in this ppt we study the culture diversity in ASIA how to deal with business environment across Asian countries it's a scholar research in cross culture management course in Eslsca business school

1. To Dr.: ABDELMONEIM ELSAID
Cross culture management
Manage Culture Difference in
ASIA and AUSTRALIABy
Ahmed Ibrahim
Omnia Ahmed
Marwa El Meligy
Rasha Ahmed
Rehab El Gendy
Salah Salem
Sara El Kashef

3. Asia
Asia is the world’s most populated
continent with the greatest diversity
of culture.
Asian culture is colorful and
immensely interesting. It is a result
of the continent’s long history.
Different ancient civilizations have
passed down their traditions and
practices to their descendants.

4. Asia covers an area of 44,579,000 square
kilometers, about 30% of Earth's total land
area and 8.7% of the Earth's total surface
area.
Asia is the highest populated regions within
the continent of 4.4 billion people.
 The boundaries of Asia are traditionally
determined as that of Eurasia, as there is no
significant geographical separation between
Asia and Europe.
The most commonly accepted boundaries
place Asia to the east of the Suez Canal,
the Ural River, and the Ural Mountains, and
south of the Caucasus Mountains and
the Caspian and Black Seas.
It is bounded on the east by the Pacific
Ocean, on the south by the Indian
Ocean and on the north by the Arctic
Ocean.

5. DRESSES:
Another striking feature of the culture of Asia
is the huge variety of dresses worn in different
countries. Mostly, they have a history in the
religion and ancient customs practiced in each
country. Some of the most popular
traditional dresses of Asia are listed below.
Sari
Sarong
Shalwar Kameez
Kimono
Qipao
Kebaya
Abaya

6. North
consisting of Siberia, and Russian Far
East in the Asian portion of Russia – the
area east of the Ural Mountains
RUSSIA represent the north Asia
East
it covers about 12,000,000 km2, about
28% of the Asian continent
More than 1.5 billion people, about 38%
of the population of Asia
CHINA represent the east Asia
Central Asia
is the core region of the Asian continent
it covers about 4,003,451 km2 about 9.5
% of the Asian continent
Population 67,986,864
KAZAKHSTAN represent the central Asia
South east
it covers about 4,500,000 km2, about 10 %
of the Asian continent
About 618,000,000 people
INDONESIA represent the south east asia
West Asia
it covers about 6,255,160 km2, about 16 %
of the Asian continent
About 313.428.000 people
Iran represent the east asia
South Asia
the southern region of the Asian continent
South Asia covers about 5.1 million km² (1.9
million mi²), which is 11.51% of the Asian
continent
Population1.721 billion
INDIA represent the south Asia

8. PEOPLE’S REPUBLIC OFCHINA
 Population 1,360,313,812 about 19%
 Capital: Beijing
 Ethnic groups
 Han Chinese, 91.9%
 1.30% Zhuang
 0.86% Manchu
 0.79% Uyghur
 0.79% Hui
 0.72% Miao
 0.65% Yi
 Religions
Daoist (Taoist), Buddhist, Muslim 1%–2%;
Christian 3%–4%
 The statistic shows the degree of adult literacy in China from 1982 to 2010. In 2010, had
reached about 95.1 % in China
Government Communist state
Political Parties Chinese Communist Party (CCP), 8 registered minor parties controlled by CCP
 Facebook, Twitter and The New York Times have been blocked in China since 2009.
0.62% Tujia
0.47% Mongol
0.44% Tibetan
0.26% Buyei
0.15% Korean
1.05% others

9. The Geography of China
 China stretches 5,026 km across the East Asianin
landmass Maxwell. China is bordered in the east by
the East China Sea, Korea Bay, Yellow Sea, Bohai
Sea, Taiwan Strait, and South China Sea, and shares
...
 Area: 9.597 million km²
 Geographical Low Point: Turpan Pendi -154 m
 Geographical High Point: Mount Everest 8,850 m
 Climate: extremely diverse; tropical in south to
subarctic in north
 Major cities: Shanghai 16.575 million; BEIJING
(capital) 12.214 million; Chongqing 9.401 million;
Shenzhen 9.005 million; Guangzhou 8.884 million
(2009
 Largest city: Shanghai
 Neighboring
countries: Russia, Japan, Vietnam, India, Pakistan,

10. Economy of China
 Major Industries:
Mining and ore processing,
Iron, steel,
Aluminum, and other metals, coal;
Machine building; armaments;
Textiles and apparel; petroleum; cement;
Chemicals; fertilizers;
Consumer products,
Food processing; transportation equipment,
Commercial space launch vehicles, satellites
Telecommunication industry
 Agricultural Products
 Natural Resources:
 Major Exports: machinery and equipment, plastics, optical and
medical equipment, iron and steel
 Major Imports: machinery and equipment, oil and mineral fuels,
plastics, optical and medical equipment, organic chemicals, iron
and steel

11. Cont'd.
 GDP (Growth Domestic Product)
GDP Nominal 5,878,257 millions of USD
GDP PPP(Purchasing Power Parity) 10,085,708 millions of USD
Per capita income $7,518
(Data produced by the International Monetary Fund as of April 2010)
 Monetary unit: Yuan /Renminbi
 Exports to U.S. Total exports = $752.2 billion
U.S. accounts for 21.1%
Total exports to U.S. = $158.7 billion (2005 est.)
 Imports from U.S. Total imports = $631.8 billion
U.S. accounts for 8%
Total imports from U.S. = $50.5 billion (2005 est.)

13. Traditional Chinese’s clothes
Cheongsam

14. 2- Elements of Culture
9/25/2010
14
D. Ethics and traditions
 China Festivals
(Dragon Boat)
Festival
Chinese New
Year
 Chinese Dance
Traditional Dance:
Chinese Modern Dance

15. Cultural Guidelines for Business in China
China high-context culture
China is a hierarchical society “Role fulfillment “
The leadership traits they admire are
determination,
calm,
strength,
intelligence,
honor,
reserve Personal development
growth,
as well as monetary reward,
are important motivators for Chinese employees.
The local business environment is
unusual and non-rational,
Managers are still concerned about
inadequate protection of intellectual
property and human rights, rapid price
inflation, and corruption.
Managing in China requires the
introduction of effective human
resource programs.

16. Build Bridges & Trust
Many MNCs use creative ways to build relationships to avoid bribery and
corruption
Be culture understanding
Reduce misperceptions
Stereotype vs. Generalizations
Reduce communication errors
Exhibit value out of your performance

17. The Chinese rank among the toughest negotiators
in the world,
Stress is placed on trust and mutual connections.
Long-range benefits are preferred.
They respond well to foreign representatives who
“specialize” in the PRC.
Many outsiders are convinced that the Chinese
consciously use slowdown techniques as bargaining
tricks.
Chinese seem to have a compelling need to settle on
the subject of friendship.
Remember in negotiations with Chinese that
nothing should be considered final or complete until
it has been actually realized.
Negotiating in China

18. Business courtesies:
 Without a business card, a visitor on business is a nonperson.
 At a business conference, the highest in authority leads the delegation.
 Take time with these people and be patient, so anticipate long speeches.
 Seating arrangements during formal meetings are a critical issue.
 It is also important to reciprocate invitations if they are given by the PRC.
 Small company souvenirs or picture books often make good presents, but expensive gifts should
not be given.
 Bad news may need to be delivered through an intermediary
 Instead saying “No” say something like “difficult or inconvenient”.
 When you make a phone call to china, state your company name before your own name .
 Be attentive to the formality required when emailing.
 Don’t expect to be challenged or even influenced by someone of a lower rank than you.

19. Some business attentions
 The Chinese are sensitive about foreigners’comments on Chinese politics.
 The Chinese are punctual.
 They do not like to be touched or stricken on the back.
 In business meetings, the Chinese expect
business people to dress formally.
 During one’s stay in the PRC, a visitor may be invited to a dinner in a restaurant by the organization
that is sponsoring the visit.
 The Chinese generally believe that foreign businesspersons will be highly qualified technically in their
specific areas of expertise.
 The Chinese generally give preference to companies with longstanding relationships with state
trading companies or large companies with financial strength and/or political clout.
 Traders coming to sell products in China must be prepared to spend a much longer time than buyers.
 Privacy is not highly regarded.

21. BriefAbout India
It is the seventh-largest country by area.
The second-most populous country with over 1.2
billion.
The most populous democracy in the world.
Bounded by the Indian Ocean on the south,
the Arabian Sea on the south-west, and the Bay of
Bengal on the south-east,
It shares land borders with Pakistan to the
west; China, Nepal & Bhutan to the north-east;
and Myanmar (Burma) & Bangladesh to the east.
 In the Indian Ocean, India is in the vicinity of Sri
Lanka and the Maldives; in addition,
India's Andaman and Nicobar Islands share a
maritime border with Thailand and Indonesia.
Cross Culture

22. Language Diversity
The languages of India belong to several language families.
The major ones being the Indo-Aryan languages spoken by
75% of Indians .
The Dravidian languages spoken by 20% of Indians.
Other languages spoken in India belong to the Austroasiatic,
Sino-Tibetan, and a few other minor language families and
isolates.
More than three millennia of language contact has led to
significant mutual influence among the four predominant
language families in mainland India and South Asia.
Cross Culture

23. Religious Diversity in India
India has no state religion, it is a secular state.
It is the land where almost all the major religions of the world
are practiced by their respective followers.
 Nevertheless the religious diversity has been a major source
of disunity and disharmony in the country.
This is because in India religious affiliation appears to be
overemphasized and many a time people seem to forget the
national unity and express their loyalty more towards their own
religion.
Cross Culture

24. India Customs &Traditions
Clothing
Indian clothing is closely
identified with the colorful silk
saris worn by many of the
country’s women.
The traditional clothing for men
is the dhoti, an unstitched piece
of cloth that is tied around the
waist and legs.
 Men also wear a KURTA, a
loose shirt that is worn about
knee-length.
 For special occasions, men wear
a SHERWANI, which is a long
coat that is buttoned up to the
collar and down to the knees.
 The Nehru jacket is a shorter
version of a SHERWANI.
Customs and celebrations
The country celebrates
Republic Day (Jan. 26)
independence Day (Aug. 15)
& Mahatma Gandhi's Birthday
(Oct. 2).
Diwali is the largest and most
important holiday to India,
according to National
Geographic

25. Traditions
 Holi – the Festival of Colors
 (March 11th), people in India and other
countries with large Hindu populations
celebrated Holi, the Festival of Colors. Holi
is celebrated as a welcoming of Spring, and a
celebration of the triumph of good over evil.
What that translates to in action is an
enthusiastic dropping of inhibitions, as
people chase each other and playfully splash
colorful paint, powder and water on each
other. People also attend bonfires to
commemorate the story of Prahlada
25

26. Doing business in India
India is rich in
Coal.
Hydroelectric power potentials.
Industrial raw materials (iron and
manganese)
 Manpower.
 Like their resources, economic
development has occurred in only a few
isolated sectors of the economy, which
many attribute to the constraints of
tradition and culture.
Cross Culture

27. Implicit Culture Difference
 American men should not touch women
in public, nor talk to a lone woman in
public.
The left hand is considered unclean. Use
the right hand for eating with the fingers
or for giving or accepting things.
 Do not lick postage stamps.
 Eat willingly with your hand if the
occasion calls for it.
 Don’t ask personal questions until you
become close to someone
Cross Culture

28. Implicit Culture Difference
 Use titles such as doctor and professor.
 Whistling is considered impolite.
 Public displays of affection are inappropriate.
 Bargain for goods and services.
Grasping one’s own ears expresses repentance or sincerity.
Backslapping is not a sign of affection.

29. Hofstede's five Cultural Dimensions
Power Distance (PDI)
India has Power Distance (PDI) as the highest Hofstede
Dimension for the culture, with a ranking of 77 compared to a
world average of 56.5. This Power Distance score for India
indicates a high level of inequality of power and wealth within
the society. This condition is not necessarily subverted upon
the population, but rather accepted by the population as a
cultural norm.
PDI IDV MAS UAI LTO
Index 77 48 56 40 61
Index
Cross Culture

30. Long Term Orientation (LTO)
India's Long Term Orientation (LTO) Dimension rank is 61,
with the world average at 48.
 A higher LTO score can be indicative of a culture that is
perseverant and parsimonious.
Masculinity (MAS)
India has Masculinity as the third highest ranking Hofstede
Dimension at 56, with the world average just slightly lower at
51.
The higher the country ranks in this Dimension, the greater the
gap between values of men and women. It may also generate a
more competitive and assertive female population, although
still less than the male population
Cross Culture

31. UncertaintyAvoidance (UAI)
India's lowest ranking Dimension is Uncertainty Avoidance
(UAI) at 40, compared to the world average of 65. On the
lower end of this ranking, the culture may be more open to
unstructured ideas and situations.
The population may have fewer rules and regulations with
which to attempt control of every unknown and unexpected
event or situation, as is the case in high Uncertainty Avoidance
countries.
There is one important thing to remember when going to India:
The Indians are very tolerant and will completely accept the
fact that you are unfamiliar with their customs and procedures.
There is no need to conform to Indian behavior.
Cross Culture
Tips

33. Russia profile
Russia is bigger than Pluto “17.1
million KM2”
Population of Russia 143,456,918
Russian biggest cities “Moscow,
Saint Petersburg, Novosibirsk”
Russia has boundaries with 14
countries: Norway, Finland, Estonia,
Latvia, Lithuania, Poland (via the
Kaliningrad Oblast), Belarus, Ukraine,
Georgia, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan,
Mongolia, the People's Republic of
China and North Korea.

34. Russia facts
In Russia there are 9 million more Women than men.
Russia & America are less than 4 km apart at the nearest point.
25% Russians die before reaching the age of 55.
Apple Is Worth More Than The Entire Russian Stock Market.
Russia has over 8400 nuclear weapons, more than any other
country.

35. Russian Culture
Facts, Customs & Traditions
It has a long and rich cultural
history, steeped in literature, ballet,
painting and classical music.
It places a high value on the homeland
and on family
Russia is home to at least 190 ethnic groups (Russian
descent, Tatar, Ukrainian, Bashkir, Chuvash &Chechen )
While Russian is the official language, English is the
second language and more than 100 minority languages.

36. More than half follow the Russian Orthodox Church,
Islam is the second largest religion
Ballet is a popular notable art
form coming out of Russia.
The Bolshoi Ballet in Moscow and
The Mariinsky Ballet in Saint Petersburg
Tchaikovsky,
A 19th-century Russian
composer, is world renowned for "Swan
Lake”

37. Russian nesting dolls are well-known symbols of the country.
“matrioshka dolls” usually symbolizes
a Russian farmer girl in traditional costume.
One of the most well-known traditional Russian foods that may
seem strange to an outsider is borshch, also spelled borscht.
Piroshki, Caviar, or ikra, Blini , Vodka

38. Economy of Russia
Russian economy since fall of the Soviet Union. Following the collapse
of the Soviet Union, Russia had undergone a radical transformation, moving from a
centrally planned economy to a globally integrated market economy.
Major Industries: Oil and gas, mining, processing precious stones and
metals, aircraft building, aerospace production, weapons and military
machinery manufacture, electric engineering, pulp-and-paper
production, automotive industry, transport, road and agriculture ...

39. Economy of Russia
Agricultural Products: has large
negative trade balance in agriculture and food because it exports
bulks crops,, while it imports high value products, like meat, fruits,
vegetables, and processed foods. Since 2000, Russia's agricultural
imports have increased substantially
Major Exports: are energy (oil and petroleum products,
gas, coal), rolled steel, ferrous and nonferrous metals and minerals.
The greater part of Russian exports belongs to oil and petroleum
products. Other leading exports are natural gas, timber, fertilizers,
machinery and equipment, armaments.
Major Imports: Imports in Russia decreased by 21 percent
year-on-year to 9734 USD Million in January of 2016,

40. GDP (purchasing power parity) $2.553 trillion (2013 est.)
GDP (official exchange rate) $2.113 trillion (2013 est.)
GDP - real growth rate 1.3% (2013 est.)
3.4% (2012 est.)
4.3% (2011 est.)
GDP - per capita (PPP) $18,100 (2013 est.)
$17,800 (2012 est.)
$17,100 (2011 est.)
GDP (Growth Domestic Product)

41. Cont.
Population below poverty line 11% (2013 est.)
Labor force 75.29 million (2013 est.)
Labor force - by occupation agriculture: 9.7%
industry: 27.8%
services: 62.5% (2012)
Unemployment rate 5.8% (2013 est.)
5.5% (2012 est.)
Exchange rates Russian rubles (RUB) per US dollar -
31.82 (2013 est.)

42. Cultural Guidelines for Business
in Russia
Long-term perspective and stayer-ability
Awareness of the business structure and
familiarity with the general marketing
strategies used in Russia
Investment of time in building reliable
networks
Consistent involvement in the company’s
activity in Russia
Understanding of the legal system and the
bureaucracy
Knowledge of Russian history and culture
Understanding Russian language
Assimilation to the local way of doing
business

43. Russia is said to be more collectivist. Russia also desires a large
power distance and has a high uncertainty avoidance
Russia is a high context culture that emphasizes all three dimensions
of Attitudes, Behaviors, and Cognitions. In a high context culture,
"everything matters". The society is very aware of components in
the surrounding environment, including non-verbal, traditions,
history, and relationships.

44. Hofstede’s Cultural Patterns:
The marks of a collectivist society include
interdependence, an emotional connection
to the group, and a desire from group
harmony. Russian collectivism can be
described as being horizontal collectivism.
The self is part of the in-group and
everyone holds a similar status.
Power Distance:
Russia has a low power
distance. Power distance
refers to the relationship of
people to people and since Russia is
described as horizontal collectivism, this
also relates to power distance. Equality is
highly favored.

45. Uncertainty Avoidance:
Russia has a high level of uncertainty avoidance. This means
that their culture feels highly threatened or anxious by
unknown or uncertain events. Russia is uncomfortable with
technology, change, and ambiguity. Their structure and clear
expectations of citizens is highly valued.
Masculine/Feminine:
Russia is considered a feminist culture. They value
relationships more than work and prioritize social endeavors
and emotions over job-oriented tasks. Although, violence
against women and abuse of children remain problems, as
do discrimination against women and religious and ethnic
minorities. (www.rferl.org)

46. Negotiating in Russia
Adapt your product correctly and be very careful with formalities
Cultivate long-term relationships
based on trust with your partners, providers and clients
Be punctual

47. Avoid the informalities and the empty promises
Get ready to initial positions characterized by aggressiveness and
distrust
Identify the person who takes the decisions and address him directly
Don’t overlook the informal channels of communication.
Appoint reliable people to be your eyes and ears in your absence
Take internet into consideration as a marketing tool

49. INTRODUCTION
Iran is located in Southwest Asia.
Iran is a middle-east country with Iraq,
Pakistan, Turkey, Afghanistan, Azerbaijan as
neighbors.
17th largest country.
Officially known as Islamic Republic of
IRAN
Previously termed as Persia.
Currency: Iranian Rial (1 Rial = 0.000037
USD = 0.0023INR).
Capital: Tehran
Home of one of the world’s oldest
civilizations.
Population: 77.45 million(2013).

50. ECONOMIC ENVIRONMENT

51. Nature & Structure
Iran’s Economy is a Mixed & Transition economy.
Major par is public sector owned.
60% of the economy is centrally planned.
Dominated by Oil & Gas production.
Considered as Energy Super Power.
Unique feature is the presence of large religious foundations
called Bonyad.

52. Industries in Iran:
Petroleum & Petrochemicals,
Fertilizers,
Caustic soda,
Textiles,
Tourism
Cement and other Construction materials,
Food processing (particularly sugar refining and vegetable
oil production),
Ferrous and non-ferrous metal fabrication,
Armaments

53. Agriculture
Constitutes 10.6% of GDP.
Only 12% of the total land area is under cultivation.
Diversified climatic conditions make it possible to cultivate
various crops.
Wheat, rice, and barley are the country's major crops.
Maize (corn)), fruits (dates, figs, pomegranates, melons, and
grapes), vegetables, cotton, sugar beets, sugarcane and
pistachios, nuts, olives, spices, raisin, tea, tobacco, Berbers and
medicinal herbs are other Agro Outputs.

54. Customs and Traditions
Sizdah-bedar is an Iranian festival
tradition, celebrated in the thirteenth
day of the Nauruz (the Persian New
Year.) Iranians spend the day outdoors
on the 13th day of month Farvardin.
From the ancient times, Iranian peoples
have enjoyed this day, although it is also
the day that marks the end of the
Norouz celebrations.
On February the 11th, the anniversary
of the Iranian Revolution is celebrated.
The first 12 days of the year are very
important, because they symbolize
order in the world and in the lives of
people. The 13th day marks the
beginning to return to ordinary daily life.
The Sizdah-bedar festival

55. Men should wear business dress,
particularly in meetings. Short-sleeved
shirts are acceptable in the summer,
however if Ramadan or any other holy
day fall during the summer, men are to
wear respectable clothes.
Women clothes require to wear a loose
coat that reaches below the knee, the legs
must be covered by pants or stockings.
The hair and neck is to be covered by a
scarf. Despite the clothes rule, women in
Iran can do whatever a men can do. They
can go out alone, drive, work outside
home. However men and women are
forbidden to shake hands or have any
physical contact with each other in public. Women’s clothing
Customs and Traditions

57. Government
Iran has Presidential
Democracy and theocracy
guided by an Islamic
ideology.
Consists of 31 provinces
each governed from a local
center, usually the largest
local city, capital of that
province.
The provincial authority is
headed by a Governor-
General, who is appointed
by the Minister of the
Interior subject to approval
of the cabinet.

58. Constitution
Adopted by referendum on October 24, 1979, and went into force
on December 3 of that year, replacing the Constitution of 1906.
All democratic procedures and rights are subordinate to
the Guardian Council and the Supreme Leader.
Consists of 14 Chapters and 177 Articles.
In 1989, few amendments were made to it. Eliminated the Prime
Minister post and instead made permanent the Expediency
Discernment Council to work out disagreements between
the Parliament and Council of Guardians.

59. Article 44:
“All large-scale and mother industries, foreign trade,
major minerals, banking, insurance, power generation,
dams, and large-scale irrigation networks, radio and
television, post, telegraph and telephone services,
aviation, shipping, roads, railroads and the like" are
entirely owned by the government.
the economy of Iran is to consist of three sectors: state,
cooperative, and private; and is to be based on systematic
and sound planning.
This article has been amended in 2004 to allow for the
Privatization of the Iranian economy.

60. Judiciary
 Judiciary in Iran "is an independent power".
The head of the judiciary is appointed by the Supreme
Leader and serve for "a period of five years."
He is responsible for the "establishment of the organizational
structure" of the judicial system; "drafting judiciary bills" for
parliament; hiring, firing promoting and assigning judges.
The Minister of Justice owes responsibility in all matters
concerning the relationship between the judiciary, on the one
hand, and the executive and legislative branches, on the other
hand.

62. Cultural Heritage
Iran has one of the richest art heritages in world history
and encompasses many disciplines including architecture,
painting, weaving, pottery, calligraphy, metalworking and
stonemasonry.
Several languages are spoken in different regions of Iran.
The predominant language and national language
is Persian, which is spoken across the country.
Azeri, Kurdish, Arabic, Balochi and Turkmen are other
regional languages.
Religions: Muslim (official) 99.4% (Shia 90-95%, Sunni
5-10%), other (includes Zoroastrian, Jewish, and
Christian) 0.3%, unspecified 0.4% (2011 est.)

63. Demography
Population: 80,840,713.
Growth rate: 1.22%.

64. Urbanization
urban population: 69.1% of total population (2011)
rate of urbanization: 1.25% annual rate of change (2010-15 est.)
 Life Expectancy
total population: 70.89 years
male: 69.32 years
female: 72.53 years (2014 est.)
0-14 years: 23.7% (male 9,834,866/female 9,350,017)
15-24 years: 18.7% (male 7,757,256/female 7,341,309)
25-54 years: 46.1% (male 18,955,874/female 18,289,849)
55-64 years: 6.3% (male 2,519,630/female 2,603,458)
65 years and over: 5.2% (male 1,941,692/female 2,246,762)
(2014 est.)
Age structure:

65. Business Culture
Greeting:
The most common greeting in Iran is 'salam' (peace be upon you).
One would also reply with 'salam'. When departing, Iranians will
generally usually use, 'khoda-hafez' (may God preserve you).
Dress:
o Clothing comprises of trousers, shirt and jacket. Many officials
will be seen with collarless shirts. Ties are very uncommon.
o Women should wear very conservative clothing that covers arms,
legs and hair. When in public women must cover their hair with a
scarf. However, the last decade has seen incredible changes.
Women can now be seen wearing make-up, jeans and scarves that
barely cover the hair.

66. Meetings:
Business hours are Saturday to Thursday 9 a.m. - 5 p.m. Lunch is usually
an hour at around 1 p.m. Friday is a holiday.
Other times to avoid doing business are Ramazan, Eid-e Fetr (festival
celebrating the end of Ramazan), Eid-e Ghurban (celebrating the end of
the pilgrimage) and Ashura (the tenth day of Muharram).
Punctuality in Iran is rare. If you are doing business with government
officials in Iran be prepared to be kept waiting. The administration and
bureaucracy in Iran can be chaotic, Be patient and courteous. If you like
tea, do not be afraid to ask for lots of it!
At the beginning of any meeting engage in niceties and ask after people's
health, families, work, etc. Wait for your counterpart to initiate the change
in conversation to business matters.
Negotiation:
Your success is defined by your aptitude to build effective personal
relationships combined with a clearly outlined and well presented
proposal.
Business is personal in Iran. Many businesses are family owned and run.
Even within government, officials usually work within networks of friends
and associates. If you have influential friends in Iran, do not be afraid to
call in favors.
They enjoy haggling and getting concessions so be prepared for long
negotiations.

68. 68

69. 1991, Kazakhstan became the last Soviet
republic to declare independence
Population 17 076 924
Ethnic groups Russians (23.7 %),
Uzbeks (2.9%), Ukrainians (2.1%),
Uyghurs (1.4%), Tatars (1.3%), German
(1.1%), others (4.4%).
Religions 70.2% of the country's
population is Muslim
Education 99.7% literacy rate
Dominant party state with Nut Otan
party in power 88%
Exports to U.S. US$77.1 million
Imports from U.S. US$25.2million
PEOPLE’S Republic of Kazakhstan

70. 1-According to Hofstede's five
Cultural Dimensions
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Power distanceIndividualityMasculinityUncertainty avoidanceLong-term orientation
Kazakhstan

71. 1-According to Hofstede's five
Cultural Dimensions
A. Power Distance (PDI)
Kazakhstan's significantly higher Power Distance ranking of 90
compared the world average of 55. This is indicative of a high level
of inequality of power and wealth within the society. In Kazakh
society the power distance is high. There are a little elite of rich
people who earned their money from the vast natural resources like
oil and gas.
Kazakh companies are hierarchical built with the managers on the top
and his/her subordinates under him. The manager tells them what to
do and he is also seen as a “guru” who has all the answers.
Decisions are made when managers are asked, and subordinates are
not allowed to make decisions.

72. 1-According to Hofstede's five
Cultural Dimensions
B. Individualism(IDV)
Kazakhstan's rank of is low for Individualism, at 30 compared to
an average of 24. Kazakhstan is a collectivistic country with strong
relations to family and colleagues were they work towards a
common goal.
In Kazakh society everybody knows their neighbours and a key
element is loyalty. If you gain trust from a Kazakh partner he would
most definitely recommend you to others and would not leave you
as a partner, even though if he receives a better offer by another
company. Relationships prevail over task or orders.

73. 1-According to Hofstede's five
Cultural Dimensions
C. Masculinity (MAS)
Kazakhstan has a masculine culture with a 50 on the scale The Kazakh
society is a mix of both masculine and feminine society. It is feminine
as in the Kazakh society men and women are equal to each other,
women have top manager positions in Kazakh companies, which is
very rare in Moslem countries. On the other hand, as mentioned earlier
in the report status and power is important in Kazakh society.
D. Uncertainty Avoidance (UVI)
Kazakhstan scores is 90. People in Kazakhstan want stability, structure
and security and due to this they have a strong uncertainty avoidance.

74. 2- Elements of Culture
 Material
Economic
 The initial post-Soviet period was marked by economic decline, as
Kazakhstan lost its huge fixed market for its industrial and agricultural
products
 Beginning in 2000, the Kazakhstani economy began to expand rapidly,
largely due to the growth of the energy sector
 As of 2008, the oil industry alone was responsible for approximately 30%
of the country’s GDP.
 Kazakhstan possesses massive reserves of other mineral resources.
 In 1990, agriculture accounted for approximately 35% of the Kazakh
Republic’s GDP.98 By 2008
 The nation’s primary agricultural product is wheat; it annually produces
some 14–15 million tons of the crop, making it the seventh-largest wheat
producer in the world.
 By possessing this kind of resources, it has resulted in an economic boom
since the year 2000 with an annual GDP growth of 10%

75. 2- Elements of Culture
Humans and the universe
 Religion
About 70% of the population are Muslims and the rest are Russian
Orthodox Christians, Jews and other religions

76. 2- Elements of Culture
Ethics and traditions
• Khazakhstan Festivals
Navroz Festival Chabana (cowboy) Festival

77. 2- Elements of Culture
Ethics and traditions
 Traditional Dance: Kara-Zhorga is a form of Kazakh folk
dance that imitates the movements and techniques of horse-racing.

78. 2- Elements of Culture
D. Ethics and traditions
• Kazakh cuisine is the cuisine of Kazakhstan, and traditionally is
focused on mutton and horse meat, as well as various milk products
• Quwyrdaq is referred to as Kazakhstan's national dish. Besbarmak, a dish
consisting of boiled horse or mutton meat, is the most popular Kazakh
dish. It is also called "five fingers" because of the way it is eaten
• Kazakhstan cuisine includes not only traditional
national Kazakhstan dishes but the best dishes of Uzbek, Russian, Tatar ...

79. 2- Elements of Culture
E. Language
 The official language in Kazakhstan is Kazakh. Nevertheless, the
business language is still Russian, this is partly due to the influence
from Russia and also the transformation from the Russian language to
Kazakh has been very difficult. Kazakh people were forced to learn
Russian and Kazakh language was forbidden when Kazakhstan was
under Soviet rule.

80. 3- Tips for doing business in
KazakhstanMeeting People
 Greetings are rather formal due to the hierarchical nature of society.
 The common greeting is the handshake, often done with both hands and
a smile. Since many Kazakhs are Muslim, some men will not shake
hands with women, so be sensitive to these religious differences.
 Once you have developed a personal relationship, close friends of the
same sex may prefer to hug rather than shake hands.
 Most Kazakhs have a first and patronymic name (the father’s name
followed by a suffix -ich or –ovich for son of or daughter of,
respectively).
 Wait until invited before using someone’s first name, although the
invitation generally comes early in the relationship

81. 3- Tips for doing business in
Kazakhstan Wait until invited before using someone’s first name.
 Business cards are extremely important to establish one’s position,
navigate bureaucracy and open doors.
 Likewise, show the card of someone significant when trying to gain
access or secure an appointment.
 Business cards are exchanged without a great deal of ritual.
 It is advisable to have your business cards printed in Russian on one
side and English on the other.
 Hierarchy is respected in Kazakhstan. Someone more senior is never ever
contradicted or criticised, especially in public
 Make certain that your title is included on your business card
 Protecting relationships and people’s honour is important. As a result Kazakhs
finesse what they say in order to deliver information in a sensitive and
diplomatic manner.
 At the same time, many Kazakhs have a somewhat volatile demeanor and can
raise their voice to get their point across. They are known for their fierce
arguments.

82. 3- Tips for doing business in
Kazakhstan
Negotiating in Kazakhstan
 Meeting with the head of an organization is fundamental to getting anything
accomplished.
 Kazakhstanis place a high value on establishing social relationships during
business negotiations.
 You will have to be both patient and firm to negotiate in Kazakhstan as
Kazakhs are tough negotiators.
 Your first offer should be realistic while allowing room for negotiation on both
sides.
 Important decisions are reached by the highest-ranking person so it is
imperative that you ensure that the decision-maker is part of the negotiation
process.
 Many Kazakhs are not fluent in English and many will not speak the language
at all.
 It is important to follow up on the phone, on email and even in person to build
relationships with potential business partners and customers. Some business
people still do not have established formal procedures

84. Brief aboutAustralia
It’s the 6th biggest country in the world.
It’s an island, surrounded by water.
It’s the smallest continent in the world
James Cook discovered Australia in 1770
The capital city is Canberra ,
The biggest city is Sydney and it is the economic heart of
Australia .
Population of more than 22 million.
Australia is composed of 7 territories:Western Australia,
Northern Territory, Queensland, South Australia, New South
Wales, Victoria + Tasmania, and Papua New Guinea.
Cross Culture

85. Language Diversity
The majority of Australians speak English as a first or other language
However a significant number of people also speak languages other
than English. About 77% of Australians speak only English.
Australian Indigenous languages are spoken by about 0.3% of the
total population
The most common languages other than English are: Italian, Greek,
Cantonese, Arabic, Mandarin and Vietnamese.
Cross Culture

86. Religious Diversity in Australia
Christians represented 61% of the population.
Non-Christians represented about 8% of the
population.
About 31% of the population stated they had no
religion or did not state their religion.
120 different religious denominations each with
250 or more followers.
The religious composition of the States and
Territories varies religion.
Cross Culture

87. Australia Customs &Traditions
Traditional Australian Foods:
Vegemite: black spread made from yeast extract plus salt and is
spread on toast or sandwiches. Children are brought up eating it
from babyhood.
Meat Pie: approximately 260 million meat pies are eaten by
Australians every year
Pavlova : dessert with a soft meringue with fruit and cream filling
Clothing
Due to the mild weather, Australians tend to wear light clothing. In
the workplace, people dress to stay cool which consists of long
socks and tailored shorts instead of slacks. People dress stylishly in
the city and in the workplace, but tend to dress down in jeans and
sneakers for the weekends.
Children must wear uniforms at school and sunscreen all year
round. Having a suntan is a sign of foolishness because Australia
has the highest rate of skin cancer in the world

88. Doing business inAustralia
Australia rich in
Oil , Gas & Energy industries .
Foreign investments contribute significantly to the economic growth
of Australia. Its safe, stable and conscientious political and
governmental policies and procedures make Australia an attractive
investment opportunity.
Cross Culture
Tip 1
Although Australia is relatively geographically remote and has a small
domestic market, it is economically successful and its citizens have a
comparatively high standard of living.
Tip 2
Due to its small domestic market, Australia needs to trade actively on the
international market place .
Tip 3
Australians prize their egalitarian approach to life
Tip 4
On the whole, Australian corporate structures are matrix oriented, without
too many layers of management.
Tip 5
Everybody expects to have an input into the decision-making process
without deferring to the boss point of view .
Tip 6
Although Australians will say that they value punctuality as a professional
necessity, do not be surprised if people appear five to ten minutes late for a
meeting.

89. Implicit culture difference
Respect for the equal worth, dignity and freedom of the
individual
Freedom of speech
Freedom of association
Freedom of religion and secular government
Support for parliamentary democracy and the rule of law
Equality under the law
Equality of men and women
Equality of opportunity, regardless of race, religion or
ethnic background
A spirit of egalitarianism that embraces mutual respect,
tolerance, fair play, compassion for those in need and
pursuit of the public good
Cross Culture

90. Hofstede's five Cultural Dimensions
Power Distance (PDI)
This dimension deals with the fact that all individuals
in societies are not equal – it expresses the attitude of
the culture towards these inequalities amongst
us. Power Distance is defined as the extent to which
the less powerful members of institutions and
organizations within a country expect and accept that
power is distributed unequally.
Australia scores low on this dimension (36). Within
Australian organizations, hierarchy is established for
convenience, superiors are always accessible and
managers rely on individual employees and teams for
their expertise. .
Cross Culture

91. Long Term Orientation (LTO)
This dimension describes how every society has to
maintain some links with its own past while dealing
with the challenges of the present and future
Australia scores 21 on this dimension, focus on
achieving quick results
Masculinity (MAS)
Australia scores 61 on this dimension and is considered
a “Masculine” society. Behavior in school, work, and
play are based on the shared values that people should
“strive to be the best they can be” and that “the winner
takes all”.
Cross Culture

92. UncertaintyAvoidance (UAI)
The extent to which the members of a culture feel
threatened by ambiguous orunknown situations and have
created beliefs and institutions that try to avoidthese
Australia scores a very intermediate51 on this dimension.
Cross Culture