How do animators make still images come to life? Are the images really moving, or are they merely an optical illusion? TED-Ed takes you behind the scenes to reveal the secret of motion in movies.

1. FILE 6 CINEMA
Animation basics: The optical illusion of motion - TED-Ed
How do animators make still images come to life? Are the images really moving, or are
they merely an optical illusion? TED-Ed takes you behind the scenes to reveal the
secret of motion in movies.
https://youtu.be/V8A4qudmsX0
<iframe width="854" height="450"
src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/V8A4qudmsX0" frameborder="0"
allow="autoplay; encrypted-media" allowfullscreen></iframe>
1.- What effect is the basis for all motion picture technology?
AWhen still images change fast enough, they produce the optical illusion: a
persistent image that is gradually changing form and position
BLights have to feed the sensors in a camera that will capture any action that
takes place (hence, "Lights, camera, action!")
CStoryboards must be constructed before the first motion picture is captured;
this ensures that each still is properly accounted for so that the end product is
ordered and logical
DRepetition creates movement
2.- What phrase is attributed to the English-Swiss physicist Peter Mark Roget, who
in the early 19th century used it to describe a particular ‘defect of the eye’ that
resulted in a moving object appearing to be still when it reached a certain speed?
ATrick of the eye
BImagination of motion
CPersistence of vision
DMotion picture technology
3.- Who invented the phenakistoscope?
AMichelangelo

2. BAlbert Einstein
CJacques Cousteau
DJoseph Plateau
4.- Research has shown that different the aspects of what the eye sees, like form,
color, depth, and motion, are transmitted to different areas of the ________ via
different pathways from the ________.
AIris, cornea
BPupil, dilated pupil
CVisual cortex, retina
DRetina, visual cortex
5.- So, the point at which we lose awareness of the intervals and begin to see
apparent motion seems to kick in at around ________ frames per second.
A16 - 20
B8 - 12
C4 - 8
D0 - 4
6.- Do you think we take motion pictures for granted these days? Why?
Cool interactive presentation of Wertheimer's Beta & Phi perceptual illusions, as
described in "Experimental Studies on the Seeing of Motion" (1912)
"The Photoplay: A Psychological Study" (1916) by Hugo Münsterberg (pdf)
"The Myth of Persistence of Vision Revisited" by Joseph and Barbara Anderson,
from Journal of Film and Video vol. 45 no. 1 (Spring 1993): 3-12. Here's a
paper outlining the chronic misdiagnosis of the physiology involved in the perception
of apparent motion over the years:
"Time and the Brain (or, What's Happening in the Eagleman Lab)"
Neuroscientist David Eagleman discusses his research into the mechanisms of time
perception.

3. "Animation in Palaeolithic art: a pre-echo of cinema" from Antiquity Vol. 86 No. 332
(2012): 316-324. Paleolithic researchers Marc Azéma1 & Florent Rivére describe
their discoveries of sequential cave-art and thaumatropes (spinning disk animations)
dating from the Paleolithic Age. Here's a YouTube video accompanying the article
and link to paper (behind a paywall).
"Prehistoric cinema: A silver screen on the cave wall" by Catherine Brahic. Link to
pdf file of article on the above findings from New Scientist #2896/97, 22-29 Dec
2012
DISCUSS
What's the first thing that comes to mind when you hear motion pictures?