3. “Consequently, we face the prospect of returning to a
preantibiotic era, where an increasing number of
infections can no longer be treated effectively with
our current arsenal of drugs”
(Moly K. Gibson et al. Improved annotation of
antibiotic resistance determinants reveals microbial
resistomes cluster by ecology, 2014)
5. CDC (center for disease control and prevention) divide antibiotic
resistance 3 level
•Urgent: The highest risk for public health.
Ex: Clostridium difficile, Carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae
•Serious: These can be urgent if they effect public health.
Ex: Multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter, Fluconazole-resistant Candida
•Concerning: There are multiple treatment options for these
resistance.
Ex:Erythromycin-resistant Streptococcus Group A, Clindamycin-resistant
Streptococcus GroupB
6.
7. WHAT ND4BB DOING?
•Every year 25 000 people die becaus of anti
biotic resistance in EU.
•Antibiotic resistance cost for EU is €1.5 billion.
•ND4BB is trying to collect acedemisions,
politics, companies.
•There are 3 projects for this aim
•COMBACTE, TRANSLOCATION, ENABLE
8. •COMBACTE:
• Creating a pan-European network of clinical sites
• It has a network of about 300 clnical sites from 34
countries
• Total cost: €250 million
•TRANSLOCATION:
• Getting drugs in to bugs and keeping them there
• 2/3 of deaths in EU coused by gram-negative
bacteria.
• Total cost: €29 million
•ENABLE:
• A Drug discovery platform
• This Project offer Access for universities and small
11. NDM-1 (NEW DELHI METALLO
ΒETA-LACTAMASE 1)
•Firstly investigate in india
•Most of scientist agreed that NDM-1 is the most
powerful resistance
•It is spread around the World and other bacteria
•Just two antibitics are cure for this resistance
13. Genome-wide analysis captures the
determinants of the antibiotic cross-
resistance interaction network
(Viktoria L. et.al 8 July 2014)Aims: To show
1) Convergent molecular evolution is
commen across antibiotic treatments
2) Resistance, gaining by mutations enhance
sensitivity to other drug
3) Antibiotic adaptation can partly be
achieved without gain of novel function
14. RESULTS OF THIS EXPERIMENT
These are antibiotics which was used at experiment
15.
16. PREDICTION OF ANTIBIOTIC
RESISTANCE BY GENE EXPRESSION
PROFILES
(Shingo S. et. al, 17 December 2014)
Antibiotics name Abbreviation Class Cellular target
Cefoperazone CPZ Cephalosporin, β-lactam Cell wall
Cefixime CFIX Cephalosporin, β-lactam Cell wall
Amikacin AMK Aminoglycoside Protein synthesis, 30S
Neomycin NM Aminoglycoside Protein synthesis, 30S
Doxycycline DOXY Tetracycline Protein synthesis, 30S
Chloramphenicol CP Protein synthesis, 50S
Azithromycin AZM Azalide, macrolide Protein synthesis, 50S
Trimethoprim TP Folic acid synthesis
Enoxacin ENX Quinolone DNA gyrase
Ciprofloxacin CPFX Quinolone DNA gyrase
Colistin CL Peptide Cell membrane
These are antibiotics which was used at experiment
At a swidish patient in india, in a train crash….. The cure is very pthogenecis and was not approved before
Convergent evolution describes the independent evolution of similar features in species of different lineages. Convergent evolution creates analogous structures that have similar form or function, but that were not present in the last common ancestor of those group
Bactericidal:::::noun A drug or substance which kills bacteria, or is capable of killing bacteria.
Bacteriostatic:::::::: An agent which inhibits bacterial growth and/or reproduction.