Monday theme 2 1545 1600 room 11 bocher

1. Temesgen F. Bocher, Fred Grant & Jan W. Low
10th Triennial African Potato Conference
October 9-13, 2016 Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
ORANGE-FLESHED SWEETPOTATO ADOPTION
IMPROVED DIETARY QUALITY: EVIDENCE FROM
WOMEN AND CHILDREN IN WESTERN KENYA

2. Introduction
Malnutrition become a major impediment to achieve the
Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) by 2030).
It imposes cost of about US$3.5 trillion on global economy per
year (forgone investment, poor school performance, increased
health care).
Right now, about795 million people (one in nine) of the
world population were suffering from chronic
undernourishment. Additional 2 billion expected in 2050.
Source: http://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/sustainable-development-goals/
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3. Facts
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In Africa 220mili.
One person in four (23%)
is undernourished

4. Introduction ….
Vitamin A deficiency (VAD) significantly contributes to
blindness, disease, and premature death under 5.
IYC and pregnant or lactating women are particularly at
risk of VAD (Black et al.. 2008; World Bank 2006).
What was done ? What was happened in the past 25 years?
Children can receive micronutrients fromfood, food
fortification, direct supplementation.

5. Trends of Malnutrition in EA & world
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Stunting rates are dropping globally, more than one third of all stunted children
under 5 lived in Africa and the number of stunted children under 5 in Africa is rising
(UNCIF, WHO, and WB 2015)).

6. Malnutrition in Kenya
 Despite significant reduction in chronic malnutrition (stunting) from 36%
in 2003 to 26% in 2014; and underweight decreased from 16% to 11%;
Kenya is facing serious malnutrition.
 Malnutrition claims the lives of 35,000; Kenyan children ever year.
 Lack of dietary diversityin food consumed is the major cause for vitamin
A deficiency.
 Inadequate food availability(supply of adequate food through own
produce or market).
 Poor food access (whether a person has a socially recognized claim on
available food).
 Poor food quality (utilization) (adequate knowledge about how to
prepare food in a way that preserve its nutritional values and to get it to
those who need it most).
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7. Agriculture nutrition linkage
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8. Key Questions
Does OFSP adoption and adoption intensity improve mother
and child dietary diversity and VAI?
What factors influence DDS and frequency of vitamin A rich
food consumption ?

9. Methodology
2,271 mother-child pairs (children <24 months of age) were randomly
selected for lists of eligible applicants in four intervention areas and four
control areas.
Dietary diversity (9 (8) food groups consumed in the previous 24 hours)
and frequency of consumption of vitamin A-rich foods during the seven
days prior to the interview. Based on (FAO, 2014)
Two-stage instrumental variable and ordered logit regression models
were employed to test the role of OFSP adoption and adoption intensity
on food indices.
Diagnostic tests for endogeneity and misspecification were conducted to
confirm model validity.

10. Description of Study Participants
Children
52% (1,181 )male, 48%(1,091) female
Age 14.3 months
Stunted 25%
Under weighted 10%
Wasting 2%
Woman
59% male, 41% female
Mean age of head 38 years
Head education 8.6 years
Growing sweetpotato 66%
Casual labor 53%
Salaried employed 21%
27% growing OFSP

11. Food categories consumed…WDDS
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 Compared with non-adopters significantly larger proportion of adopters
hhs consumed most food groups (more diversified).
Grow OFSP
Food category A=No (n=1631) B=Yes (n=640) C=All (N=2271) P-values (A-B)
Woman dietary diversity 3.97 ±0.03 4.51 ±0.05 4.12 ±0.03 0.000
Starch staples (%) 89 94 91 0.000
Dark green leaves (%) 79 82 80 0.149
VA-fruits and vegetable (%) 19 45 26 0.000
Other fruits and vegetable (%) 55 64 58 0.000
Organ meat (%) 2 2 2 0.702
Meat and fish (%) 33 30 32 0.136
Egg (%) 10 13 11 0.103
Legumes (%) 30 34 31 0.065
Dairy products (%) 77 87 80 0.000

12. DDS and Vitamin A intake
Growing OFSP WDDS CDDS VAI-W VAI-C
No(N=1,831),A 3.97(0.03) 2.86(0.04) 6.11(0.09) 4.60(0.09)
Yes(N=674),B 4.51(0.05) 3.60(0.06) 6.82(0.18) 5.73(0.18)
Total(N=2505) 4.12(0.03) 3.06(0.03) 6.30(0.08) 4.91(0.09)
Diff A-B -0.55(0.06) -0.74(0.07) -0.71(0.19) -1.13(0.19)
P-value, diff 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
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Statistically significant positive difference is observed between OFSP adopters and non-
adopters regarding dietary diversity and vitamin A intake of women and children.
BUT HOW DO WE KNOW THE DIFFERENE IS DUE TO OFSP ADOPTION?

13. IV regression, diagnostic test of over
identification and endogeneity
Validity test WDDS CDDS VAI-mother VAI-Child
Grow OFSP
Sargan (score) (chi-squared):
Ho: Model is correctly specified
1.92(0.33) 1.59(0.00) 0.12(0.07) 1.06(0.01)
Wu-Hausman (F-test):
Ho: Variable is exogenous
0.94(0.33) 9.90(0.00) 3.20(0.07) 7.02(0.00)
Share of OFSP area
Sargan (score) (chi-squared):
Ho: Model is correctly specified
1.06(0.30) 0.38(0.54) 0.12(0.73) 1.38(0.24)
Wu-Hausman (F-test):
Ho: Variable is exogenous
3.38(0.07) 11.70(0.00) 3.20(0.07) 2.56(0.11)
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Validation test indicates that except WDD model all the models were correctly specified and the
variables were endogenously determined; thus IV was the right approach to deal with the
issues of endogeneity.

14. OFSP adoption and adoption intensity on
diet quality…IV econometric result
Independ variables WDD CDD VAI-W VAI-C
Model I : Grow OFSP?
(=1 Yes, =0 No)
0.55(0.34) 1.42***(0.38) 1.99*(1.10) 3.04***(1.10)
Model II: OFSP share in 2013 (0-1) 1.84**(0.75) 3.20***(0.86) 4.28*(2.41) 6.28**(2.44)
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 Except for WDDS for which no difference is observed between adopters and non-adopters;
both OFSP adoption and adoption intensity has a positive significant effect on women and
children dietary diversity at least 10% level of significance.
 Considering adoption intensity rather than adoption incidence has higher impact on diet
quality.

15. Conclusion
Women and children in households growing OFSP have15% and 18% higher
diet diversity scores, respectively, than those not growing OFSP.
10%, and 20%, higher VAI for women and children in OFSP growing
households, respectively, than those who don’t.
Age of household head, mother’s education, wealth index, and the number
of plots under sweetpotato production have a significant and positive
effects on the DDS and VAI score.
Distance to health facility, number of adults, mother engaged in casual
labor were more likely to have negative effect and having the diversified
diets and lower frequencies of consumption of vitamin A rich foods.
Both of OFSP adoption and the share of OFSP in total sweetpotato area
have significant and positive impact on dietary diversity and frequency of
vitamin A intake for women and children under two years of age in Western
Kenya.
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16. THANK YOU
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