this lecture is about great turning points in nursing history

1. Turning Points in Nursing History
Dr. AHMED

2. Objectives
1. Identify the great turning points in world
progress that represent milestones in
nursing’s march toward identity.
2. Discuss the rationale for the study of
nursing history.
3. Compare the achievement of past nursing
leaders with leaders of today.

3. 4. Determine needed strategies to secure nursing
position in health care.
5. Discuss how visionary nurse inventors formed a
set of core ideas consistent with their social
context that served to mold the legacy of nursing.
6. Explore the relationship between nursing and
society.
7. Examine the role of men in nursing.

4. Who Would Want the Job? An Individual
Striving to be a Nurse
• Nurses have worked under poor conditions
throughout history.
• The fact that nursing continues as a
profession reflects a sense of devotion and
responsibility to society that nurses feel even
in today’s world.

5. World Progress and Great Turning
Points in Nursing
• Florence Nightingale set modern nursing in motion.
• Great turning points in world progress also
represent turning points in nursing.
• Social events that give rise in increased societal
consciousness, promote humanitarian activities
such as nursing.
• Great forces have sought to control nursing’s
march toward identity.
• Nursing must shape and control its own destiny.

6. Nurses:
Their Own Worst Enemy
• Nurses are responsible for the passivity
of the past.
• Nurses behave as an oppressed group.
• Nurses regard themselves as victims.

7. Florence Nightingale
• An independent practitioner and patient advocate
– Focused on health versus illness
– Defined nursing as the proper use of air, light, warmth,
quiet, cleanliness, and diet
– Nurses were to care for individuals
• Physical
• Mental
• Spiritual
• Proved that good nursing care made a difference

8. Nursing: An Art as Well as a Science
• Art is the creative use of knowledge.
• The use of art is essential for:
– Vision
– Proactive action
– Control of nurses by nursing
• Without art nursing may once again
become simply a skilled trade.

9. Further Contributions of
Florence Nightingale
• Understood the importance of economics
• Understood the stratagems of power and the
details of control related to social issues
• Based on these understandings Florence
Nightingale:
– Advanced nursing
– Advanced nursing education

10. Nursing’s Linkage to Social Change
• Medical and human sciences
• Technology
• Health care systems

11. Nursing: A Reflection of Social Reality
• Nursing has changed in concert with society.
– The standards of humanity
– Inventions, technology, and specialization
– Wars
• Nursing is in a constant state of flux.

12. Why Study Nursing History?
1. To understand and live in the present
2. To make sense of contemporary events
3. To transmit tradition
4. To provide social knowledge concerned
with values, meanings, and facts.
5. To provide inspiration

13. Nature of Nursing
• The work of nursing involves intimate care of strangers.
• Nursing was built on traditional values.
– Caring
– Compassion
– Commitment
– Advocacy
– Quality
– Honesty

14. Themes in Nursing History
– Politics, power, and risk taking
– Economics
– Education
– Recognition that nursing is not synonymous with
women’s work; the past association of nursing as
“women’s work” has served as a repressive force.

15. Politics, Power, and Control
• Nurses have failed to emerge as a viable, political
force for a variety of reasons.
– Women dominate the profession.
– Nurses have been viewed by society as nonpolitical.
• Nurses operate on the fringe and rarely seek
positions of power.
• Political action is vital to the organization and
growth of nursing.

16. Early Political Leaders
• Florence Nightingale
• Lavinia Lloyd Dock
– Ardent pacifist
– Zealous suffragist and radical feminist
• Lillian Wald
– Focuses on justice for the “unfortunates”
– Established community nursing services
– Legitimized the need for public health, school, and rural
nursing

17. Power: An Interesting Dichotomy
• Nurses throughout history have influenced
social change and held a position of power.
• Nurses control the nurse–patient relationship.
• Nurses demonstrate little other evidence of
overt power.
– Highly ineffective in dealing with physicians and
hospital administrators.

18. Political Activism in Nursing:
A Source of Power
• Nurses could exert a powerful influence on
health care and the future of the health care
system.
– History supports the fact that nurses have effected
change in health care.
– Power, politics, and risk taking are essential for
nurses to influence health care.

19. Economics:
• Economics is a powerful force exerting
pressures on the health care delivery
system.
• The social and economic utility of nurses in
health care has formed the foundation of
health care delivery.

20. Control of the Economic Destiny of
Health Care
• Barriers to the roles nurses can play in control of
the economic destiny of health care:
– Nurses see their profession as altruistic in nature.
– Historically physicians and hospital administrators
have not supported formal education of nurses.
– Student nurses provided free labor.
– Salaries of nurses historically were barely above the
poverty level and today remain significantly below the
level of similarly valued professionals.

21. Economic Activists
• Isabel Stewart& Maitland; believed nursing
schools should be financially independent of
hospitals.
• Adelaide Nutting declared; that all of
nursing’s problems were of an economic
nature.

22. A Theme in Nursing History : Women’s
Work
• Nursing is an almost exclusively female profession.
• Women’s work has generally been devalued.
• Male-dominated hospital administrators and
physicians thwarted the progress of nursing.
• Social misconception
– Feminine mind was highly inferior.
– Intellectual growth could significantly harm women.

23. Education:
Richard Beard 1909
First school of nursing under university control
University of Minnesota
Contemporary nurse educators value both scientific
knowledge and liberal arts.
Implementation of a nursing curriculum that
integrates both scientific knowledge and liberal arts
can be difficult.
• Esther Lucile Brown (1948)
• “To put nurses on par with other professionals, nurses must be
educated at the same level”.

24. The Purpose of a Liberal Education
1. Development of the individual
2. Preparation for citizenship/social reform
3. Acquisition of a broad knowledge base
4. Development of critical thinking and
judgment

25. Primary Influences in the March of
Nursing Toward an Identity
• Religion provided the organizing concept that
epitomized nursing—altruism.
• Military brought discipline and routine to
nursing.
• Technology has raised the question, “Will
nurses retain their ability to deal with patients in
a humane, caring manner while mastering
technology?”

26. Influence of Religion
• Benefits
– Humanitarian approach to care
– Development of organized nursing service
– Expansion of nursing services
– Entry of men into nursing
– Commitment and character development
• Detriments
– Strictly disciplined life
– Trained to be docile, passive, humble, and
disregarding of self

27. Influence of the Military
• Nursing orders were formed due to the
multitude of sick and wounded soldiers.
• Impact of nursing’s historical military
heritage:
– Discipline
– Rank
– Routinization
– Hierarchies

28. Influence of Technology
• Traditional values of caring, compassion,
quality of care, commitment, and
advocacy are still relevant.
• Will technology impact the nurse’s ability
to maintain these traditional values?
• Will nurses be able to keep up with
technology?

29. The Fateful Decade
1890–1900
• Great leaders emerged.
• Schools proliferated.
• Organized nursing was born.
– Nurses Associated Alumnae of the United States and
Canada (ANA)
• The American Journal of Nursing (AJN) was
started.

30. Nurse Inventors
• Factors that result in leaders:
– A situation that calls for leadership
– A sufficiently homogeneous group that is responsive to
leadership
– An individual who possesses traits acceptable to the group
and is capable of encountering/dealing with the specific
situation.

31. Characteristics of the Nurse Inventors
 Generally unmarried
 Older, more mature when
entering nursing
 Educated in other fields
before entering nursing
 Accepted challenges
 Respected and valued one
another
 Shared thoughts, ideas, and
resources
 Risk takers
 Argued, but primarily
on an intellectual level
 Compromised for the
good of nursing
 Created networks
 Articulate
 Worked for the good of
nursing
 Assertive
 Social activists

32. Struggle for Identity:
The Subordinate Sex
• Woman, nurse, and mother have been viewed as
synonymous terms.
• Hospital family consists of mothers (nurses), fathers
(physicians), and children (patients).
• In the struggle for identity nurses were seen as care
providers while physicians fulfilled the more
important role of curing.
• Physicians are provided monetary reward for curing
while nurses are not rewarded for caring.

33. Struggle for Identity: Men in Nursing
• Now men are wanted and needed in nursing.
• Men have been a part of nursing since its
inception.
• Prior to the 19th century nursing was
considered as much a male profession as it
was a female profession.
• Today men in nursing face gender
stereotyping and cultural pressures.

34. Creating New Patterns:
The Future
• The future of nursing will be challenging.
• Who will control the fate of nursing?
• If nurses are to control the fate of nurses they
will need to be:
– Visionaries
– Dreamers
– Innovators
– Creators of new patterns
– Risk takers

35. • Nurses of the future will need to practice with self-
reliance, independence, and flexibility.
• They will be required to have well-developed
decision making skills on the basis of;
1. critical-thinking ability
2. a working knowledge of community resources
3. and computer and technical competencies.
• Just as important, they will need to deliver high-
quality client education and care .
NURSES OF THE FUTURE

36. • To enjoy all the above variety of opportunity and
rewards that the nursing profession offers, they
are advised that it would be wise to continue
your education at the college level and develop
your science and research skills that could put
you in demand for all these specialized areas in
nursing.
Massages 4 You
Nursing depends on
you for its future.

37. ‫هلل‬ ‫الحمد‬