation, Anna
Sewell published Black Beauty, an animal autobiography illustrating the conditions of a working
horse in the nineteenth century. Black Beauty exposes the treatment of animals during this time,
including the cruelty of accessories such as the "bearing rein," a strap restraining the horse's neck,
causing damage and pain. Sewell's novel raised enough public outcries to have the bearing rein
abolished in England, and spark anti–cruelty legislation in

Causes Of The Industrial Revolution

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