community health nursing

1. Miss.mamatha
M.Sc. 1st year

2. Introduction
Nursing has its origin in the mother care of helpless infants
and must have co existed with type of care from earliest times
The word nursing is derived from latin word “nutrire” means
‘to nourish’.

4. HISTORY OF NURSING

5. Christianity
Entry of women into nursing
Christians taught that men and women are equal before God
Carry on his work in the behalf of all who were in distress.
Charitable institutions were started to care for the aged ,sick and
poor
Nurses delivered custodial care and depended on physicians or
priests for direction.
Nurse midwifery flourished.
MIDDLE AGES
(1100-1200AD)

6. 3.FIFTEENTH TO
NINETEENTH CENTURY
• Crusades expanded by establishing hospital and nursing
orders
• Formation of order of deaconesses (a group of public health
or visiting nurses).
• Sisters of charity ,founded in 1633,cared for people in
hospitals, asylums and poor houses and these sisters became
widely known as visiting nurses
• In 1809 the sisters of charity was introduced in America by
mother Elizabeth senton, later their name was changed to
daughters of charity.
• There was little formal nursing education nursing knowledge
and skills generally passed by experienced nurses.

8. It may seen a strange principles to enunciate as the very
first requirement in a hospital that it should do sick no harm
12 may1820-13 angust1910
Born in Italy founder of modern nursing statistician
English social reformer
Established the first nursing philosophy based on health
maintainence and restoration in notes of nursing
In 1853 nightingale went to Paris to study with the sister of
charity and was appointed superintendent of the English
general hospitals in turkey.
During this Crimean war period she brought about major
reforms in hygiene sanitation and nursing practice and
reduced the mortality rate at the barracks hospital, turkey.

9. • She spent many hours in the wards, and her night rounds
giving personal care to the wounded established her image
as the lady with the lamp Her efforts to formalize nursing
education led her to establish the first scientifically, at St.
Tomas` hospital in London (opened 1860).
• She also was instrumental in setting up training for
midwives and nurses in work house infirmaries. She was
the first women awarded the order of merit (1907).
International nurse's day, observed annually on May
12,commemorates her birth and celebrates the important
role of nurses in health care

10. Lady with the lamp
First nursing philosophy
Nursing education
Nursing researcher
Statistician
English social reformer
Founder
of modern
nursing

11. CLARA BARTON:
• Founder of American, American red cross tended soldiers on
the battlefield cleansing the wounds meeting their basic needs
and comforting them in death,
• The first African-American professional nurses was Mary
Mahoney ,
• Dorothea Leynde dix, Mary Ann ball and Harriet turban also
influenced nursing during civil war .
• Nursing in hospital s expanded in the late nineteenth century

12. TWENTIENTH CENTURY:
• In the early twentieth century a movement toward a
scientific research base defined body of nursing knowledge
and practice was seen nurses began to assume expanded
and advance practice roles
• In 1907, Mary Adelaide Notting superintendent of the
John's Hopkins training school was instrumental in the
affiliation of nurse's education with university she became
the first professor of nursing at Columbia university
teachers' college.
• In 1923 the Rockefeller foundation founded as survey of
nursing education

13. The role you play in provision of medical services
as a nurse has evolved in the 21st century owing to
technological advancement in the health sector
nursing has now become a more defined
profession because of the modification of health
services policies the advent of new days and
treatment methods and global shortage of nurses
and other medical practitioners such as doctors
certified nurse mid wife nurse educators nurse
advocate and nurse practitioners roles evolved in
the twenty first century
Twenty first century

14. CHARACTERISTICS OF PROFESSION:
✓ Authority to control its own work
✓ Exclusive body of specialized knowledge
✓ Extensive period of formal training
✓Specialized competence
✓ Control over work performance
✓ Service to society
✓ Self-regulation
✓ Credentialing system to certify competence
✓ Legal reinforcement of professional standards
✓ Ethical practice.
✓ Creation of a collegial subculture.
✓ Intrinsic rewards
✓ public acceptance

15. Six characteristics of profession
1.Body of knowledge
2.Intellectual
3.Specialized education
4. Critical and creative thinking
5.Personal
6.Interpersonal

16. INTELECTUAL :
This character is reflecting the commitment to serve society this
category has three components
BODY OF KNOWLEDEGE:
Professional practice is based on body of knowledge derived from and
research this knowledge bases contributes to judgement and rational
for modifying actions according to specific situation however the
education the education has often emphasized proven methods for
responding to particular methods for responding to particular kinds of
situation e.g., clients may be discharged without self-care teaching
because the doctor did not write an order

17. SPECIALIZED EDUCATION:
Nursing transmits knowledge through specialize education however there are five levels of
basic education for registered nurses all of which prepare for one licensure examination
CRITICAL AND CREATIVE THINKING:
A logical and critical thinking process is an essential component of professional practice the
nursing process is a problem-solving approach it includes
Collect and organize information derived from multiple sources
Decide what is needed based on that information
PERSONAL
This category emphasizes on autonomy autonomy means the practitionsers have control over
their own functions in a work setting autonomy involves independence a willingness to take
risks and responsibility and accountability for one's own actions as well as self-determination
and self-regulation the autonomous practitioners are also obligated to collaborate with others
for benefit of the patient

18. INTERPERSONAL
Nursing is a significant therapeutic inter personal process it functions
cooperatively with other human process that mark health possible for individuals
in the communities
CRITERIA OF PROFESSION:
Bixler and Bixler criteria for profession
Abraham Flexner's criteria for a profession
Kelley's criteria
PRESPECTIVE OF NURSING PROFESSION
AT NATIONAL LEVEL
stipends to the nursing students
• Nursing staff
• Midwives
• Dias
• Public health nurses
• Male nurses
• Training of nurses and midwives
• Male nurse

19. PRESPECTIVE OF NURSING PROFESSION
AT NATIONAL LEVEL
stipends to the nursing students
Nursing staff
Midwives
Dias
Public health nurses
Male nurses
Training of nurses and midwives
Male nurse

20. DEVELOPMENT OF NURSING EDUCATION IN INDIA
• The auxiliary nurse's midwife/nurse midwife programme
UINIVERSITY LEVEL PROGRAMMES
• Basic B.Sc. Nursing
• Post basic /post certificate B.Sc. Nursing
POST-GRADUATION EDUCATION
• MSc. Nursing education
• M.Phil. Programme
• Ph.D. programme
AT GLOBAL LEVEL
• Associate degree education
• Diploma education
• Baccalaureate education
• Accreditation Licensure Certification
• Masters' degree preparation
• Doctoral preparation
• Continuing and in-service education
• Licensed practical nurses education

21. ROLE OF REGULATORY BODIES AND PROFESSIONAL ORGANISATION:
Professional organization provides a mean through which your own professional
development can be channelized with authority because of their representative
character it provides you an opportunity to express your viewpoints develop your
leadership qualities and abilities and keep you well informed of professional trends
and news all qualified nurses must participate in their professional state and National
organization to keep themselves informed of new developments and for upgrading the
profession some the organization discussed below are recognition at national and
international level and have a great role in uplifting the nursing profession

22. ROLE OF
REGULATORY
BODIES

23. DEFINITION REGULATORY BODIES: Regulatory
body is the formal organization designated by statute or an
authorized government agency to implement the regulatory form
and process whereby order uniformity and control are brought to
the profession and its practice.
A Regulatory agency (regulatory body regulator) or independent
agency(independent Regulatory agency) is a government
authority that is responsible for exercising autonomous
dominion over some area of human activity In a licensing and
regulating capacity

24. ROLE OF REGULATORY BODIES:
INTRODUCTION: regulatory agencies are usually a part
of the executive branch of the government of they have
statutory authorities
regulatory body regulates means to control something by
rules regulation and official rule made by government or
other authorities are controlling something by rules
A regulatory body is a public authorization or government
agency that is responsible for legally regulating aspects of
human activity the role of the regulatory body is to establish
and strengthen standards and ensure consistent compliance
with them

25. AIMS & OBJECTIVES: Define the regulatory body
To understand about the purpose and roles of regulatory bodies
and apply this knowledge on the clinical field it falls to attitude
regulatory
Commission s have goals usually identified in the enabling
legislation on broad adjectives dude fairness reasonable prices
network expansion end service reliability
To facilitate the patience consumers with high quality medicines
which are assessed qualified and approved by various
regulatory bodies
To submit the dossier required for the drugs to be market
through the CTD format

26. MAJOR TYPES OF REGULATORY BODIES :-
1) International council for Nurses (ICN)
2) America Nurses Association (ANA)
3) Indian Nursing Council (INC)
4) State Nursing Council (SNC)
5) Trained Nurses Association of India (TNAI

27. 1. International Council for Nurses :-
The international council of Nurses, founded in 1899.
Members 135 current president ANNETTE Kennedy.
It is federation of non - political and self governing national nurses
association.
• The Read quarters are in GENEVA, Switzerland.
• The main purpose of ICN is to provide a mean through which the
national association can share
• their interest in the promotion of health and care of the sick.
• Represents 16 million international nurses 130 nurse organization.

28. Objectives of ICN :-
- Quality Nursing care for all.
- Sound health policies.
- Advancement of Nursing knowledge.
-Competent and satisfied work force

29. Function of ICN :
• To promote the development of strong
national nurses association.
• To assist national nurse association to
improve the standards of nursing and
competencies of nurses.
• To assist national nurses association to
improve the status of nurses with their
countries.
• To serve as the authoritative voice for nurse
and nursing internationally.

30. 2. American Nurses Association (ANA) :
ANA is a professional organization to advance and protect the
profession of nursing.
- It is start3ed in 1896 as Nurses associated Alumnae and was renamed
the American Nurses association in 1911. It is based in silver spring.
Maryland and PAMELEAF.
- CIPRIANO is the current president.
Functions of ANA :
* Establish standards of practice nursing education and service. *
Establish a ethical code of conduct.
* Support systematic study evaluation and research in Nursing.
* Support Systematic study evaluation and research in Nursing
Conduct an affirmative action program.

31. 3. Indian Nursing Council :
The INC is a national regulatory body for nurses and nurse education
in India. It is an autonomous body under the Government of India,
Ministry of health and family welfare, constructed by the central
government under section 3 of the Indian Nursing council Act, 1947 of
Indian Parliament.
- Founded : 31st December 1947 - Sector : Nursing, Nurse Education
- Headquarters : New Delhi
- Parent Agency : Ministry of health and family welfare
Aims of INC :- - To establish a uniform standard of training for nurse
midwives and health visitors.
- INC is a regulatory body for Nurse of Nursing education in India.
Purpose of INC : - Uniform standards of education. - Registration of
foreign Nurses - Indian Nursing register. - Nursing registration.

32. 4. State nursing council :
Functions of INC :
1) It provide uniform standard of Indian Nursing
Education and reciprocity in Nursing registration.
2) It has authority to prescide lumiculom TNAI.
3) It is national association of Nurses formed in 1905 at
Lucknow at the annual conference held Mumbai in
1908. A decision was taken to establish association
was inaugurated with INC for Nursing education in all
states.
4) It has authority to recognize programme it it did not
meet the standards required by the council.
5) To provide the registration of foreign nurse and for
the maintenance of the Indian nurses register.
6) The INC authorizes state Nurse registration council
examining board to Issue qualifying certificates.

33. 5. Trained Nurses Association of India : It is the national
association of Nurses formed in 1905 at Lucknow at the
annual conference held in Mumbai in 1908 decision was
taken to establish INAI the association was inaugurated in
1909 in 1912 the TNAI got affiliated with the ICN.
- The level of organization move to the district state and
national level.
- The Members of TNAI are usually most active on the level
of the local unit.
- Activities of conference however are planned regularly by
the state branches and provide opportunity for valuable
professional participate and development of the individual
member.

34. AIMS of TNAI :-
- Upgrading development and standardization of nursing education.
- Improvement of living and working condition for nurse in India.
- Registration for qualified Nurse.
- It has promoted the development of courses in higher education for
Nurses.
- It gives scholarship for Nurses who wish to go on for advanced study.
- Helped to organize the state nurse and midwives registration council.
- Helps to share and solve professional problems.
- Helps to remove discrimination against male Nurse. - Helped to
improve economic condition for Nurse.

35. 6. Student Nursing Association :
Student Nurse association was established in 1929 at the a annual conference
of trained Nurses association of India. R/S L.N. Fean. the nursing
superintendent of General Hospital, Madras was instrumental in forming this
association.
Objectives of SNA : - To uphold the dignity and ideals of the profession.
- Encourage leadership ability.
- Increase the student social contact and knowledge.
- - Provide a special section.
Purpose of Function :
- To help student Nurses learn how the professional organization serve.
- To promote a close rapport.
- To encourage leadership ability. Professional Activity :
- Organization of meeting and conferences.
- Maintenance of SNA diary.
- - Fund raising
- Public speaking and writing.

36. Functions of SNC:-
• Registration and granting certificates to qualified
persons to practice their profession.
• Regulation of training programme of the diploma
graduate and post granulate.
• Granting recognition to the training programmes
of the diploma, institutions and periodical
inspection and conduct all Nursing courses