englis

1.
KITAB AL-FILAHA
(BOOK ON AGRICULTURE)
IBN MOHAMMED IBN AHMED
IBN AL AWAM, SEVILLANO.
VOLUME I
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2.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
TABLE
OF
CONTENTS
......................................................................................
2
Author’s
Prologue
...........................................................................................
5
Chapter
I
.......................................................................................................
21
Knowledge
of
the
species
of
good
land
for
plantations
or
lower
medium
and
fields
through
certain
signs
of
these
things.
Mention
those
that
are
not
good
for
these
effects,
so-­‐called
vacant.
What
trees
or
vegetables
feel
good
in
every
kind
of
land
according
to
what
Ibn-­‐Hajaj
wrote
about
the
advantageous
quality
or
vile
of
the
land.
.......................
21
Chapter
II
......................................................................................................
53
Of
manure
and
useful
species,
preparation,
method
of
use
or
apply.
Referring
to
trees
and
vegetables,
suffering,
or
not,
all
manure
from
the
book
of
Ibn-­‐Hajaj,
that
under
the
name
of
sirjin
is
about
manure.
.................................................................................
53
Chapter
III
.....................................................................................................
74
Water
species
with
trees
and
vegetables
are
irrigated;
and
which
corresponds
to
each
of
these
species.
In
what
way
have
opened
the
wells
(or
wells)
in
the
gardens,
and
atraillar
(or
match)
the
earth
so
that
water
can
run
and
watering
all.
Refer
signs
where
it
is
known
if
the
water
is
near
or
far
from
the
surface
of
the
earth,
and
everything
else
on
this
matter.
......................................................................................................................
74
Chapter
IV
....................................................................................................
85
About
the
Orchards
and
the
disposition
or
order
of
the
plantations
of
trees
on
them,
according
to
the
book
where
Ibn-­‐Hajáj
works
this
subject.
....................................
85
Chapter
V
.....................................................................................................
87
Of
the
plantation
of
trees
in
drought
conditions,
and
watering
the
gardens.
Refer
that
there
are
trees
whom
the
gardener
shall
not
water
if
he
plans
to
partake
a
direct
benefit
from
them
...........................................................................................................
87
Chapter
VI
..................................................................................................
110
Of
the
plantation
of
fruit
trees
and
vegetables,
according
to
reciprocal
convenience
in
some
common
maxims,
with
the
explanation
that
need
to
be
illustrated.
The
way
of
benefit
and
cultivate
the
land
before
make
in
her
a
plantation,
and
pull
out
the
noxious
plants.
Of
the
capacity
of
the
holes
for
seedlings
and
torn.
Of
the
plantation
of

3.
seeds
and
their
transplantation.
Of
the
distance
between
the
trees.
Of
the
choice
and
transplantation
of
the
same.
Of
the
airs
that
are
appropriate
for
the
plantations,
graft
and
sows.
About
the
irrigation,
manure
and
cleaning,
and
the
best
moment
to
do
all
of
the
mentioned
operations;
on
whose
subject
was
treated
up;
to
know
that
it
is
better
to
plant
the
fruit
trees
in
autumn,
according
to
the
Ibn-­‐Hajáj
book.
Of
the
way
to
do
the
plantations.
Of
the
capacity
of
the
holes
to
each
tree.
Of
the
preparation
of
the
land
to
this
effect,
and
the
distance
that
must
be
between
the
trees.
........................................
110
Chapter
VII
.................................................................................................
125
About
the
trees
that
are
usually
planted
on
the
Spain
provinces.
Aptitude
of
each
specie
and
description
of
some
of
them.
About
the
planting
of
each
tree,
and
specie
of
ground
appropriate.
His
irrigation
and
praise,
what
is
the
manure,
with
everything
else
that
is
required
for
each
one
in
his
respective
regimen.
.................................................
125
Chapter
VIII
................................................................................................
226
About
the
graft
of
some
trees
in
others,
reciprocally
analogs
in
many
useful
qualities
and
way
of
execute
on
them
this
operation,
according
their
particular
differences.
....................................................................................................................
226
Chapter
IX
...................................................................................................
276
The
cut
and
cleaning
of
the
trees
and
the
time
to
execute
it;
and
the
felling
or
pruning
of
the
vines,
according
the
Ibn-­‐Hajáj
book.
.......................................................
276
Chapter
X
....................................................................................................
282
Of
the
work
relating
to
the
payment
of
the
land
of
trees
and
its
trees,
and
the
best
time
to
execute
the
manure
of
the
earth.
Designates
are
the
trees
to
which
could
suit,
or
not,
much
crop.
Of
the
mode
to
extend
the
branches
in
the
empty
places.
And
the
quality
of
the
laborers
for
working
in
agriculture.
......................................................................
282
Chapter
XI
...................................................................................................
295
The
application
of
manure
for
trees,
planting
grounds
and
calm
soil.
The
kind
of
manure
that
best
suits
each
one.
The
benefits
it
gives
to
the
brackish
soils.
How
much
time
and
quantity
must
be
given
to
this
task,
according
to
Nabathea
agriculture.
.........
295
Chapter
XII
..................................................................................................
301
The
watering
of
the
tress
and
time
that
this
operation
should
be
done:
those
that
benefit
from
lots
of
water,
according
to
the
books
of
Ibn-­‐Jajáj,
Ab-­‐Abdalab,
Ibn-­‐elFasél,
Háj,
Abu-­‐el-­‐Fair
and
other
authors.
...............................................................................
301

4.
Chapter
XIII
.................................................................................................
317
The
way
to
fertilize
the
trees
so
that
by
Allah,
give
the
tasty,
sweet
and
very
juicy
fruit,
and
in
greater
abundance:
and
which
of
them
have
mutual
love
or
aversion.
......
317
Chapter
XIV
................................................................................................
321
About
the
healing
of
the
trees
and
some
vegetables,
or
how
are
them
removed
and
retire
the
weakness
and
damage
that
they
use
to
be
undertaken
according
to
the
book
of
Ibn-­‐Hajáj.
..........................................................................................................
321
Chapter
XV
.................................................................................................
350
Some
rare
and
ingenious
skills
executed
in
some
trees
and
vegetables
as
introduced
into
fruit
trees
at
the
time
of
fixing
their
branches
or
small
bone
and
seeds
of
its
fruit
sowing,
and
the
same
in
the
seedlings,
aromatic
and
sweet
things
and
laxatives
remedies,
making
its
fruits
come
from
those
or
other
similar
qualities,
according
to
the
book
of
Haj
Granadino
and
others.
...............................................................................
350
Chapter
XVI
................................................................................................
364
The
mode
of
keep
fresh
dry
fruits,
grains,
seeds,
legumes
and
flour,
and
to
preserve
some
vegetables.
............................................................................................
364

5.
Author’s Prologue
In the name of the merciful and compassionate Allah, in whom I put my trust.
Excelent Doctor, Abu-Zacharia, Iahia, Ibn-Mohammad, Ibn Ahmed, Ibn Al
Awám, Praise Allah, lord of all creatures...
Having read the books of agriculture that have come to my notice from muslims
in Spain and from other authors that have treat the art of break the land, understanding
of the economy (or ways) of make the sowings and plantings, and the books that they
wrote about the part of agriculture respective to animals, and having contemplated and
seen with reflexion the doctrine contained in them, I have translated from them to this
work what they show, and contains their maximum, chapters and articles.
Who wants to dedicate to this kind of art will find from this, with Allah’s favor,
what is necessary in life. With the help of the agriculture it will ensure the right food to
them, their children and family. In her they’ll find what they need and what they will
desire. The agriculture it must be consider as one of the main aid to the present life
needs, and also to assure us the happiness of the other with the help of the lord, by
whose favor, throught the sowings and plantings, they multiply food. Whereby it’s said
that Mohammad gave this advice: look for the sustention picking fruits that the land
produce.
The excellent Doctor wise and eloquent Abu-Omar, Ahmed-Ibn-Mohamad, Ibn-
Hajaj says at the end of his agriculture book, named the Enough, talking about the
warnings that must be consider in this art: “In present to you, my uterine brother, I have
concluded and perfected this, my work. With her I have keep my word according to the
intent that I set. With her I give you enough help, through which you could guide the
ignorant people, which lacks of science and values, however their exercise and practice
is continued and from long time. Leaving aside their opinions, I present to you the
verdict of the biggest wises and other people of wit and insight. Such are the examples
that I follow in this work; and out of them there is none that can model proposed by
imitation. Do not answer to the weak such as the common people, or don’t you care

6.
about what the ignorant and rustic people feel, leaning on what they claim wrongly;
because from their instruction you won’t bring forth useful. These can only contribute
to your happiness, if you serve them to the material culture; because in order to
knowledge, it is diverted away from right principles in which it is founded.”
ARTICLE I.
One of the things that must incite us to the agriculture and what makes us
delectable and appealing the job or occupation of planting trees and sow the land, at the
same time that the necessity of this science persuade us since the beginning till the last
consequences, it is a tradition that we have from Mohammad, talking about the price
promised to the peasants. It is counted “Anyone who plants or planting something, and
fruit from their trees or semen waxes men eat thereof, birds and beasts, all this is
deemed (as if he had actually given) alms." This says, that Allah gives riches in prize
proportion of his labor, which will produce the fruits of the earth. By tradition of Abu-
Harírat we also have said the same: The building buildings or plant trees, but not
oppress anyone or fail to justice, it shall receive a generous prize from the merciful
Creator. It is also have said, that when Allah wants to fecundate the crops, pour his
blessing on the rods and pins, and gives the commission an angel to guard all grains.
This way, when you sow something say: O Allah! Pour out your blessing on this, as a
result of your compassion and mercy. In order to respect this very many said theirs;
which if you do preferring use in such cases, you'll start with hope enough reason (of a
good harvest).

7.
ARTICLE II.
In the book untitled: Notices to lead a peasant is said to Abu-Harírat, (or be
asked this question): What is the true honor? And he answers: in the fear of Allah, and
the willingness of possessions. Cais Ibn-Ossam told his sons: Try to take care of your
possessions. This is what gives renowned fame to the noble, and what produce solid
profits to meet him, rather than idleness unworthy of praise. It refers to this famous
saying of Atabáh Ibn Abi Sofian to his servant when he entrusted the administration of
their possessions: "Watch carefully and watch my little possession to be made large, and
don't have idle when big, so it does not come little." And to this end many more similar.
One of which is that the farmer himself must visit frequently her inheritance, and not be
absent from it, particularly in time of the work, such as digging for it is satisfied the care
and monitoring of day laborers, and know them enough and just reward the activity that
work as they deserve. Another proverb of the same type is as follows: the inheritance
says his owner: let me see your shadow, sow.
ARTICLE III.
It is said that the first plowed and sowed the earth was Adam, inspired by Allah,
and teached by some inner instinct necessary for this science; later his son Seth and
Edris (or Enoch). After the flood, the ark came to nothing else but proposed to farm
with the direction that Noé gave them.
ARTICLE IV.
Refer this panish Ibn-Hazem said: "Know that the peace and stillness, delight,
good health (or robustness of the body), the true honor and the prize, together all these
congratulations are in the peasant, when somehow only to them the land is tax.”

8.
Till the land yields a sure gain. Two are general species of land: dryland and irrigated
land. The species of the latter is the best and most significant
On either one can understand the benefit of irrigation, carrying water sources or
rivers (according to their respective situation). Irrigation with river water is very
laborious, requiring for this machine, well’s instruments or wheel that must be moved in
rotation by camels, donkeys or mules; whose machines are most exposed to frequent
failures. It is not convenient to use this mode of irrigation, but when this involves the
need to; that is, when it cannot be acquired for other chance necessary for life; and in
this case one should take care of this by itself; otherwise it would be the increased cost
and low utility. Sometimes it made the spending bill that cause animals and machines),
and it has been found or is very close, or exceeds the value of the entire product.
Furthermore should know, that have small holdings together is better, more
advantageous and useful than having them large, separated (or distant from each other);
because for many possessions together just one operator (or foreman), and they must
separate each his own.
ARTICLE V.
Agriculture is nothing other than the fixed preparation (and fertilizers) of land,
planting trees in it, grafts thereof as convenience to the respective species, planting
beans served the custom of each country, the provision and measure them proportionate
to the value and goodness of the fruit that should produce. In this is the right disposition
of seeds, course Allah apart from them the damage or corruption itself may have.
Agriculture is also the knowledge of the land; that is, which ones are good, which
middle, and the inferior ones. This fundamental principle is absolutely necessary. (In
addition to knowing) what trees, seeds and vegetables planted and sown correspond in
each field, and choosing the best species. (It is also necessary to know the proper time
to each kind of seed, which should be the air, and the same applies to the plantations. It
should also be known what quality of work they ask seeds, which the plantations.
Knowledge of the difference of water is also necessary; that is, what quality of water
corresponding to each species of plants or crops and how much; also knowledge of
manure and their preparation; which one suits every kind of trees, vegetables, crops and

9.
land; what and how they are to be manufactured in the cultivation of land ben precede
the sowing and after planting: manure mode and match the land, or arrange it so that
water can penetrate her after all irrigated; the extent or amount of seeds (according to
their kinds) that supports or may suffer the land, the regime in growing vegetables and
trees, and how to cure them or preserve them from all harm or illness that may befall;
all this regime repeat necessary ) with continued assistance as appropriate to their
preservation, until they come to bear fruit; which will not fail to be multiplied and
filling, by Allah. Lately lock mode and keep the grains and fruits; to do useful and
beneficial fruits, and other relevant to this matter.
ARTICLE VI.
After playing my business under the proposal, I will add to this the treaty of
animals that necessarily use in the cultivation of land is made; and some birds that breed
in the fields and garden (by the utility that can produce) giving a description with the
distinguished names of the best of these living, the way to increase their breeding, the
system or method of caring, and while some cures for diseases often suffer, and
everything else relative and annexed to this matter.
ARTICLE VII.
Know you (Allah direct us to me and to you) that divided this work in thirty-five
chapters. Each has its particular art (or science of Agriculture) issue, according to see
the favor of Allah (in whose aid I put my trust). In this my Work adopted and still they
include in his wise Doctor, (guide or leader in this area) Abu-Omar Ibn-Hajaj entitled:
Almokna, or enough), and the same year he composed 466 (of the Hegira) on the
authority or statements of the finest farmers and Philosophers. In this regard the major
such work or judgments, citing their respective owners. Thirty are they served, (ancient
and modern). The old ones are June, Varro, Lecacio, Yucansos, Tarado, Betodun,
Bariayo oPaladio ) Democritus Greek, Casiano, Tharur-Athikos, Leo the black or

10.
African ) wise Burkastos Greece, Sadgimos (or Sadihames) Somano, Sarao, Antulio ed
Anatole ), Solon, Sidagós the SeyIbnse Monharis, Marguthis (or Mauricio) Marsinal the
Athenian, Anon, Barur-Anthos, and later to them; such are the Rasis, Isahac-Ibn-
Soliman, Ibn Corat Tabet, Abu-Hanifa Al-Deenoori, and others whose names left to
express.
In addition to this work, I also avail myself of the doctrine (as the judge
convenient) contained in the aforementioned books. And also, out of them, I also serve
on the work entitled: Agriculture Nabathea (or Caldea) Kutsámi authored, that worked
on what they had said the most excellent scientists, and others whose names are
mentioned.
Such are Adam, Sagrit, Iam-buchad, Ahnuhd (or Enoch), Masio, Duna,
Demetrio and others. In my work I often summarize the title of this book when I
mention it, and instead put this symbol ≠. I also serve on the Work of Dr. Abu-Abdallah
Ibrahim Mahomed Ibn Ibn the Spanish Fasel, based on experiences. When offered cite
this work use the symbol #, this note ∞ when I quote the work of the doctor and scholar
Abu-el-Jair Seville, founded in the views of many scholars, some farmers, and the same
experience. Just use this mode signal Ω to cite the work of El-Haj Granada. I also worth
book-Ibn Abi-the-Igsawad, Garib Ibn-Saad and others. Also transfer or refer to my
work I have found few attributed to some scholars, of whom I mention after the
abovesaid. Such are Dimuát, noticed by this figure µ, quoted by Galen this α, African
Anatole by ø, Persian for this £, Kastos by this ¡, Casio * for this &, this ¥ Aristotle and
finally this Σ Maxrario or Greek Maccario. Refer some wise in his annals, the latter
author was Alexandrino and one of those who have lived a long time, having counted
eight hundred years old. Produce for the authority according to these authors, who
poured in their works without presenting altered the sincerity of his expressions. Also I
refer to this sum the sayings of other Muslims, without stating their names, using to cite
(as stated above and to meet shortly) only in this expression: according to another
author, or another author he says. No sentence establish in my work that I have not
tested by experience repeated times.
I divide this work in two books (or parts). The first contains the knowledge
(which must have a Labrador) on the choice of the land, manure, water, planting mode
and the way of planting trees, and all annex, belonging and therefore this matter. The
second book will understand what belonging to sowings (and bouquet) of agriculture

11.
respective to animals. Allah gives me this performance corresponding with his welcome
address sufficiency and assistance. I propose in the first place the opinions that the
scholar Al-Khatib Abu-Omar Ibn-Hajaj states in his book, taken from the ancient
authors cited in it; which put as fundamental principles, because of the fame and
celebrity (which they were acquired) in the sciences. Although these authors were from
distant regions of ours, not that I depart from them, or omit their proven by experience
in our provinces doctrine. Lately perfected the intent that I have proposed, referring to
my work experiences or observations on this subject, learned from books Farmers of
Spain, when these and everything else in that suit his statements with judgments of old,
test well in our regions, alleged the will of Allah we trust. Lately perfected the intent
that I have proposed, referring to my work experiences or observations on this subject,
learned from books Farmers of Spain, when these and everything else in that suit his
statements with judgments of old, test well in our regions, alleged the will of Allah we
trust.
Kutsámi warns early in his Agriculture Nabathea (explaining the word Cadaman
that she has to use the depth setting should have holes for the plants and the like), this
word Cadaman (meaning two feet), equivalent to elbow just over span, and sometimes
cubit and full span: this nabach word (meaning escava), a term used in its construction,
and denoting some kind of work to use in growing trees ago plays or is the same as
finding these to the roots as usual: that thamar (foundation, is nothing but action to
replenish the earth in the excavated sites: that elmochak (mean slit) is the digs light: that
tadioid is almost the same as logging, the-kamah (restrain) is pruning, and such like,
that by-kaf (or fist handful, when its extent is not expressed, it means the sum of ten
grains. Abu-Abdallah Ibnel-Fasel says that when his work uses the diction el-kafat
(crate), it means almost half a kafiz (or Cahiz) Cordoba: when el-haud (pool or table)
says, limited to twelve cubits understand (or rods) long and four wide.
The object of this work is already indicated in general. The explanation of all
proposed or private affairs of its chapters, is what we will now see (in the following
index) with the help of Allah. The first chapter is the way to know the good, medium
and lower land, saying this with reasons and authorities. Whether it's the nature of the
land, and which are suitable for crops and plantations are identified, addressed all
species; and what is appropriate and should be done for this knowledge. Similarly, the

12.
way to know the species of land that are not good for crops or crops, this calls for
vacant (or free grazing).
Chapter II deals with the manure, its species, so that should be prepared. Of its
profits to land, trees and other plants. Use. What kind of manure corresponds to each
caste land, plantations and crops. Tick the trees, vegetables, and quality of land where
manure feel good. Species of land, trees and vegetables that do not support or suffer
manure, or it contributes to preserve (or improve them) are also highlighted.
Chapter III about water species to be used for irrigation of trees or vegetables,
and what sort of agrees to them each caste of land. Mode is also open wells for watering
gardens. The time when this should be done. The way to find water, and make usual
under the doctrine established in the Work of Filemon and other author; and everything
else pertaining to this matter. It also seeks tamping mode (or smooth) the orchards so
that the water can penetrate everything watered.
Chapter IV deals with the orchards or gardens, the best way to have trees that
they shall have been planted, and elections, (or array of practices) that this is observed.
Chapter V is the choice of trees, and fruit species with regard to dryland or
irrigated, and everything else, the knowledge may be useful and interesting to you were
to plant trees. Knowledge of the times should be planted and how this should be done,
either by planting the grain of the fruit, planting a bouquet torn, stake or buds of this,
and transplanting the bouquet out of the squad with its root, called alnawámi; and what
to do when ground cover.
The mehtod for back and sink strains. How is the operation which the Arabs call
astasláf, and others similar to those mentioned above and other than (that mention is
also made) until the strains arrive to repair or improve. Depth and width must have
holes of plants, and the distance to which must be these together.
Chapter VI is the way of planting fruit trees and vegetables, summing up this
doctrine in these compendiums on this matter. This chapter also cover certain
experiences (or observations) on the planting of some trees, its regime or government,
and the choice of times that should be planted them, and planted vegetables. Cleaning.
Of the branches to be cut to pick grafts. Short wood, and the like.
Chapter VII is about usually planted trees in most of the provinces of Spain. Of
their classes and attributes species (or property) of each. How should be planted each

13.
tree species, and which convenient for every land. Irrigation, manure, and other
provisions or individual operations) with respect to each particular tree. Whether first
trees that grow up in the mountains, after growing up in the valleys or cultivated fields),
and lately those in plains. These are olive, laurel, oak, pear, alhócigo (or alfónsigo),
Cherry, carob, Arraijan, the madroñero, or the masdrufat, chestnut, medlar, hawthorn
(or Majuelas ), pomegranate, wild pomegranate, almond, pine, spruce, cypress, juniper,
juniper tree, fig, cabrahigo, moral (or mulberry), walnut, rose, jasmine, jaiziran, sumac,
citron, orange trees, the zamboa (or grapefruit) , lemon, serval, the dadi, the cacti,
oilpalm, Indian Almond (or quince), apple, hackberry, the azadirahto (or acedaraque ),
white and black poplar, poplar Roman or black, willow, apple of Armenia (apricot),
peach, plum Zaragoza (or Damascus), palm, grapes, hazelnuts, cane sugar, muza, cane
arrows, ash , banana, oleander, the bush, the wild rose, the Rhamno or cambrón.
Chapter VIII deals with the knowledge, manner and time of grafting trees
together have some sort of friendship or sympathy and convenience able to provided
mutually utility. How bouquets, feathers or spikes for the graft should be cut, and how
they should be stored. What should be chosen for the graft, and how they have to have,
debugging for graft them. The practice of Nabatheos in the operation of the grafts,
which is what is to slit the top of the tree, at the foot of it and its roots. From the
Romans (or Latinos) who did the graft between the bark and wood in those places the
tree. From the Persians that tube grafted on top of the tree, and in its roots. Tube graft of
fruit trees.
In the practice of the Greeks they grafted gusset along the way to figure arraihan
leaf, square, and circle. Grafting drilling mode one tree into another, so that still
produce the customary fruit, carrying also one of which tree was grafted, or that being
one its root produce various fruit. Of the mode also grafted by drill in the tree's foot,
either below or on the ground, and in the branches. Blind graft and the like. The same
happy success have some seeds and grains eaten in some species of plants, such as
pumpkin in the wild onion (or flanking), the cucumber in the bugloss (or ox tongue
called borage); the melon in pixacantha Lycio, in licorice, mulberry tree, fig trees and
the like. It refers what has been said about these operations, with everything else, the
knowledge can be useful and helpful in the matter. Lately it is in this chapter of age or
length of the trees.

14.
Chapter IX is the mode and time of felling trees. Which suffer the felling trees,
and which not. The pruning of vines. The vines clean before pruning. The way to grow
and increase its respective crop trees, alleged the will of Allah.
Chapter X is about the cultivation of the land of trees with respect to their
quality and to plants that have in them. The proper time for this, or provision has to be
the land at the time of the work. What suits much crop trees, to which not, and to what
an average crop. And the choice of day laborers in agriculture.
Chapter XI is the way to fertilize trees, planting land, and calm land. Which
manure corresponding to each species. On the mehtod for benefit the brackish land (or
salty). The respective amount of manure. In which time and how it should be manure,
considering the arrangement of trees and earth in which they are planted.
Chapter XII is the watering trees, and vegetables; at what time should be given
and how much, that is, to what trees sit well much watering, and which do not.
Chapter XIII treat of the trees that are going to be mentioned, and are the wild
fig, early palm, fig, peach, pomegranate, plum, pear, cherry, almond, walnut, alfónsigo,
the Armenian apple (or apricot), olive, apple, chestnut, rose, common palm, citron, the
orange, the black plum. As these trees have grown for its fruits are large, palatable, very
sweet and abundant, with Allah's favor. Also about the trees that have mutual love (or
sympathy), and instead have together some sort of antipathy (or aversion). The way to
do the latter useful, planting them at provided distances.
Chapter XIV is the way to remove trees and vegetables that there's mention the
damage or disease, as the apple, Damascus plum, orange, citron, lemon, zamboa, vine,
fig, mulberry, olive, pomegranate, peach, quince, almond and walnut. Medicine
cabbages and vegetables, and how trees weakness (or detriment), shock and delay
repaired; and tafria (or illness) which does detach * sheet. On the mehtod for chase
away the ants and protect them from harm; and they come from grass and bad air. And
how very old rose bush or whatever flimsy for repair.
Chapter XV is some care or funny thing is done in some trees and vegetables.
Which comprises introducing into the plants certain smells, sweetness and flavor as
treacle, and unite in fruit sweetness with the quality of purgative remedy and the entire
tree by a sort of grafting, or in any of its branches; and so on vegetables, so that the fruit
is noticed and the same smell and virtue of the which it will ingest appears. What should

15.
be done to come out yellow roses, or saffron and blue color. How have to dispose roses
to throw roses out of time and so out of respect for the apple fruit. What should be the
provisions to make apples appear as sort of inscriptions, and even other images or
figures; and the same in the quinces, buts, melons and cucumbers, to print on these
fruits the figure wishes.
What should be done to come out long grapes and their so tight clusters or
segments, which look like a single grain, and grapes they have different colors. What
should be done when they are planted vines so that the grapes do not have small grains;
and figs to appear in the branches of various colors figs, so that in the same plant this
variety is discovered. How should the wallflower arranged to come out his flower
disciplined with the variety of black and white. How are planted around the pools
orange trees, myrtles and other similar trees. Moreover, what should be done for, born
and rise from the same root a set of lettuce, chard and other kinds of vegetables. Lately
how to be arranged turnips and radishes to occur higher than is commonly known. And
how can you have dill and coriander unseeded their grain or seed.
Chapter XVI is about the mode of lock (or save) seeds and fresh and dried fruits,
and so figs. How they have to keep apples, pears, quinces, citrons, pomegranates,
damsons called black and raisin, cherries, grapes, acorns, chestnuts, pistachios, wheat,
barley, lentils, beans, flour, and the seeds of the vegetables that are to be planted, dry
roses, and distilled water them. Finally how to save or preserve some green things,
throwing them in vinegar to eat them out of their recent time.
Chapter XVII which is the first of the second part of this work, is the manner,
time, advantage and benefit from the work they call earth moving, and the convenient
arrangement that is given to her after tired.
Chapter XVIII is about grains and legumes that make idle land, and the benefit
when it is planted. Election of the seeds or way of knowing which are good through
birth and to distinguish them which are healthy who have contracted for some calamity
or corruption. The convenient air to the crops and species corresponding to sow seed in
each kind of terrain.
Chapter XIX is the time and manner of making the sowing especially wheat,
common barley, pearl barley or cappadocia, whose grain judge be the one called by
Nabatheos (or Chaldeans) cali and ascaliat which is the Greek condros and also I judge

16.
that is called in Nabatheo huchakt and tharmir, in the same language which I think is
also called thormaki. It is also in this chapter of the seeds are sown for early or late.
Measurement or proportion of seeds with respect to the disposition of the land where
they are supplied planting.
Chapter XX is the mode and time of planting rice, millet, lentils, peas, the
Turkish Jewish of irrigation and dryland; and the land quality that correspond to each
kind of seed.
Chapter XXI is about planting in irrigated and dryland legumes, such as beans,
chickpeas, lupins, fenugreek, the bitter vetch and safflower. Planting time and
knowledge of suitable land for these seeds.
Chapter XXII about planting flax, hemp and cotton, onion saffron, henna, blond
dyers, the saturé (or odorous reed), alfalfa, grass or plant called spina quail, and white
poppies. How should this be planted rainfed and irrigation, and land that suits it.
Chapter XXIII comes to vegetables and land corresponding to them, and how to
plant them. Which should be transplanted; and how long they have to stay on the
ground until having reached (competent) seasoning be rooted out; explaining this
doctrine with common observations (to all), and individuals (or respective to each one).
In whose care it is lettuce, endive (or escarole), purslane, pigweed, the orache (or St.
John's herb), spinach, cabbage, sea kale and chard. Time to plant these vegetables, and
quality of land which belongs to each species.
Chapter XXIV about planting root vegetables (or strain) and the like, such as
turnips, carrots, radishes, onions, garlic, leeks, cariotas (or wild carrots), parsnips and
black pepper.
Chapter XXV about planting cucumber, melon, watermelon, small melon,
cucumber, squash, eggplant, the colocynth (wild pumpkin) calls jíor plants. The time
that should be planted, and knowledge of the land which corresponds to each one.
Chapter XXV about planting cucumber, melon, watermelon, small melon,
cucumber, squash, eggplant, the colocynth (wild pumpkin), called of flower. The time
that should be planted, and knowledge of the land which corresponds to each one.
Chapter XXVI is about sowing plants whose seed use is made for seasoning
meats and for some remedies, such as cumin, caraway, Nigella, cress, anise, coriander,

17.
lawn fennel and wild, mustard, wild anise, the caraway and Greek ervatu. The time
when each of these things has to be planted, the knowledge of the land corresponding to
each species, and which should be planted in irrigated or rainfed.
Chapter XXVII is the way to sow ocymo (or basil) and other fragrant plants like
the wallflower, lily, the nimphea (or canopy lily), the leading grass (or porthole), white
daffodil, yellow, and Macedonian, chrysanthemum (or feverfew), the dog rose, violet,
lemon balm, good grass, the marjoram, maro, clary, sage or horehound, basil, wild
mallow (or marshmallow), the rosebush motif, common mallow, Cordoba and Sicilian,
acacia and lavender. The time that these plants should be, and which land suits them.
Chapter XXVIII is the position of some plants that are usually put in the
gardens, placing them so that the view to offer a varied prospect. Such are (for example)
the celandine, cinara (or thistle), the rue,* the lawn celery (or parsley), woad (or pastel
dye), oregano, wing, savory (or persian oregano) to the absinthe (or wormwood), wild
rue, lawn asparagus, capers, sumac, dill, moth, the lavender, plantain, guava, the ivy, the
nabkat (or ivy bell), lily, snakeroot (or St María ivy) the tree of the same name,
chamomile and sweet clover (or crown of King) .
Chapter XXIX treat the arrangement (or preparation) of the seeds. Of the way of
know which will go well * in that year, by Allah. The time of harvest. The site should
be noted for the era. Threshing. Of the crops, and how to preserve and store fruits and
grains.
Chapter XXX which is like a general chapter, contains many selected
experiences. Knowledge of where the building should be built. In what the weather will
be cut wood for it and the mill (or oil mill). Mode of dry bushes and other noxious
plants to the land. How to be fences that are made for vineyards and orchards without
walls. The way to transplant the countryside bushes and trees to orchards (or gardens).
The mojarred (drag or harrow) to match the earth. Also about trees and plants
mentioned in the chapter of the grafts of the same work. Some desirable characteristics
to the fields, trees and vegetables, touching his improvement. How they have to scare
the beasts, and other small animals or noxious reptiles. Birds and hunting. Of the means
of knowing if the apple tree, the vine and the olive fruit take long before discovered.
How is kneading, fermenting by yeast or other thing, and bake wheat bread,
How is kneading, fermenting by yeast or other thing, and bake bread wheat, so it leaves

18.
better and more convenient food. The way of preparing the fruits of some trees, wild
vegetables and roots of some plants, and soften the seeds (kernels or ossicles) of those,
so you can make bread, to serve food in times of scarcity, when lacking the necessary
provisions, until the merciful Allah offers other more cheerful by their fertility *.
Utility or damage of floods. The rain, the sun, serenity, and winds to plants.
Signals to be observed know in advance if the winter is rainy, calm and cold or (putting
the will of Allah) and other patents and visible signs, as noted in this area. Of seasons of
the year; and what labors should be given to the land in each month. For which reason it
is called this general chapter. In which I conclude that proposed in the present work on
what is (own and rigorously) Agriculture attempt.
Chapter XXXI is the first in which it is raising animals; that is cattle, of rams
and sheep, goats. From choosing the best of these animals. The time of his rages. How
long are pregnant females. Time that these animals often live. What pasture and water
suit them. Some medicines for their illnesses and accidents. Of his regime, and other
things suitable to them.
Chapter XXXII is the breeding of horses, mules, donkeys and camels, both
males and females, and so respective to breed, and the use made of these animals for the
cavalry, and so used to the work , and for the convenience of its aid any trip in less time,
such as the legal pilgrimage, and other similar utilities. From choosing the best of these
beasts. Riding time. Until what age these animals are under to generate, as noted. What
grass should be given, and in what amount; and what time has to be given to drink;
Time to fatten the mares, and give forage to their horses after parents and prepare them
for the rides. How they have to exercise or tame colts and remedy the defects that often
noted in some kind of bad, like not receive the brake and others. I lately cavalry art (or
genet).
Chapter XXXIII deals with the veterinary art, or of the remedies for some
diseases of animals, manuals and easy. In some mechanical operations through iron
tools, easy, nothing annoying and very obvious, such as bleeding from the cervical vein
of chest, sides, back on the inside of the outer thigh , the haunch at the top, and sum of
bloodletting in general, and some of the cautery fire. The obvious signs indicating
diseases beasts. Remedies, whose gender composition should after becoming aware of
them kept in memory. This branch of the art of Agriculture, is what is called a
veterinarian.

19.
Chapter XXXIV is about the birds that are in the garden, in orchards and fields.
In the best of these animals, such as pigeons, geese (or ducks), real ducks, chickens and
bees. Knowledge and choice of these animals. Its regime and government. Their
pastures. And some way to cure their diseases.
Chapter XXXV is about dogs suitable for hunting, and to save the crops and
livestock. The knowledge of the best. The way to care. Medicines for their illnesses, and
keep healthy, by the favor of powerful and glorious Allah *. And it is time to produce
the implied chapters one by one. They contain what I have stated in this Preface, and I
intend to try. To this my attempts are directed: but Allah consists to be happy
performance.

20.
Volume I

21.
Chapter I
Knowledge of the species of good land for plantations
or lower medium and fields through certain signs of these things. Mention those
that are not good for these effects, so-called vacant. What trees or vegetables feel
good in every kind of land according to what Ibn-Hajaj wrote about the
advantageous quality or vile of the land.
According to this author, the first level of the science of Agriculture, is the
knowledge of the land, and to distinguish what is good, and what inferior. Who does not
know how this has gone mad and deserves the name of ignorant.
According to Al Razy in his work entitled Physical Auscultation, the stone is to
become muddy field in the speech of a century by the action of sun and rain; For having
in that virtue to dry and dissolve the parts (as does the fire), the rain that comes after,
loosens the already softened, so that corroded and altered in that space of time, they
become mud. It is therefore evident, says Ibn-Hajaj citing this author, whom the sun is
warming the earth disintegrated parts; for which reason the surface of it is better than
other direct heat and softness; and thus we see that the soil from a deep place, as it is
removed from the wells and caverns, the first year is sterile until sunburned soften and
warm parts. Thus, it is constant that the land does not produce as preceding the sun's
heat. Being cold and dry by nature, if it does not communicates heat, humidity and rain,
nothing occurs vegetable in it. Although the land in general is by nature of the afore
mentioned properties, are all a wetter or colder than others.
The warmer earth, say industrious and diligent farmers, is black, and then the
red: the colder is the white, and then yellow. On the way, that the white ground will be
more or less cold proportion to the share of whiteness that enters the temper; and so out

22.
of respect to yellow and other colors. With regard to the damp earth Degree, which in
color or form was similar to the old rotten manure. You find it flabby be without it
many muds do not harden so that its grounds are very hard, caked, dry and similar to the
hardness of the stone; or cracking or dry; nor is little moisture; or that are disjointed
parts such as sand, which is like a stone that has low humidity, being in fact a kind of
gravel often. Such land as is best for the humidity, and are well few so found; and so
absolutely, positively sure that regardless of the similar quality.
After this land is good, and that is for that reason that the mentions in his work
Dinurita Abu-Hanifa, Author head on plantations. Which he says that the lands that may
be plain, warm, soft and powder-like sand (but not to give them this name) are those in
which plants vegetate; which they are preserved to excavate around and then replenish
the earth. And this, because getting for their softness the rain water or irrigation,
conserving it penetrates to the roots of the plants; which as you are happy about the
extension taken, and because the long-term risks such plant remains. The opposite is
true, adds the same author, when the ground is firm and hard, as it runs through the
water without decline, nor are get wet; and what it is not wet, not occur. Is one hard and
barren land in the center, not sit on it the water, do not acquire the roots expansion.
Another author believes that dry land is two species, one is dry sand degree not
be more than a set of small stones, and therefore similar in dryness in the stones
themselves; in which very little nutritional juice feed plants. The second kind is the
muddy, although too dry, it is much more humid than the sand, and they say that name
is given in view of the hardness of their clods; in which being similar to the hardness of
the stone, no sponge or softens as already mentioned. But if you mix soft earth like unto
the very fine sand, the benefits and features that can expand the roots of plants, and it
absorbs water. This kind of land is much in Mesopotamia *, whose land is the other
advantageous quality to cause the silt that is there, and because the avenues lead,
girdling the surface of other lands, brushwood and manure that softens much and
moistens; although usually it happens that some fine sand mixing with it too softens and
weakens.
About dryness and moisture, this is known by patent signals. Which are similar
to the rotted manure few years land it is fluffy and humid degree. The land which has
slime mixture of very fine sand like Mesopotamia*, if it be dry in highdegree, is rough
that just bind or its parts come together; and one that has no sandy loam mix the wet, or

23.
where contract therefore sufficient softness; and the same is the rubble of the houses,
similar to lime*. The muddy and dry land, although it is much more humid than the
sand (for their clods harden when it comes to dry, as seen in the narrow colligation and
hardness of them), such as land for its strength and texture is like a stone. But if you
have a powder mixture resembles sand in her little substance, plants may take root in it
deeply. And these are the maximum that should follow a rule or principle sure.
If we examine carefully the land, says Sidagós, we see the need they have to be
moist, rich and fluffy, rather than hot; by the sun and the air can heat them and benefit
them as well; so we need rather fleshy and softness so they can take extension roots of
plants, and easily torn. But if the land happens to attend the same time the two qualities
of hot and humid, the better. Nothing more true than the opinion of Sidagós on this
subject, says Ibn-Hajaj; which referring to the treaty of distinctive knowledge of land
June Review *,Casiano or Casio**, Democritus, and Kastos *** (lead authors of
agriculture) says citing the authority of the first, the best land is black, which felt much
fear and old for the reason that suffers rain; and it follows as the violet. According to
Ibn-Hajaj, this violet is the same as that of the red-sea tie brown land we call Indian.
Such color is the tip or amount of the goodness of the earth, if spongy at the same time;
and trees prosper on it. Returning to the view in June, he says (which is also one of the
best land) which bathe the water in a river, so called silt.
According to Democritus, the land which drunk all the rainwater without
cracking, or that at the time of rainfall does not get slippery, it is of good quality, and so
it is that one that won’t cracks in very hot weather.
On this matter it is advisable, says Ibn-Hajaj, (or prevents) that won't be muddy
or hard land. **** Some as the wise Democritus and others added, they told me I
should not be brittle. But we see it is much the limits of the city of Carmona, from
which however are removed more abundant wheat crops elsewhere. So, in my opinion,
you do not have such kind for disposable ground. But if bow down to a better, provided
the conditions stated above. And also, because this is not exclusively the brittle ground
of total excellence because it is generous, especially wheat in it gets; when many seeds
and common plants do not come good in it, as in fact was not anything special breeding,
out of wheat, but in the black earth, spongy and similar to the old manure all breeds
advantageous is sowing or planting, because of the ease it has; and so it is good quality
Degree. However, we are not attributed as other advantageous own * productions, but

24.
only certain sowings and plantings; and this after loose or left to grow: which obviously
becomes multiplied as he sows, by Allah's favor.
According Kastos, the best land is which drinks much rain, and the lush and tall
grasses that grow up, and even that produces small and weak. June says that the land is
intended for vegetables must not be white, too rough, or too brittle in the summer. And
the reason is, that the land of that color is easily pressed into the winter, and drained in
the summer; which causes the sun to dry all the plants that are in it, or that are kept
weak and little progressed. Just as suitable for gardens as it is not after working a lot,
and mix the same amount of manure. Which cracks in summer is not good for the same,
or very rough; since neither they raise good plants, or acquire the corresponding force
until the water saturates *. The little rough and sandstone is good for vegetables; and
this is what contains much silt can feed him the roots of these plants. In this you will
know what lands the suit easy mind. If taking a little land in water thou shalt find it is
silt washed most of it, you know it's good to raise vegetables. But if thou shalt find it
more sand, you'll understand that is not provided for that purpose; and the same thing if
the knead your clay with his hands found it, wax-like, or very sticky: the maximum is
June's.
According Casiano has to be sought for the strong and abundant vegetable land
that is not rough, or white, or viscous, or it breaks in the heat. According Ibn-Hajaj,
farmers have for disposable ground muddy and rough, which are the vilest for
vegetables; which itself still wet, and subtle the juice is squeezed from them, compared
with big trees juice not breed good but plentiful, moist and spongy land; and so (when
offered) are pulled easily. But in the muddy, slimy earth or engage in much nutritional
juice, or as we said deepen its roots. However the harsh lands are suitable for trees some
vegetables.
The sandy soil, say some farmers perceived hotter in summer and colder in the
winter; so that both the stones and the surface of it, warming and cooling in the
respective times and then damage to the plants that were there. And such is the maxim
of June which adds just the opposite happen deep in the earth.
According to Galen in his book of Greeks simple remedies, it qualify rough land
of thick mud and so soft on the deck and in the center: opposite and fleshy quality
without giving the name of hard; which it is only good for pottery works: and says that
in the kind of soft distinguish the soft wet; and the squalid arid sandstone. The same

25.
author says that farmers think, that the fertile land, far from the nature of the stone, and
who fail the arid sandstone surface and not be good for anything. It also says that the
seed lands are of different properties; because some are stout and black, and other soft
without thick and white; two species which are opposite each other. That they have
some other means including, for approaching more or less to respectively one of the
two. He also says, the best land to plant is thick.
Ibn-Hajaj trying in his book the way of knowing the nature of the high and low
lands: Know, says, that the mountains are colder and drier than the plains: the drained
land is this quality to be stony, or because their dust is hard and like a stone, the cold is
such or by winds or by Nieves who is very exposed, according Tabet Enb-Korah. The
land of the slopes is very inferior, so exhausted for the Rains with the lack of toast part,
or attenuated particles (or smoothed) by the sun, which overwhelmed and rushed the
same rains. In the plains it is the opposite: so the fields and meadows where there
remains the water as long as I could, they are of very good quality and a just intonation
by the blackness of the dust that comes from the fermentation caused by the water;
(because everything has already conceived rotten heat). But when water rushed down to
these sites is great, that cold and wet their land overly; and we know that the cold water
is contrary to the heat of fermentation.
Solon said that the meadows or valleys are cold (although not much) by the
abundance of water that flows and is lost in them; and if the cold becomes more than the
heat from the earth, knew the same for two reasons, regarding some of this comes from
the fermentation came into the land of water in it together; but these places compared
with the mountains, they are much warmer and humid. And here the maxim of Solon.
With regard to the other low spots that hide higher and raised, and to the shady gullies;
the land of such sites is extremely cold for not bathe the sun; and so that the plants that
are therein are not fed, it being by nature of the aforesaid quality and very wet. The best
sites for more sheltered and are the foothills of the mountains, which are preferred, and
more temperate and equal temperament. Then follow the meadows, and then the
mountains; whose peaks (or summits) are better than the slopes so that said water take
away their good quality (or substance). The land is the most despicable of low gray
sites, since only produces something useful out of any consideration plants that mention
in the course of this work.

26.
Solon said that if he were asked about the nature of the terrain that part was flat
and low and high and lifted part, and say what is the most excellent, you choose the
lowest over the high; the reason for whose preference is for lowering the water first and
bringing in its current coating of the high places, that becomes perpetually site more
moisture and softness: as this instead of always heavy and hard pieces, and similar to
the mountains; which is the most common. Sometimes the highest part of the land or
place is better condition than the low; and indeed we find fields or very sandy plains
and low places, where the terrain that dominates more moisture; while the opposite is
common.
One of the reasons that confirm to be the low places best than the highs is that
those whose tops are red in color, in low color strip of land to black; and the land,
whose high places are whitish, in the lower is red or black, which is common. Wetlands
or where water is often stagnant, but otherwise are very fertile, should be disregarded
because the dominant moisture in them will turn off the heat.
Such land can only serve to sow what is usually just before heat such as
cucumbers, pumpkins, corn and the like. Trees do not prevail in them; before they lost,
out of black and white poplars, the Arabs and the like salt, useful trees for timber.
Ibn-Hajáj in his treatise examining the land says that to know nature or generally
available thou must examine early winter, about the smell and taste, others to the eye
and touch, and some by the plant gender they produce. But better examination by the
sight and touch, because having land calm, this test is to miss them. One of the authors
who treat the eye exam is June (Moderato Columella), which says that good quality land
known sight when not crack too much with the drying air and the water in its center,
especially after a heavy rain is formed with a soft mud; but land at last come to imbibe
all the rain water without the cold weather in their consumption and appears similar to
the mud surface.
After this adds said June, that some ancient also discovered another kind of test
that falls under the sense of sight. This is when on earth trees and plants of great
magnitude are kept and retained (or linked) to each other, is clear indication of its
fecundity. If wild plants produced are medium in both its magnitude and its branches
link, this proves to be her medium quality; and if the plants are thin branches that
quickly dry; also cuts the grass; such land is weak. This makes use of the test to taste
(for knowledge of the land), is unwilling to prefer brackish to sweet.

27.
June says that the earth excavated at a certain depth of this dust is taken and put
into a glass, pouring it also freshwater then try to taste. It is the view of the ancient land
that owners notice to be brackish, must be discarded; which, they say, it is good for
nothing if not for palms, that it prevail and are more productive. According to Ibn-Hajaj,
it is the opinion of many farmers, which also prevails in the same advantage as cabbage,
and is also said to breed good and sweet cucumbers.
Those who usually smell the earth to meet their quality, they prefer to examine
by the scent if corrupted and unpleasant, or otherwise. Farmers agree that it is not a land
of kindness smelly, and one of those who refer this is Democritus; the same is to say in
substance, that the sign of good land to plant, is, that by digging them up to the depth of
two cubits, is taken from the depths of the site excavated some land that putting in glass
where rainwater has driven or river, good, sweet and fragrant, cover she let him sit and
clarify water; which if proven to whatever taste and smell good, the land will be too; if
it is brackish, of equal quality; and if smelly, the earth will be corrupted, to share the
taste and smell of the water.
Kastos says the fetid brackish land and must be discarded; although the latter is
good for palms. According to June in the consideration of the use of the test to the
palate and smell of the earth who wishes to sowing and it is quite appropriate to dig into
it as to the depth of one foot; where it is destined for plantations vines up to three feet
and up to four in which they will try to plant trees. The odor says, that must run entirely
by not being good for absolutely nothing.
Sidagós says that when thou inquire about two different species of land, which
one more wet with salt; take a glass, filled with powder and one of them put it on the
weighing plate and then run the same with the other land, and that this is only consumed
without moisture states.
According to Ibn-Hajaj, some are guided to know the goodness or baseness of
land by weeds raised therein; by whose signal barely runs. Such is the kaichar mo,
which is called cardal in exotic language (or thistle), and odor of wild fennel stalk called
bistnaga; whose two breeds of plants commonly and most do not grow in places but the
most remarkable quality. In the land of inferior quality, wild zaatar or axedrea known
to us by donkey or oregano grows. Also the anrutin called in barbarous tongue Mostal,
thistles, the Hieracio which tends on the ground, and wild wheat, called among us as
partridge; whose plants are found only in lands of inferior quality. It is not like other

28.
plants, of which we bred some indifferently land advantaged in containable: for which
reason they should not serve in government. Such is the wild onion (or albarrana), harsh
vegetables and various other plants.
Some say that the wet and soft ground, although some years pass without
cultivation it doesn’t become a forest; but the land of inferior quality, thin, thick and
hard soon become such, producing trees and tangles or squat, glastos, cypresses and
others who are usually found in forests, and are not made in the thin lands.
We argued, says Ibn-Hajaj, the maximum on the quality of the land with respect
to the usefulness of them can be expected; and perhaps someone will say, that these
lands who fail the wise, found to be appropriate for certain species of plants that were
growing up in them abundantly, they are both good quality. This is the sand where we
see the tree called Egyptian breeding excellent, and so the plant called ahdj (or African
gorse) and woad that grows in harsh lands. But answer to this: although it is true that in
regard each land, some plant species are advantageously raised, that out of them lose
many more; and that out of it are the wise opinion that the land is excellent in moisture
seal with heat regardless dominant, or not wet only; respect to plants in general need
these two provisions; and therefore disapprove the contrary quality: and also because
the preference and praise that make land is in regard to their suitability for raise wheat,
barley, beans and other legumes that men have most in need.
For the same reason they appreciate the land suitable for trees such as apple,
pear and plum; and have at it is advantageous for vegetables such as eggplant, garden
spinach, amaranth, coriander and the like.
According to Solon, in the damp earth, by the ease that is, almost everything
prospers, whether sowing or planting; by whose excellence is very significant, and does
not deserve to be here prefer the sand because lupins flourish here; as this should be a
derogation of their fertility: and if good land is planted thereof, also produces beautiful;
but not one who sows wheat on sandy be caught, as is constant to anyone: not because
pine is also convenient to the arena, it should be appreciated, when the tree itself is not
much appreciation; and not found, adds the same author, be it suitable for apples, pears
or plums. The land must be taken by superior, which prosper more plants, seeds and
other things that men have more urgent needs.

29.
Ibn-Hajaj says that although some plants often grow up in sand, like apricot,
pomegranate and quince; but the same thing happens in orchards without the aid of
much manure and continuous irrigation, unlike those; which not being of good quality,
are to get a new one fostering manure and moisture communicates the water, the juice
retains much sponginess that is in them, and receive water more easily when irrigated,
and consequently, are provided to more deepen the roots of plants.
But always by their first constitution they are vile and exhausted of any
substance; unless it be that they are referred helper with fertilizers, and are mix lime or
juicy land, as we said. Even should give them too many risks by not having them
analogy (or correspondence) with water; and maybe even some ignorant in the science
of Agriculture imagine that the sands do not get the juice, or what is therefore water, by
the ease it is to moisten; and for this they are devoted to water them carefully; but is not
that reason, but argument destructive as well as recommend by to be the cause of the
dryness of the sand the same parts or little stones that are made, of which only serves to
pass water without penetrate its center, as is evident. And here Ibn-Hajaj trying this
matter in his book entitled Enough.
Nabathea Agriculture in the treaty on the same subject: know, Sagrit says, that
the lands are several different even in the sense of the cold, dryness and humidity; all of
which they need to know the farmers, the land still really like the beginning of the
vegetation of every plant. Farmer known the nature of the land, must devote each to
whatever is convenient, and for planting trees, for sowings. In this is the summit of
Agriculture, and fair knowledge of this science. Sometimes it happens altered land,
contracting taste somewhat detrimental to plants, such as saline or others; what usually
comes from the sun burn a lot with the help of other causes; as a without vice and
healthy land is provided and suitable to all kinds of plantation. Adam of blessed
memory say, that good and healthy soil is the darker and well soaked when it rains, no
water to pass through it, or press to join the powder with water, so that construction is
between dense spongy, that is the quality of the most significant and best of all.
According Yambuchad, the most significant land is like violet, so that is why it
is called purplish. As more is discovered this color after some time covered of
freshwater reservoirs, with some sliminess from the water that makes it eternally sweet
taste. According to the Nabathea Agriculture, if for rainwater in the lower parts of the
land or in the fields bring to them the sums of the highlands, the surface of these

30.
contracts certain blackness as violet, to call the color ashen; which provided that it is
discovered indicating that land be thick; whose quality, being excessive, it is not
advantageous. It is contrary to it which makes it the arid land surface and dusty as
almost always; which it is evident at the sight. I'm not the earth that hath mixture of
coarse sand or large rocks.
Yambuchád says that the purplish land is in good quality, that the color being
very powdery is fluffy and sweet the dust without mixture of other flavors: then comes
the one that Adam of blessy memory calls hot and one of their cualitys is to be soft;
such is that when spends a lot of cold or snow, remain unchanged in the extent of its
surface
; and whose lumps easily crack to shoot them down: then follows this kind of
ground the strong call of a color inclining to low whitey or dusty, not pure white but
middle between this color and powdery.
Such land is all but hard, yet easy or docile of plowed, and turning; which is not
good for planting of fruit trees, and if it is to sow seeds, which it prevail. Sagrit is about
that of the contrary opinion; he states that in this land are better trees, grown more and
more fat fruit. The blonde land has nearly the water is good for all kinds of seeds and
trees, out of the palm and sweet fruits. But the other good qualities described lands are
suitable for all kinds of trees and plants.
The land called deep by the smarts (or crumb) is good too and suitable for all
kinds of off vegetables, which do not prevail in it. The author or Nabathear Agriculture
says that land of crumb have an average way between the fat and the dry surface, which
is what we call sdhalat, soft or docile. It also says that the earth shall appear on the
surface extended in winter,a color like white, shows this to be brackish and poor; or just
good for Palmas, barley, beans, spinach and the like.
The land of altered taste, not being of that breed that Adam calls hot, it is good
for planting vines, pumpkins, melons and other creeping plants ((or lying plants) on the
floor that do not rise above the trunk, and also to fruit trees. It is suitable for food grains,
and it is not for fragrant plants. Such are the distinguishing marks of the goodness of the
land, says Kutsami; and so much thereof as may from contrary qualities is corrupted,
and has need of fertilizers that improve.
ARTICLE I

31.
The signs of corruption or wholesomeness of the earth, according to the
Nabathea Agriculture.
Goodness and wholesomeness of the land, saith (the author just mentioned), is
known to the sight, and this is one that will not crack or crumble with rigorous much
heat or the cold, or the so whatever strong dryness that do not fall rains autumn and
early winter or where when it rained a lot then, a very viscous mud underfoot is sticking
to the feet or hands to the touch; but that it will being drained the rainwater and whose
surface, when it stops raining, not discovered a whitish color; as there are some on the
surface, not being quite good, it appears to have rained day after, or two later, as a white
flour in separate parts or joints, especially without the high and low fields discovered;
which are not in any appreciation for this cause. One of the signs to be the land of good
quality and substantial, is, if not the cold by shaking its surface appears like clay, which
is not purely white. One test to see if the land is not of good quality or is this.
Take a piece of land the weight of two to three pounds, and put into a bowl and
covering the mouth into this very well, bury in a pit four cubits deep or three at least, in
which state leaving the space of fourteen days, which is half moon period, then remove
it and register; and if the outside of the bowl is discovered slimey, open; But if result
not be, returned to the pit cover it with good ground, and so letting himself for seven
days, after which time, sticking and opening will be found to be in it worms or other
insects that produces much the same corruption sites where no air vents. Examined the
color of such insects, if they are black, celestial or green, the land is not good or worthy
of apreciation; and if dyed, yellow, dusty, brown, light green or white; that land is good
and valuable nature. The land contained in the vessel also smells, and if the smell is the
same, or nearly the same as it had before, it is entirely good: but if there be found
altered, see what smell is this alteration, if sour, bitter, brackish and this test will form
the field trial; so if not exhale the odors mentioned will be there for good quality, and if
you discover any, will be judged by that sour smell that either declines or the other that
he be discovered. Lately try on that land to taste to the half hour removing it from the
hole, and if it tastes like hot mud and reddish extracted from the wells after dry, that
land is good and substantial; and if altered and seems brackish, bitter, nasty, too
miserable to another corrupted or smell; judge by the smell that it is discovered.

32.
Another way know the earth in less time than the first; although not as
demonstrative and secure.
See if the plants, or weeds, thorns and other plants that are raised in it are robust,
and if soil is very linked up with each other; as this proves to be healthy and fertile land.
More if they are small, insignificant and somewhat stunted *, it is not land free of
damage.
Kutsami says; that some are content in examining the ground with attending to
what it grows, even a single species of plant, such as lilies, wolfberry, thorns, briars, and
crushing its branches and leaves from the middle collate their flavor with the other
raised in such land free of all vice and corruption, and thus lead the opposition or
convenience they had. He adds, also happens to be a guide to know if the land is good
quality or contrary, that species of plants that in itself produces.
The same author says, that men do not benefit nor have good brackish land nor
swampy, neither dock, neither too thick, neither styptic, sour and hot, neither too fluffy
or hard, neither too lumpy, or any other adverse to those of good quality, although they
thrive on his plants such as pennyroyal, wormwood, hyssop, the artemisia, wild endive,
hellebore (or black vedegambre) (the plant placed Nabatheos in the class of venomous),
the alcapara and red hawthorn *; because these and similar plants are cultivated on land
corrupted. Hot odor produces nothing. On nitrous called chai thistle grows, (which is
born at the foot of the palm and suffocates) and the low hardness docile marine
wormwood plant is born and that the Arabs call Kisum (or abrótano).
According Yambuchad, thick and hard packed earth usually produce lilies,
daffodils, called bulb onion and similar plants that shed ingrained after the sheet which
when discovered on land springs, streams and wetlands, it is known that such lands are
good, or are close to those of this quality. In very hard ground that sort of caper small
leaf grows, and sometimes that breed large onion latins call achktJa or Scylla, which is
under suddenly kill mice, whose name is called by this cause, and is the same as the
ansal or flanking.
Also often grow up this kind of onion and the like in the middle of a very hard
and tough terrain and tight to plasterer by nature, which in respect of Cascajales they are

33.
closer to the quality of the land of arid mountains and high hills. Thorn trees are better
raised in hard than soft ground, and among rocks in mountains, and more in dry places
away from moisture. All other plants are grown and prevail well with this, and very few
with the dry and arid as mentioned mouse onion. And wild vegetables are just born but
good and free land of corruption every contingency except brackish, since in the jungles
are grown abundantly.
To many vegetables is beneficial the mentioned salt land, and indeed it prevail;
while growing weak and tasteless. The quality or state of the land by plants that produce
is also shown; and so when they usually grow up in saline land born elsewhere, they
indicate that there has come to dominate such quality. The same subtle, thin hawthorn,
as hdsah (or African gorse) is plant thorn hard, if born on good ground, indicating it
being tired and weakened by repeatedly have sown, or other similar cause.
ARTICLE II
What lands need proper cultivation and fertilizers, as Nabathea agriculture.
Such are the thick and heavy; whose two species have much resemblance to each
other. The dock is too thick, and juicy spring nature, and usually a color inclining to
black, and fluffy. Whose properties were touched when it came to the land purplish. The
fertilizer and cultivation of both is to flip them in the heat rigor with peak or similar
instrument twice each month, so come to roll six times (or seven is best) every three
months, crumbling earth with the butt and tip of the instruments that will be turned,
which makes this dust is very hot and sutilice, and dim * his fatness; to whose
consumption still attends the sun with its heat removing some heaviness and excessive
fatness.
It is not the attempt to remove entirely the work, but only part, and correct the
excess: in a word wipe away and decrease the volume, not remove it entirely; which if it
happened, we would see the need to replace the previous one. The greatest manure for
that can be given to these lands is the referred to flip them and crumble in the rigorous
heat. The thin soil also has need of fertilizers which will remove its thinness. This,

34.
according Yambuchad, is like a thick land, even over and so is the land that regardless
slimey permanently; three species of land which are therefore of a reciprocal similarity.
Some farmers are of opinion that the thinner the wellspring; but they are walking in this
regard to the average re slimeing between the wellsprings and thin.
Indeed, the land very thin is corrupt and contrary to the thick; and such is that of
a medium taste between sour and tasteless, and so weak that this quality is not capable
of fertilizer. However it benefits in some way to turn it in the heat of the sun to make
this the roasting something, and not excessively; which if it happens, it would become a
productive nothing but sand rogue.
The same Nabathea agriculture author says that Yambuchad calls thin to the
thick ground; what is funny thing; because between us these two species of land are
contrary to each other. Advised that at the vernal equinox the earth thin sometimes turn
to the plow, and is paid very well with any manure any, other than the bottlenose;
because it is their improvement and promotion in order to succeed in what she sows.
For what it's best this land is well-oiled to vines; then they breed her with much
freshness, of big branches, large root, juicy grapes and good wine. Also it agrees this
land for all sorts of similar nature to plant vines, either tree or small plant.
The same author says, knowing the land called thin, being weak and of little
strength, till it less; which if repeatedly execute, it would weaken more if fluffing.
Shoudl be sown barley especially after the end of tilling; and since then must be
irrigated more; as well abounds very prosperously said grain; and that the same will
happen, if before born it rained.
He adds that the brackish land of few salts is often called thin (what my life is
very probable), and weak; and that this is one whose weakness is corrected itself with
what is, namely, mixed with manure and another good land. It also improves it, if
burning sebestén’s leaves and branches with its fruit, and pumpkins, with all this ash
mixed with soil or compost is fertilize sometimes at different times. One of fertilizers
for thin soil is to plant vegetables and other plants whose roots do not penetrate one lot
on the floor, like ivy, rocket, cress and the like.
The sandy soil (which is several colors
according to what were mixed with the sand) should see and examine it a lot to know
what else this mixture is; making it easy to discover. She is always soft by the fluffiness
given for the sand, and so it comes across; While other small, thin and weak roots.

35.
It's really convenient for many species of vines; and such is the land, whose dust
having sand mixture is free of harmful accidents together. Its subscription to prepare to
the planting is according to what we said corresponding to such gender mixing,
illustrating the point of the various qualities of land. It is necessary then to prosper what
he would plant or sow, turn it and mix you a good portion of donkey dung, incorporated
with other vegetables such straw, barley and wheat; thus you'd better arrange it by the
autumn. Species of hard earth, a white ground so that it is in this radical color; and
another having any mixture mentioned. The first or dominant whiteness is called yesera;
and (last), or the less white solbat (or hard); in which absolutely prevails or palm or
smelly plant, and grain legumes suffocate.
Elsewhere in the Nabathea Agriculture being said, there are also hard earth
(though not as much as the antecedent), shooting a bit white together with dusty;
shooting a bit dusty white together with; to which is added there, we call stronger. The
hard ground is particularly good for wheat, millet, millet, chickpeas, lentils, and large
trees, such as walnut, hazelnut, olive and the like. The fertilizer can be increased to this
land it is to remove hardness turning it much with the plow; which is beginning to do
since early second tichrín, which is November, executing every ten days, and crumbling
clods well with all care and diligence to a powder.
It introduced the cattle and sheep that fertilize it, and not ignored that the pigs
come and go repeatedly until this dust is moisten and soften fine. It must also walk men
with the cattle; and if possible to come to crumble as well, is this better than the bovine
and human excrement together. Sheep manure spread for her, along with her powder,
also benefits. Stony ground (also called Thekla) is those very cold places of Babylon:
but according to the Nabathea Agriculture, the Thekla is one whose middle ground and
dust between the hardness of the stone and smooth or loose earth; stony and is harder
than it.
How to benefit the lands of similar quality is style them in hot weather with
large and heavy peaks, turning the part that is necessary and in the appropriate way
according to prescribed by the ancients; after continually watching crumble with
mallets; respect to that if it is not by this work do not expect it any product. He has to
cultivate such land at night since the beginning or from midnight until dawn, or even
last two hours a day. This is the best; because cooling all kinds of land, starting with the
night, both to it as hard should then give the necessary work to the fence that are given

36.
later. Which is then executed, and the juiciness we told you communicate the oxen, and
that these do not work in the sun or sick warming up too much.
They have to join in groups of four in each plow to work, not in pairs, in
response to the hardness and toughness of the earth; which will turn the second time
with strong and long grille, whose work it may be the deeper the better, without being
good or skip undo all lumps crumble entirely. And because the oxen fatigued when
plow that land, agree that drivers must have a glass of water close to cleanse and
moisten their faces, necks and head; with refreshments which they are relieved of the
burden of work.
The reddish earth needs no fertilizer withdraw any bad quality, but must carve
itself in mid-autumn with small gate; whose work is not necessary to be deep. Ashy
land, who is shooting a dark or low white together with that color risen, is not said to be
corrupted, it produces about certain things and prevail in it many trees, palms and vines;
if not by the dryness that may have, or his distance from receiving moisture (as long as
it is planted palm trees or vines you require continuous watering for their very dry and
arid area) *. It is not some vegetable seed; except rice, as we said already exist between
the grain and land like some mutual convenience for water which has in it the foot. It is
because this is the most suitable land for rice and for wheat, barley and peas; but it is
not for millet, lentils, beans, chickpeas or beans.
In too much barbaric or robust black earth (or slightly less), but by no whiteness
of slimeing surface and tilling as tough as the ashy advantageously, it prevails in this,
and what should it; although is best for palms. With much watering is much improved,
and approaching the quality of cinderella is suitable for vines, and for all plant lying on
the floor like them, for all plant species and delicate tree, and particularly for all
vegetables more size as cabbage, spinach, chard, lettuce, cauliflower (soldanela or sea
kale), and cress; and it is for their peers small vegetables such as good mate, ocimo,
celery. Everything should be planted and sown in this land should be irrigate a lot, and
in no way left to dry anything that is in it sown.
If this strong ashy land stay in places that introducing, water remains in it a long
time, it will be very good on that sow after moisture cucumber, cucumbers, melons and
vines; all of which is left there and then transplanting seedlings to which is best. The
clay is the surface swells in the summer, and is similar to that of the alfahars in
consistency and color, (which usually throw like this to a little vermilion) should benefit

37.
from the work of profound give back, and shred with mallets to mix toast party with
whom question is not ready to repeat this operation second and third time; in which
state it spreads beans and barley straw, dung revolt.
The heleborian land, which issue a hellebore-like odor, is smelly and the most
corrupt of the three expressed; and by heat as it breaks has sown in it, unless beans; for
which it is itself good. Loose or soft, but average between source and slimeing, it is
immaterial how to benefit them. At two intimate vice corrects them with ignite in the
middle, to the sides or embankments, and in many different sites including a continuous
fire of any wood that is, which withdraws the vice of water flow and slimeing. But is
this risky choice for such lands, as they tend to move or slimeing springs that were
exhausted and hard, so that what befalls is worse than damage which is withdrawn. For
which reason and up a different mode l indicated benefit them. Such lands are good for
some things, like collards, myrtle, soldanela or cauliflower and plants of equal status
and quality.
The brackish earth is of various species, saline, one whose taste is sour mix,
another bitter, another styptic, and one that is a bit brackish. The signal to be brackish
earth is whether certain whiteness appears on its surface; or that happens from start to
getting that quality. In this land called Sagrit layer (or crust) salt for being dimly cover
the surface salts. The land of vineyards, it is benefited by planting barley around and
near the foot of the vines to pick her salts. The land of vineyards, planting barley is to
benefit around and near the foot of the vines to pick her salts. There is a general remedy
for brackish ground, and another specific and relevant to each species of the same.
Sufficient general and which become the land of the genre (Whatever it is) is the palm,
which in all are raised well.
So it is plowing after the first rains, which are expected if coming in early
October, plowing is delayed until after eight days thereof; and if you do not come until
the end, this work is done on the last day. The pure salt land, or which has another
flavor mixture is tilled in early November after the second or third day, but leave it for
later, turning with small gate and throughout her after plowing spreads quite stems
amount of the last year planted beans, clean, dry and as shredded as the chaff, then
rolling it with water to all, or part of it if it be of much extension: and this is the best
fertilizer for such land.

38.
Online quality continues to bean straw of barley, then the wheat, then crumbled
chaff from brambles, and ultimately crushed leaves and dried marshmallow; whose
operation cannot be omitted, being his easy. Of all these species of straw can be use,
either mixed well with each other, which it is best, or each by itself, but the brambles;
which are not used but any of those mixed with straw, which is the beans and barley
best. In this state, this land is left without anything on it until the summer come by it is
spread some manure moistened with water, which is help for improvement, it gives
softness and sweetness. In the autumn of the second year to the first of October manures
mixed with the same horse and donkey dung, no mule in any way and then planting
barley, beans, lentils or chickpeas, scattering some flaxseed between these seeds; which
is planted which is watered well, all of which must be raised abundant harvest of good
quality land.
Used the opinion that to fertilize the land mentioned, using the branches, shoots
and leaves of every tree of oily fruits such as walnut, almond, olive, alfonsig, hazel,
warble fly (fig tree or do hell) and the like because these things corrupted fertilizer for
all earth, and have particularly excellent virtue and to improve whatever brackish.
The opinion that used to fertilize the land mentioned using the branches and
shoots, leaves and branches of every tree of oily fruits such as walnut, almond, olive,
alfonsig, hazel, warble fly (or infernal fig) and the like, for being this things fertilizer
for all kind of corrupted earth and have particularly excellent virtue and to improve the
one that is brackish. This operation is performed by said land spreading a lot of those
leaves and sticks thinner said after shaking trees and everything until it crumble as the
more subtle and chaff; after which plowing and giving a light spray of water is left in
this state. He adds that if this is done in all corrupt land, as fertilizer, less to that of
scathing flavor and pungent, which is fertilized in very different ways.
Are of the opinion, said the same, so the purely salt land as he hath another
flavor mixture is paid by spraying the surface with vegetable water taken from those
olives squeezed on that has not been thrown any salt; so that it is not brackish or have a
different flavor than that of the olive only. This dew is given to the earth once before
and two after flipped, and then spread through it pretty much dung, leaving it for a few
days in this state, and then giving it to another small grid to work it back, shallow but at
ground level, it is sown barley, fenugreek, chickpeas, spinach, pumpkins and
marshmallow, and is planted with palm certain distances of separation. Sowing it with

39.
said seed, collect the salts that were there, which also removes continuous mixing
manure and vegetable water. Dung having an average between fresh and stale is the best
quality for this purpose.
Another fertilizer for brackish land
Give him a job back in early October that the rains would wash the salts that has;
and the same to the styptic and poor quality land. Which by nature was bitter in
dominant degree, being as it is the most altered (or worst of all) and that far more of the
healthy quality, is harmful to every seed of any kind whatsoever, before and not after
birth old.
But there is a choice to reduce it to be perfect quality or a little less, which is to
guide the water as comfortably as could be, starting to run from mid-April and not
before, or at the beginning of May, and handing the reservoir time that may be: and will
be very good to stay in this state all the months of summer to mid-September, not later.
If there is no water to irrigate dry gourds shattered all his flesh and pulp, bindweed and
dry branches are taken, all of which ground is mixed with fresh water in a skiff made of
leather, so that the land be sprayed after but slightly shallow plowing. Ten ajrabat (or
forty cahices)* of similar corrupt land are quite twenty water skiffs that those things
were mixed, whose operation is executed at the end of the night or early in the day until
after three hours of it, it's best ; and likewise it will be, if the dew be of more water.
* The cafiz, as the Arab called, is a land area of 129 cubits or 384 bushels of
seeding.
It's great to repeat the same operation on the ground sometimes, anyway after
plowing and moistened. It also sprayed water mixed with fresh powder good land that
does not have strange taste or smell; cava and once or twice each month, repeating the
same operation it six times in the space of one or two summers: which benefited in this
way is usually held by good quality, especially if that alteration or corruption was not in
her dominant nor old.

40.
The same author says, that very brackish land and excessive elasticity outside
term usually sow benefit of slimy things as cotton seed, fenugreek, beans, barley, beans,
cress seed, lupine and the like. Likewise it benefits to stagnant water for a long time, or
with the following remedy, namely, the occurrence of being clouded the sky forty days
as it is in the climate warms and similar places on the bitter land, sour, stinking and
others that also offer hope of improved corrupted; thus hiding from them the sun space
of time referred to without in any way they discover, very good quality contract without
requiring any corrective. In them after this fertilizer referrals and similar viscous grains
are sown, which no doubt capture all the malice of bitterness in it left. Usually sufficient
to sow once such things, and usually must sow the same repeatedly. Also grain sowing
in that land of acedaraque, bitter almond, myrtle and laurel, take away all the bitterness
that hath until it fully heals.
Our view, says Kutsámi, if the things mentioned in this land are planted together
planting apricot branches and marshmallows, and the same in all corrupt land, fertilize it
collecting much of the corruption that has one. In sour soil, being source and slimeing,
which is thin, it tends to be emanating or permeation of this same taste, which manifests
itself proves that the taste, though she is pure or after putting in water. This benefits
until retiring and removing all the bitter, and be entirely good to fertilize repeatedly that
kind of manure identified as suitable for this purpose; and what is also removed entirely
sour, it is to fertilize with manure noted for source and slimeing land taken in its
generality; which it consists of ash pomegranate, human excrement and dung.
Know, he adds the same author, that to every corrupt land, either by what may
be its corruption, brackish, hot, pungent, fetid, thin, heavy, sticky aspect, sour, for too
styptic, fertilizes the murky water of the streams , impounded it sometime, much dust or
silt that lets you; the more turbid water which it may the better for the earth, because
that washing and cooling it (though he needed this drink), leaving it a different sweet
land (for no other carries water but more subtle dust and better ), with this strengthens it
if it were thin or weak, it has a place for her good manure. If it is salt cleans and loosens
the salts with moisture, takes them with her sweetness, and her coldness off the heat. If
it is hot, this is properly the best fertilizer of all to her about her coldness that will turn
off the heat. If foul-smelling, corrects this vice sweet and turbid water is introduced, and
good and soft ground that this lets and mixed with it; and that is to miss the whole, if
these avenues are some years in a row ; Although you should give to the ground after

41.
deep plowing back, and fertilize with some soft and sweet manure. If it is source or
slimeing, dust fertilizes it makes murky water; but it has to turn four times, once each
month from early June to early September; as well as the sun and the earth that is mixed
completely consume one or other kind of secretion.
According to the author he cited the general remedy for all land declined any
good and regulate their temperament is light and gentle twenty-four hours continuous
rain: at which follows fertilizing the gasal call or laundress, which is more abundant at
twice; ; which improves brackish soil, bitter and sour when it comes to fall on them.
The third fertilizer is the storm of the avenues if left in the same land that brings other
ground; which fertilizer is also for every caste of land in general. Although, mediate
Allah, be fertilizer for the land said two rains; but do not benefit fully, unless very often
repeated, that is, having rained twenty-four hours, and stopped after rain, strong winds
shake the earth for two or three days, then return to rain as much as before continuing
this alternative sometimes.
ARTICLE III
Of fertilizers according Nabathea Agriculture the soil mixed with stones, bricks,
pots, plaster, clay and debris that have pieces of cloth and various other things it
benefits, such as collecting in the house, of the ways in which small stones and gravel,
diverse and contrary to the taste of the powder substances such as salt, vitriol, different
cuesquecillos (or nuts) is contained; whose dust is very cold, very hot, or part very dry
and wet part to the extreme of getting an external manifest corruption and absolute:
and so it contains any other foreign substance powder as prosaws, chips cane, stone
fragments carved, plaster gravel, limestone and similar materials; whose amount lot of
things being in and forming a part of the earth, they make too corrupt.
Nothing prospers on such land out of the palm trees and large. The payment for
which any flawed for some of these mixtures, is to bring to her land of good soil known
for such; and the best that you can take is the viscous red that when touched by hand
stick to it like glue *;which it is incorporated by throwing it over after donkey dung and
manure mixing it all with that sort of corrupt land from your deck to the center as to